ILLUSTRATIONS
MASONRY.
WILLIAM PRESTON,
n
VAST MASTER 09 THE LODGE OP ANTIQUITY. ACTING BY IMMEMORIAL CONSTITUTION.
" The man, whose mind on virtue bent,
Pursues some greatly good intent
With undiverted aim;
Serene beholds the angry crowd,
Nor can their clamors fierce and loud
His stubborn honor tame."— Blackloge\
WITH COPIOUS NOTES AND ADDITIONS,
GEORGE OLIYER, D.D.,
AUTHOR OT "THE HISTORICAL LANDMARKS," "THE HISTORY OP INITIATION,"
"ANTIQUITIES OP FREEMASONRY," "STAR IN THE EAST," ETC.
MASONIC PUBLISHING AND MANUFACTURING CO.,
432 BROOME STREET.
BY
1867.
TO
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, DUKE OF SUSSEX,
EARL OF INVERNESS, BARON OF ARKLOW,
KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER.
COLONEL OF THE HONOURABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY OF LONDON,
PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE
ENCOURAGEMENT OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCE,
AND MOST WORSHIPFUL
GRAND MASTER OF THE UNITED GRAND LODGE
OF
ANCIENT FREEMASONS OF ENGLAND;
A PRINCE
HIGHLY ENDEARED TO EVERY FRIEND OF HUMANITY,
OUT IN AN ESPECIAL MANNER
TO THE ANCIENT AND HONOURABLE
FRATERNITY OF FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS,
ON WHOM HE HAS CONFERRED INDELIBLE OBLIGATIONS?
THIS NEW EDITION
of a popular Qttzaan on Jfftaaonrj*
IS INSCRIBED, WITH PROFOUND RESPECT,
BY
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESSES
MOST DEVOTED HUMBLE SERVANT,
THE EDITOR.
PREFACE
The favourable reception this Treatise has met with,
in the several Editions through which it has passed,
encourages the Author to hope that its appearance on a
more enlarged scale will not render it less deserving the
countenance of his Brethren. He would be wanting in
gratitude to his friends, not to acknowledge his obliga-
tions to several gentlemen for many curious extracts, and
the perusal of some valuable manuscripts, which have
enabled him to illustrate his subject with greater accu-
racy and precision.
This Tract is divided into four Books. — In the First
Book, the excellency of Masonry is displayed. In the
Second Book, the general plan of the subjects treated in the
three Degrees is illustrated, with occasional remarks ; and
a brief description is given of the ancient Ceremonies of the
Order. This part of the Treatise, which the Author con-
siders most essential for the instruction and improvement
of his Brethren, is considerably extended in the later Edi-
tions. The Third Book contains the copy of a curious
old Manuscript on Masonry, with annotations, the better
to explain this authentic document of antiquity. The
Fourth Book is restricted to the history of Masonry from
its first appearance in England, to the year 1812, 1 in
which are introduced the most remarkable occurrences
of the Society, both at home and abroad, with some
VI PREFACE.
account of the principal Patrons and Protectors of
the Fraternity at different periods. The progress of
Masonry on the continent, as well as in India and
America, is also traced, while the proceedings of the
Brethren in Scotland particularly claim attention.
Throughout the whole are interspersed several explana-
tory notes, containing some useful information ; and a
few general remarks are introduced on some of the late
publications against the Society of Freemasons.
At the end of the volume is given a collection of
Anthems and Songs; which, being occasionally intro-
duced in our assemblies, may tend greatly to enliven the
proceedings.
The success of this Treatise has far exceeded its merit;
the Author, therefore, shall only observe, that should
his additions or corrections be considered real improve-
ments, he will be amply gratified for any pains he may
have taken.
T>tan Street, Fetter Lane,
Feb., 1822.
INTRODUCTION.
Whoever attentively considers the nature and ten-
dency of the Masonic Institution, must readily perceive
its general utility. From an anxious desire to display its
value, I have been induced to offer the following sheets
to the Public. Many reasons might have withheld me
from the attempt; my inexperience as a writer, my
attention to the duties of a laborious profession, and the
many abler hands who have treated the subject before
me : yet, under all these disadvantages, the persuasion of
friends, added to a warm zeal in the cause, have stimulated
me to risk my reputation on the fate of my perform-
ance.
When I first had the honour to be elected Master of
the Lodge, I thought it proper to inform myself fully of
the general rules of the Society, that I might be better
enabled to execute my own duty, and especially enforce
obedience in others. The methods which I adopted with
this view, excited in some of superficial knowledge an
absolute dislike of what they considered as innovations ;
and in others, who were better informed, a jealousy of
pre-eminence which the principles of Masonry ought to
have checked. Notwithstanding these discouragements,
however, I persevered in my intention of supporting the
dignity of the Society, and of discharging with fidelity
the duties of my office.
As candour and integrity, uninfluenced by interest
or favour, will ever support a good cause, some of my
opponents (pardon the expression) soon began to discover
their error, and cheerfully concurred in the execution
of my measures; while others, of less liberality, tacitly
approved what their former declared opinions forbad
them publicly to adopt.
This success, which exceeded my most sanguine wishes,
viii
INTRODUCTION.
encouraged me to examine with more attention the con-
tents of our Lectures. The rude and imperfect state in
which I found them, the variety of modes established at
our meetings, and the difficulties I had to encounter in
my researches, rather discouraged my first attempt : per-
severing, however, in the design, I continued the pur-
suit ; and, with the assistance of a few Brethren, who*
had carefully preserved what ignorance and degeneracy
had rejected as unintelligible and absurd, I diligently
sought for, and at length happily acquired, some of the
ancient and venerable landmarks of the Order.
Fortunate in the acquisition of friends, and fully
determined to pursue the design of effecting a general
reformation, we persevered in an attempt to correct the
irregularities which had crept into our assemblies, and
exemplify at all our meetings the beauty and utility
of the Masonic System.
We commenced our plan by enforcing the value of the
ancient charges and regulations of the Order, which
inattention had suffered to sink into oblivion, and estab-
lished those charges as the basis of our work. To
imprint on the memory a faithful discharge of our duty,
we reduced the more material parts of the system into
practice; and, in order to encourage others to promote
the plan, we made a general rule of reading one or more
of these charges at every regular meeting, and elucidating
such passages as seemed obscure. The useful hints
which were afforded by these means enabled us gradually
to improve the plan, till we at last succeeded in bringing
into a connected form all the Sections which now com-
pose the three Lectures of Masonry.
The progress daily made by our system pointed out the
propriety of obtaining the sanction of our Patrons :
several Brethren, of acknowledged honour and integrity,
therefore, united in an application to the most respectable
Members of the Society for countenance and support.
They happily succeeded to the utmost of their wishes,
and since that time the plan has been universally admit-
ted as the basis of our Moral Lectures.
CONTENTS.
%* The Lines in Italics were not inserted until the fourteenth
Edition.
BOOK L
The Excellency of Masonry displayed.
SECT. PAGE
I. Reflections on the symmetry and proportion in the works t
of Nature, and on the harmony and affection among
the various species of being . ... 1
II. The advantages resulting from Friendship . . 3
III. Origin of Masonry, and its general advantages . . 4
Comparative Population of the World . . .5 note.-
Instances of kindness and attention to distressed Masons
6 note.
IV. Masonry considered under two denominations . . 7
Present appearance of the site of King Solomon's
Temple ........ 7 note.
V. The Government of the Fraternity .... 8
VI. Reasons why the Secrets of Masonry ought not to be
publicly exposed ; and the importance of those secrets
demonstrated . . . . . . •
VII. Few Societies exempted from censure. Irregularities
of Masons no argument against the Institution . 11
» Laws relating to persons eligible for initiation . 12 note.
VIII. Charity the distinguishing characteristic of Masons . 14
Relief granted to a foreign brother who had been im-
prisoned by the Inquisition . . . .15 note.
IX. The discernment displayed by Masons in the choice of
objects of charity 16
Masonic impostors .... ib. note.
X. Friendly admonitions .... . 17
BOOK II.
General Remarks: including an illustration of the
Lectures ; a particular Description of the Ancient
Ceremonies; and the Charges used in the different
Degrees.
I. General Remarks 19
II. The Ceremony of opening and closing the Lodge . 20
Charges and Regulations for the conduct ana behaviour
of Masons .22
X
CONTENTS.
SECT. t . , PAGE
On the management of the Craft in working; to be re-
hearsed at opening the Lodge .... 22
Laws for the government of the Lodge . . ib.
Charge on the behaviour of Masons, to be rehearsed at
closing the Lodge 23
Prayer used at opening, the Lodge . . . 24
at closing the Lodge .... ib.
III. Remarks on the First Lecture 25
First Section ib.
Second Section > .26
Declaration to be assented to by every Candidate
previous to Initiation ..... ib.
Form of Proposition ib.
Prayer used at Initiation ib.
Third Section 27
Charge at Initiation into the First Degree . . ib.
A new Charge on the same occasion . . 30-32 note.
Eulogium 31
Fourth Section 33
Origin of masonic Hieroglyphics . . . . ib.
Oath of Pythagoras ib. note.
Fifth Section 34
Sixth Section. ib.
Grand Principles explained .... ib.
Cardinal Virtues explained . . , . . 35
Instance of kindness to a prisoner of war who was a
Freemason . . . . . . . ib. note.
Equality among Masons exemplified ... 36
IV. Remarks on the Second Lecture .... 37
First Section 38
Charge at Initiation into the Second Degree . 39
Second Section 40
Origin of Orders in Architecture ... 41
Five Orders explained ib.
Moral advantages of Geometry .... 43
Third Section 45
Invocation of Solomon at the Dedication of the
Temple of Jerusalem , 46
Different Orders of Craftsmen employed in building the
Temple of Solomon ...... 45 note.
Fourth Section 47
Seven liberal Arts explained ib.
The Globes explained 48
V Remarks on the Third Lecture . . . . .49
First Section 50
Prayer at Initiation into the Third Degree . . ib
Charge at Initiation into the Third Degree . , ib
Second Section 51
Third Section ib.
Fourth Section ib.
Fifth Section ib.
Sixth Section . . . . ... 52
CONTENTS. Xi
SECT. PAGE
Seventh Section 52
Hieroglyphics of this Section enumerated . ib. note.
Eighth Section ib.
Ninth Section ib.
Tenth Section ib.
Eleventh Section ib.
Twelfth Section 53
Number of Masonic Degrees on the Continent . ib. note
VI. Of the ancient Ceremonies of the Order ... ib.
Manner of constituting the Lodge .... 54
Application for a Constitution ... . ib.
Ceremony of Constitution 55
Ceremony of Consecration 56
Ceremony of Installation 57
Ancient Charges from an old MS 58
Charges delivered at the Constitution of a Lodge . 59
Regulations delivered at ditto 60
Exposition of the Laws relating to Visitors , 61 note.
Exposition of the Law relating to the time a Master's
continuance in the Chair 63 note.
Ceremony of laying a Foundation-stone ... 67
Splendour of Processions on the Continent • . 68 note.
Ceremony of Dedication 69
Remarks on the Furniture of a Lodge . . .70 note.
Ceremony at Funerals . . . . . 72
General Remarks on Funeral Processions . . 73 note.
Funeral Service . . . . . . .74
BOOK III.
The Principles of Masonry Explained.
I. A Letter from the learned Mr. John Locke, to the Earl of
Pembroke 79
Old Dialogue on Masonry 80
Glossary to ditto . • 84
EL Remarks on an old Dialogue, and on Mr. Locke's Anno-
tations 85
Some account of Pythagoras 86
Ceremonies of Pythagoras 87 note.
The wise Policy of Masons with respect to Religion
and Government. 90
Architecture one of the Secrets of Freemasons . 92 note.
Remarks on Secrecy . . . ... .93
Instances of the great Veneration paid to it by the
Ancients ..... ... ib.
Emblem of Silence " under the rose " . .94 note.
The Story of Papyrus ib.
Curious Explanation of the word Abrao . • 96
Astrology originally practised by Masons . • 97
Advantages derived from this Study ... ib.
xii
CONTENTS.
BOOK IV.
The History of Masonry in England, &c.
SECT. PAGE
I. Masonry early introduced into England. — Account of
the Druids. — Progress of Masonry in England under
the Romans. — Masons highly favoured by St. Alban 100
The Acacia worshipped in Arabia . . ib. note.
Superstitious Usages of the Druids . . 101 note.
St. Alban procures a Charter for the Masons from
Carausius • - 103
Some account of this venerable Martyr . . ib.
II. History of Masonry in England under St. Austin,
Kings Alfred, Edward, Athelstane, Edgar, Edward
the Confessor, William the Conqueror, Henry I.,
Stephen, and Henry II. ; and also under the Knights
Templars . . 105
Austin patronises the Masons ... ib.
Alfred favours the Masons . . . 10G
Character of that Prince . . . . ib.
First Grand Lodge of England formed at York 107
Athelstane grants a charter to the Masons there . ib.
Claims of the present Grand Lodge at York ex-
amined ........ 108
A General or Grand Lodge explained . . 109
Athelstane falsely accused of murdering his bro-
ther Edwin ib.
Magna Charta first obtained by the Normans from
Henry 1 113
Masonry under the Grand Master of the Knights
Templars ib.
IIL History of Masonry in England during the reigns of
Henry III., Edward I., Edward II., Edward III.,
Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., and Henry VI. 112
Edward III. revises the Constitutions of Masonry . 113
Extracts from an old record in his reign . . ib.
Curious description of the plan and ornaments of St.
Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, now the House
of Common, lately discovered . . .. 114
Act (3 Hen. VI.) for abolishing Chapters of Masons 117
Judge Coke's opinion on that Statute . . ib.
Circumstances which gave rise to this Act . 118
Dr. Anderson's observation on this Act . . . 120
Civil Commotions at this period ... ib.
Duchess of Gloucester accused of witchcraft, and
condemned to perpetual imprisonment . . 123
Duke of Gloucester murdered .... ib.
Character of that prince 124
Cardinal of Winchester's death, and anecdote con-
cerning it ib.
King Henry initiated into Masonry, revises the
■ ■ ' constitutions, and patronises the lodges . . ib.
History of Masonry in Scotland at this period . 125
CONTENTS.
xiii
BECT. PAGE
IV, History of Masonry in the South of England from 1471
to 1567 . ... V ( ... 125
Masonry under the patronage of the Knights of
Malta 126
Description of Henry tne Seventh's Chapel . . ib.
Its peculiar and exclusive beauties . . . ib. note.
Queen Elizabeth sends an armed force to break up
the annual communication at York . . . 128
A Grand Master first appointed for the South of
England ; Sir T. Gresham elected ... ib.
Foundation-stone of the Royal Exchange laid by Sir
T. Gresham ib.
V. Progress of Masonry in the South of England from
the reign of Elizabeth to the Fire of London, 1666 129
Inigo Jones a zealous patron of Masons . . 130
Some account of this artist . . . - . ib.
The appellation of Grand Master of England first
given ib.
Banqueting-house, Whitehall, described . . ib.
Other Works executed by Inigo Jones . . 133
Extracts from Elias Ashmole's Diary . . ib.
Sir Christopher Wren presides over the Masons 134
Short account of this architect . . . ib.
Regulations of the Masons in the reign of Charles II. ib.
VI. History of Masonry in England from the Fire of Lon-
don to the Accession of George I. . . . 136
London visited by the plague ib.
Fire of London ib.
Dr. Wren prepares a plan for the new city . . 137
Citizens averse to it ib.
Foundation-stone of the new Royal Exchange laid 138
Description of the building .... ib.
Custom-house of London built ib.
Theatrum Sheldonium at Oxford built . . . ib.
Monument in London erected ; description of it . ib.
Dr. Wren designs St. Paul's cathedral . • 139
The Foundation-stone laid by King Charles . . 140
Accurate description of the building . . • ib.
Bethlehem hospital in Moorfields built . . 145
Parish churches in London rebuilt, or repaired, after
the Fire 146
State of Masonry at the Revolution . . • 148
VII. History of the Revival of Masonry in the South of
England ^
History of Masonry in London . . . ' 1 ^
Establishment of the present Grand Lodge in London 150
Nature of its establishment . . . • J b-
Particular account of the four old Lodges which first
formed the Grand Lodge, and the privileges re-
tained by thein -^I
Duke of Montagu the first Noble Grand Master
after the Revival 156
^ y CONTENTS.
PAGE
State of Masonry ia the North of England from
i^S^Yo**^* the Mother
South, on account of innovations made by the ^
VIIL History^f Masonry from its Revival in the South of
England to the death of King George I. . • 1™ .
Book of Constitutions first published
Committee of Charity established . . ? • 1DU
Masons of Wales unite under the banner of the
Grand Lodge of England . . v • ?T
Provincial Grand Masters first appointed . . id-
Office and Privilege of a Provincial Grand Master
teg$ia U ofP.'G. Officers 1 ' . " • • . 162 note.
IX History of Masonry in England during the reign ot
King George II. ... • - • • 1W
Masonry first established in India, and its rapid pro-
gress there . . • • • * . * ' l?? 4
Duke of Norfolk's handsome present to the Society it).
Regulations in the Committee of Charity . . loo
Privileges granted to the Stewards . ' . .
Francis, late Emperor of Germany, initiated into
Masonry If**
First country feast held at Hampstead . . . lb.
Origin of Masonry in America . . ^ «>. note.
Lodge at Hamburgh opened under the English Con-
stitution . . . .
Anderson's Edition of the Constitutions published lob
Regulations established, and further privileges granted
to the Stewards ib.
Encroachment on the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge
at York ib.
The Lodge at York acknowledged to act independent
under its own Grand Master . . . ^ 169
Stewards first appear at the Grand Lodge in their
Regalia . . . . • ♦ . ib.
Certain privileges of the Stewards disputed . . 170
Remarks on these privileges . . . . ib.
Frederick, the late Prince of Wales, initiated 171
Papal Bull and Edict against Freemasonry . ib. note.
The late King of Prussia initiated . . . 172
Grand Lodge in Prussia instituted under a Constitution
from Scotland . ib.
Regulations established by his Prussian Majesty, for
the government of the Society ... ib.
Rise of the Society in London calling themselves
Ancient Masons 174
Modes adopted to check their progress ... ib.
They falsely assume the York banner . . ib.
CONTENTS*
XV
SECT
Harmony
Harmony of the Society restored through the influence
of Lord Ward . . 175
Grand Lodge of Antigua instituted . . .176
Public Processions discontinued . . . ' ib.
The foundation-stone of the New Exchange at Edin-
burgh laid , 178
Particulars of that ceremony .... ib.
New regulations respecting the irregular Masons in
London 184
Death of King George II ] 85
X. History of Masonry in the South of England from the
Accession of George III. to the end of the year 1779 186
Subscriptions voted for purchasing furniture for the
Grand Lodge 187
Dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland initiated . . 188
Compliment voted to the Dukes of York, Gloucester,
and Cumberland io.
Treaty of Union with the Grand Lodge of France . 189
Plan of Incorporation laid before the Society . ib.
Caveat entered against the Incorporation . . 190
Compact with the National Grand Lodge of the Uni-
ted Provinces of Holland 191
Bill for incorporating the Society brought into Parlia-
ment, and on the second reading rejected . . 192
Hal] Committee instituted ib.
Report to the Grand Lodge of the purchase of ground
and premises for the Hall ib.
Five thousand pounds raised on tontine by subscripr
tion, for building the Hall 193
The Tavern rebuilt, and expenses incurred . ib. note.
Fraternal Piety of the Brethren in America . ib. note.
Foundation-stone of the New Hall laid . 4 . . 194
The Office of Grand Chaplain instituted * . . 195
Hall completed and dedicated ib.
Description of the Hall ib.
Decorations of ditto 196
Brethren of St. John's Lodge at Newcastle build a
Hall for their Meetings 197
Proposals for an alliance with the Grand Lodge of
Berlin approved . . . . . . .198
Deputy or Assistant Secretary appointed . . ib.
Past Grand Officers to be distinguished by a jewel . ib.
Observations thereon ib.
Further regulations respecting Ancient Masons . . ib.
The censure against them not extended to the Lodges
under the banner of Scotland, Ireland or York . 199
Appendix to the Book of Constitutions ordered to be
printed ib.
Freemasons' Calendar first published ... ib.
Fees of Constitutions, &c, raised . . ib.
Masons at Sunderland build a Hall for their Meetings,
which is destroyed by fire, and rebuilt . . • 200
CONTENTS.
SECT*
Directions for building Lodges . • 200 note.
The tranquillity of the Society interrupted by private
dissensions . 1D »
Consequence of these dissensions . . . . 201
Rise of the disputes in the Lodge of Antiquity ^ . ib.
Proceedings of the Grand Lodge on that occasion . 202
Lodge of Antiquity separates from the Grand Lodge,
and forms an alliance with the Grand Lodge at York ib.
Resolution of the Grand Lodge in justification of its
proceedings in giving a sanction to three expelled
members of the Lodge of Antiquity, with their
associates, to bear the rank and title of that Lodge ib.
Reflections on that event ib.
Lodge of Antiquity renews its alliance with the Grand
Lodge, and harmony is restored . . . 204
XI. History of the most remarkable events in the Society
from 1779 to 1791 inclusive . . . . 205
Flourishing state of Masonry in India under the Eng-
lish Constitution ib.
Omdit-ul-Omrh, eldest son of the Nabob of Arcot,
initiated in the Lodge at Trichinopoly . ib.
Congratulatory Letter from the Grand Lodge, with a
present of a blue apron, and Book of Constitutions,
sent to his Highness, by Sir John Day . . ib.
The answer returned ib.
Omar-ul-Omrah, brother to Omdit-ul-Omrah, initiated 206
Proceedings of the Society at Madras under Brigadier
General Home 207
Grand Lodge established at Madras ... ib.
Union of the Brethren there ib.
Lodge of Perfect Unanimity, No. 1, at Madras, insti-
tuted. ib.
One hundred pounds sent to America, for the relief of
distressed Brethren 209
Proposal for distinguishing the Grand Officers with
robes at public meetings, set aside ... ib.
New subscription raised for the Hall-fund, and honora-
ry jewels presented to the Subscribers . . ib.
Privileges granted to them 210
Grand Officers, at their appointment, to be members of
the Stewards' Lodge . . . ; . .. . ib.
An Extra-committee of Charity appointed to meet in
summer during the recess ib.
An additional Grand Secretary appointed . . ib.
Grand Lodge of Germany agreed to be represented in
London ib.
Measures proposed to establish an Union, with the
Lodges in Scotland and Ireland . . . .211
Duke of Cumberland elected Grand Master . . ib.
Acting Grand Master first appointed . . . ib.
One thousand pounds of the Charity consolidated with
the Hall Fund ib.
CONTENTS. XVii
SECT. PAGE
Regulations for the increase of the Hall Fund . . 212
Office of Grand Portrait Painter appointed . . 213
Lodge erased for making Masons in the King's Bench
Prison . . . . .. . . . ib.
Fines to be levied on Deputy Grand Master and Grand
Wardens when absent ib.
Great improvements in the city of Edinburgh . ib.
Foundation-stone of the South Bridge there, laid . ib.
Ceremony observed on that occasion . . . 214
Inscription deposited in the stone . . . 215
Plan for building the new College of Edinburgh ap-
proved 216
Ceremony observed at laying the foundation-stone of
that structure . ib.
Address of the Grand Master on that occasion to the
Lord Provost and Magistrates .... 217
Principal Robertson's speech, in answer to the Grand
Master's address 218
Inscription placed in the stone .... 220
New Bridge at Montrose opened .... 221
Duke of Clarence initiated into Masonry . * . 222
Grand Chapter of the Order of Harodim instituted at
London ib.
Nature of its establishment ib-
Prince of Wales initiated into Masonry . . 223
Duke of York initiated ib.
Royal Freemasons' Charity for Female Children insti-
tuted ib.
House built for the Children in St. George's Fields,
at the expense of 2500Z. . . . . . 224
General Regulations of the Charity ... ib.
Patrons of the School 225
General principles* upon which the Charity is con-
ducted ib.
Officers of the institution 227
Death of his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland 228
Prince Edward, late Duke of Kent, initiated . . ib.
Prince Augustus Frederick, now Duke of Sussex, initi-
ated ib.
Princes of the Blood honoured with the clothing of
Grand Officers . ..... ib.
Members of the Lodge of Antiquity restored to their
privileges at the Grand Feast in 1790 . . ib.
Prince of Wales elected Grand Master . . ib.
Three elegant chairs and Candlesticks provided for
the Grand Lodge ...... 229
XII History of Masonry from the Installation of the
Prince of Wales as Grand Master to the Grand Feast of
1795 inclusive • . ib.
Installation of the Prince of Wales ... ib.
Brethren in Lincoln transmit an address to his Royal
Highness in a column of heart of oak . . • 230
xviii
CONTENTS-
SECT. . . PAGE
Freemasons of Cornwall address his Royal High-
ness ......... 230
Address of the Grand Lodge to the King . . 231
Address of the Grand Lodge to the Prince of Wales 232
King of Sweden initiated . . . . 233
Brethren in America present a new edition of their
Constitutions to General Washington . . ib.
Address to him on that occasion .... 234
General Washington's answer . . . ib
His death, and the ceremony observed at his funeral 235
Respect paid to his memory by the House of Repre-
sentatives 236
Foundation-stone of the bridge over the Wear laid . ib.
First stone of the New Chapel at Brighthelmstone laid 237
Freemasons' Magazine published .... 238
Shakspeare Lodge at Stratford-oh-Avon constituted ib.
Royal Brunswick Lodge at Sheffield constituted . ib.
Lodge of Apollo at Alcester constituted . ib.
Address of the Grand Lodge on the Prince of Wales's
Marriage 239
His Royal Highness's Answer . . . ib.
Proceedings at the Grand Feast in May, 1795 . 240
XIII. The History of Masonry from the Grand Feast in
1795 to the end of the year 1800 . . . . ib.
The publication of some tracts against the Masons,
damps for some time the progress, of the Society in
Europe ib.
Remarks on the Life of Zimmerman by Dr. Tissot . 241
Some account of the Uluminati .... 242
Rejection of Christianity by the German and French
^Lodges . _ 243 note.
Zimmerman's irritable nervous system . . . 244
Particulars of his death at the age of 67 . . ib.
Remarks on the Abbe Barruel's Memoirs of Jacobin-
. ism in France ib.
English Masons not implicated in the charge against
the Uluminati . . . . ... 245
The Lodges of Masons fully exonerated from the
charges laid against them ib.
Remarks on Professor Robison's proofs of a Conspir-
acy against all the religions and governments of
Europe, carried on in the secret meetings of Free-
masons, Uluminati, and Reading Societies . . 246
No conspiracy of men brought about the late' great
alterations in government 248
Professor Robison. exempts the English Masons from
the charge of disloyalty 249
Earl of Moira addresses the Grand Lodge on the sub-
ject of the publications against Masonry . . 250
Clauses respecting the Society of Masons in the Act
for the suppression of Societies established for se-
ditious and treasonable purposes . . . 251
CONTENTS. xix
BBCT PAGPJ
• Form of Certificate 252
Form of Register j D .
General Infirmary at Sheffield opened . . . 253
Institution of the New Masonic Society for the relief
of sick, lame, or distressed Brethren, their widows,
children, and orphans ib.
Prudent mode of selecting the members of this Society ib.
The Rules and Orders 254
Letter from the National Grand Lodge of Sweden . 255
Prince of Wales's Answer. .... 257
Attempt to assassinate the King at Drury Lane Thea-
tre . . . . . 258
His Majesty's dignified conduct on that occasion . ib.
Indignation of the populao* . . . • • ;,„• . 259
Private examination of the assassin ib
Is tried, and acquitted as a lunatic .... ib
Address of the Grand Lodge to his Majesty on the
event . . 2G0
Regulations adopted to liquidate the debts of the So-
ciety . . , . , . . . 261
The magnificent range of Buildings at the East India
House in Leadenhall- street erected . . . 2G2
Description of the Pediment .... ib.
Rodney Lodge at Hull dedicated .... 263
XIV. History of Masonry from the year 1800 to the year
1801 . . . . . . . . . ib.
Ceremony observed at laying the foundation-stone of
the Wet-docks at Leith 264
Grand Master's address to the Lord Provost and Ma-
gistrates 266
Lord Provost's Answer ib.
Earl of Moira attends the Grand Lodge of Scotland,
and explains the refractory conduct of the irregular
Masons of England 267
Mr. Laurie's account of the origin of the correspond-
•ence carried on between the irregular Masons of
England and the Grand Lodge of Scotland . 268 note,
.Flourishing state of the Society under the patronage
of the Earl of Moira . . . . . . 268
Lodges in Berlin solicit a friendly intercourse with
the Grand Lodge of England . . . • ib.
Four Lodges in Portugal apply for a warrant of con-
stitution from England . 269
Ofiice of Grand Architect discontinued . . ib.
Proceedings of the Grand Lodge against irregular Ma-
sons 270
Earl of Moira' s Portrait ordered to be painted by an
eminent artist, and put up in the Hall . . • 271
XV. History of Masonry from 1801 to 1812 ... ib.
Foundation-stone of the Bridge over the Spey laid . ib.
Two elegant gold vases presented to Sir John Doyle by
the Lodges in Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney . 27o
XX
CONTENTS.
SECT. PAGE
Grand Lodge enters on terms of confidential commu-
nication with the Grand Lodge of Scotland . ^ . 274
Grand Lodge of Prussia desires to correspond with
the Grand Lodge of England .... ib.
The foundation-stone of Fraserburgh New Harbour
laid . ' ib.
Ceremony observed on that occasion . . . 275
Inscription and writing deposited .... 276
Earl of Moira informs the Grand Lodge of Scotland
of the origin and situation of the meetings of Ma-
sons in England under the Duke of Athol . . 277
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales elected
Grand Master of Scotland ib.
Resolutions of the Grand Lodge in respect to the
Masters and Wardens of the Scottish Lodges . 278
Grand Lodge of Scotland communicates its proceed
ings relative to Dr. Mitchell, and the resolutions ot
the Grand Lodge of England on the occasion . ib.
The Grand Lodge of Ireland approves the proceedings
of the Grand Lodge of England, and pledges itself
not to receive as a Brother any person standing
under tho interdict of the Grand Lodges of England
or Scotland 279
The foundation-stone of Covent Garden Theatre laid
by the Prince of Wales, as Grand Master of Eng-
land and Scotland ib.
Ceremony observed on that occasion . . . 280
Inscription on the Medals deposited in the founda-
tion-stone 281
The measures respecting the irregular Masons abolish-
ed 283
The Grand Treasurer's account stated . , ib.
The Liquidation-fund discontinued ... ib.
XVI. History of Masonry from 1812 to 1813 . . .284
His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex appointed
Deputy Grand Master ib.
Grand Banquet given by the Fraternity to the Earl of
Moira, on his beiug appointed Governor General of
India ib.
Farewell Stanzas, written by W. R. Wright, Esq., and
sung by Brother Bellamy . 288
Superb masonic Jewel presented to his Lordship on
the occasion 289
His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex on the acces-
sion of the Prince of Wales to the Regency, elect-
ed, in open Grand Lodge, Grand Master by unani-
mous acclamation 294
The Prince Regent condescends to accept the title of
Grand Patron of the Order ib.
Their Royal Highnesses the Dukes of Kent and Sus-
sex, and his Grace the Duke of Athol, concur in mea-
sures for bringing about the so long desired Union 295
CONTENTS. XXI
SECT* PAGE
Articles of Union between the two Grand Lodges of
England 295
Brethren nominated by the Royal Dukes to form the
Lodge op Reconciliation . . . .301
The order of Proceedings at the Re-union detailed 302
Plan of Freemasons' Hall at the solemn ceremonial of
the" Re-union 309
XVII. History of Masonry from 1813 to 1820 . . .310
A gross imposture exposed, in a Law Case on Masonry,
Smith v. Finch ib.
Revival of Freemasonry in Russia . . . . ib.
Solemn Dedication, by the Grand Master, of the Ma-
sonic Hall at Bath 311
The Grand Master's Address to the Corporation, on
being presented with the Freedom of the City . 316
Ceremonial at laying the foundation-stone of a Monu-
ment to the Memory of Robert Burns, the Ayrshire
Poet, Jan. 25, 1820, being the Anniversary of his
Natal Day . . . . .... 317
Sketch of Freemasonry in Scotland . . . ib. note*
Address of the W. Deputy Grand Master, Alexander
Boswell, Esq., of Auchinleck .... 319
XVIII. History of Masonry from 1820 to 1823 ... 321
Accession of King George IV. .... ib.
Address from the Grand Lodge to the Throne . . ib.
His Majesty condescends to accept the office of Grand
Patron of Masonry 323
Splendid present from his Royal Highness the Duke of
Sussex to the Grand Lodge 324
Irregularities at Liverpool • ib
Memorial to the Grand Lodge from the P. G. Lodge
for the County Palatine of Lancaster . . . 325
The Memorial withdrawn ib.
Charges exhibited against the Lodge No. 31. . . ib.
The Lodge No. 31 suspended . . ib
The Brethren of No. 31 issue a manifesto to all the
Lodges in the Union ...... 326
And refuse obedience to the summons of the Provincial
Grand Master ib.
A Committee formed at Liverpool to adjust the dispute 327
The Deputy Provincial Grand Master summons the
Master of No. 31 ib.
He refuses to attend ib.
And publishes a violent account of proceedings . . ib.
The dispute referred by the Provincial Grand Master
to the Board of General Purposes . . . 330
The Lodge No. 31 suspended by the Grand Lodge . ib.
Several individual members suspended . . - 331
The Lodge No. 31 erased, and its members expelled
from Masonry . . . . • . . ib.
Several of the expelled Masons restored on their peti-
tion 332
Protest of the Lodge No. 140 333
CONTENTS.
SECT* PAGE
That Lodge erased for contumacy .... 333
XIX. History of Masonry from 1823 to 1829 .334
Origin of the Prince of Wales's Lodge . . ib.
Memorial to his Majesty • ib.
Memorial to his Royal Highness the Duke of York . 335
Installation of his Royal Highness the Duke of York t
as Master of the Prince of Wales's Lodge . . 336
f Address of the Deputy Master at that ceremony . ib.
Account of Brother Belzoni ..... 338
Loses his life in Africa ib.
Masonry respected by Pirates 339
Donation of fifty pounds from the Grand Lodge to the
widow of Brother Belzoni ib.
Ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the Hum-
* her Lodge, Hull 340
Grand Lodge at the Tftatched House Tavern . . 343
His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence installed
Master of the Prince of Wales's Lodge . . 345
Contributions to the fund of Benevolence . . ib.
Fifty-nine Lodges struck off the list for non-payment of
arrears ib.
Conclusion 346
ODES.
I Hail to the Craft, &o 347
EE. What solemn sounds, &c 348
III. Order is Heaven's first law, &o. . . 350
IV. When first the golden morn, &c ib.
V. Thou fairest type of excellence divine . . 352
VI. Strike to melodious notes the golden lyre . . ib.
VII. Wal«3 the lute and quiv'ring strings .... 353
VIII. Almighty Sire ! our heavenly king . . . 354
IX. Hail, universal Lord ! 355
X. Assist me ye fair tuneful Nine .... ib.
XI. Oh for a hand, whose magic power .... 356
XII. Thy sorrows, Ayr 360
ANTHEMS.
I. "Let there be fight!" the Almighty spoke . . 361
II. To heaven's high Architect all praise ... ib.
SONGS.
I. Arise, and blow thy trumpet, Fame . . 354
II. Ere God the Universe began . . . . " ib.
HI. Not the fictions of Greece, &c. . . 355
IV. All hail ! ye dear* loved social band . . 266
V. Fain thought ! but had Burns, tfc. . ib
contents. xxiii
SECT. PAGE
VI. Ye dull, stupid mortals, <kc 367
VII. In times of old date, <kc. * 368
VIII. A system more pure, <fcc. 369
, IX. Genius of Masonry, descend ib.
X. When my divine Althaea's charms . . . 370
XI. On, on, my dear Brethren, <fcc 371
XII. Hail, Masonry, thou craft divine ! . ib.
XIII. Let Masonry from pole to pole .... 372
XIV. Hail, Masonry ! thou sacred Art .... 373 #
XV. When heaven design'd, &c ib,
XVL Ye sons of fair Science, impatient to learn . . 374
XVII. Hail, Masonry divine ! 375 .
XVIIL Let drunkards boast the power of wine ... ib.
XIX. Come, let us prepare .... 376
XX. When orient Wisdom, &c 377
XXL When a lodge of Freemasons, &c 378
XXII. In history we're told, <kc 379
XXIII. 0, what a happy thing it is, &c 880
XXIV. Adieu, a heart- warm, fond adieu ! . • . tfe.
Illustrations
OF
MASONRY.
BOOK I.
THE EXCELLENCY OF MASONRY DISPLAYED.
SECTION I.
Reflections on the Symmetry and Proportion in the Works of
Nature, and on the Harmony and Affection among the
various Species of Beings.
Whoever attentively observes the objects which sur-
round him, will find abundant reason to admire the
works of Nature, and to adore the Being who directs
such astonishing operations ; he will be convinced that
infinite Wisdom could alone design, and infinite Power
complete, such amazing works.
Were a man placed in a beautiful garden, would not
his mind be affected with exquisite delight, on a calm
survey of its rich collections ? Would not the groves,
the grottoes, the artful wilds, the flowery parterres, the
opening vistas, the lofty cascades, the winding streams,
the whole variegated scene, awaken his sensibility, and
inspire his soul with the most exalted ideas ? When he
observed the delicate order, the nice symmetry, and
beautiful disposition of every part, seemingly complete
in itself, yet reflecting new beauties on the other, and
all contributing to make one perfect whole, would not
his mind be agitated with the most agreeable sensations ;
2
ILLUSTRATIONS
and would not the view of the delightful scene naturally
lead him to admire and venerate the happy genius who
contrived it ?
If the productions of Art so forcibly impress the mind
with admiration, with how much greater astonishment
and reverence must we behold the operations of Nature,
which presents to view unbounded scenes of utility and
delight, in which Divine Wisdom is most strikingly con-
spicuous? These scenes are, indeed, too expanded for
the narrow capacity of man to; comprehend ; yet who-
ever contemplates the general system must naturally,
from the uniformity of the plan, be directed to the origi-
nal source, the Supreme Governor of the world, the One
perfect and unsullied Beauty!
Beside all the pleasing prospects that every where
surround us, and with which our senses are every moment
gratified; beside the symmetry, good order, and propor-
tion, which appear in all the works of creation, something
further attracts the reflecting mind, and draws its at-
tention nearer to the Divinity; — that is, the universal
harmony and affection among the different species of
beings of every rank and denomination. These are the
cements of the rational world, and by these alone it sub-
sists. When they cease, Nature must be dissolved, and
man, the image of his Maker, and the chief of his works,
be overwhelmed in the general chaos.
In the whole order of beings, from the seraph which
adores and burns, down to the meanest insect, all,
according to their rank in the scale of existence, have,
more or less, implanted in them the principle of associa-
tion with others of the same species. Even the most
inconsiderable animals are formed into different ranks
and societies, for mutual benefit and protection. Need
we name the careful ant, or the industrious bee ; insects
which the wisest of all mankind has recommended as
patterns of unwearied industry and prudent foresight?
When we extend our ideas, we shall find that the innate
principle of friendship increases in proportion to the
extension of our intellectual faculties; and the only
criterion by which a judgment can be formed, respecting
the superiority of one part of the animal creation above
the other, is, by observing the degrees of kindness and
good-nature in which it excels.
OF MASONRY.
3
Such are the general principles which pervade the
whole system of creation ; how forcibly, then, must such
lessons predominate in our assemblies, where civilization
and virtue are most zealously cherished, under the sanc-
tion of science and the arts?
The Advantages resulting from Friendship.
No subject can more properly engage the attention,
than the benevolent dispositions which indulgent Nature
has bestowed upon the rational species. These are
replete with the happiest effects, and afford to the mind
the most agreeable reflections. The breast which is
inspired with tender feelings is naturally prompted to a
reciprocal intercourse of kind and generous actions. As
human nature rises in the scale of beings, the social
affections likewise arise. Where friendship is unknown,
jealousy and suspicion prevail; but where that virtue is
the cement, true happiness subsists. In every breast
there is a propensity to friendly acts, which, being exerted
to effect, sweetens every temporal enjoyment; and,
although it does not remove the disquietudes, it tends, at
least, to allay the calamities, of life.
Friendship is traced through the circle of private con-
nections to the grand system of universal benevolence,
which no limits can circumscribe, as its influence extends
to every branch of the human race. Actuated by this
sentiment, each individual connects his happiness with
the happiness of his neighbour, and a fixed and perma-
nent union is established among men.
But, though friendship, considered as the source of
universal benevolence, be unlimited, it exerts its influ-
ence more or less powerfully, as the objects it favours
are nearer or more remote. Hence the love of friends
and of country takes the lead in our affections, and gives
rise to that true patriotism, which fires the soul with the
most generous flame, creates the best and most disinter-
ested virtue, and inspires that public spirit, and that
heroic ardour, which enable us to support a good cause,
and risk our lives in its defence.
4
ILLUSTRATIONS
country with unfading laurels, gives a lustre to his actions,
and consecrates his name to latest ages. The warrior's
glory may consist in murder, and the rude ravage of the
desolating sword ; but the blood of thousands will not
stain the hands of his country's friend. His virtues are
open, and of the noblest kind. Conscious integrity sup-
ports him against the arm of power ; and should he bleed
by tyrant-hands, he gloriously dies a martyr in the cause
of liberty, and leaves to posterity an everlasting monu-
ment of the greatness of his soul.
Though friendship appears divine, when employed in
preserving the liberties of our country, it shines with
equal splendour in more tranquil scenes. Before it rises
into the noble flame of patriotism, aiming destruction at
the heads of tyrants, thundering for liberty, and courting
danger in defence of rights; we behold it calm and
moderate, burning with an even glow, improving the
soft hours of peace, and heightening the relish for virtue.
In those happy moments, contracts are formed, societies
are instituted, and the vacant hours of life are employed
in the cultivation of social and polished manners.
On this general plan, the universality of the system of
Masonry is established. Were friendship confined to the
spot of our nativity, its operation would be partial, and
imply a kind of enmity to other nations. Where the
interests of one country interfere with those of another,
Nature dictates an adherence to the welfare of our own
immediate connections ; but such interference apart, the
true Mason is a citizen of the world, and his philanthropy
extends to all the human race. Uninfluenced by local
prejudices, he knows no preference in virtue, but accord-
ing to its degree, from whatever country or clime it may
spring*
SECT. III.
Origin of Masonry, and its general Advantages.
From the commencement of the world, we may trace
the foundation of Masonry. 1 Ever since symmetry began,
and harmony displayed her charms, our Order has had a
1 The arguments for this high antiquity may be seen at length in
OF MASONRY.
6
being. During many ages, and in many different coun-
tries, it has flourished. No art, no science, preceded it.
In the dark periods of antiquity, when literature was in
a low state, and the rude manners of our forefathers
withheld from them that knowledge we now so amply
share, Masonry diffused its influence. This science
unveiled, arts arose, civilization took place, and the pro-
gress of knowledge and philosophy gradually dispelled
the gloom of ignorance and barbarism. Government
being settled, authority was given to laws, and the
assemblies of the Fraternity acquired the patronage of
the great and the good ; while the tenets of the profes-
sion diffused unbounded philanthropy.
Abstracted from the pure pleasures which arise from
friendship so wisely constituted as that which subsists
among Masons, and which it is scarcely possible that any
circumstance or occurrence can erase, Masonry is a
science confined to no particular country, but extends
over the whole terrestrial globe. 2 Wherever arts flourish,
there it flourishes too. Add to this, that by secret and
inviolable signs, carefully preserved among the frater-
nity, it becomes an universal language. Hence many
advantages are gained: the distant Chinese, the wild
Arab, and the American savage, will embrace a brother
Briton, and know, that besides the common ties of
humanity, there is still a stronger obligation to induce
him to kind and friendly offices. The spirit of the fulmi-
nating priest will be tamed, and a moral brother, though
of a different persuasion, engage his esteem: for mutual
toleration in religious opinions is one of the most distin-
guishing and valuable characteristics of the Craft. As
all religions teach morality, if a brother be found to act
the part of a truly honest man, his private speculative
opinions -are left to God and himself. Thus, through the
influence of Masonry, which is reconcilable to the best
2 The following arrangement of the human race into classes marked
by the peculiarity of their religious profession, taking the population
of the world at 844f millions of souls, is thought to approximate very
nearly to the truth.
Christians, 240 millions
Mahometans, 120 millions
Brahmanists, 115 millions
Lamaites, 58 millions
Confucians, 5 millions
Jews, 8 millions
Fetichees, 124 millions
Buddhists, 170 millions
Nanknists, 4 millions
Zoroastrians, J million
Editor.
ILLUSTRATIONS
policy, all those disputes which embitter life, and sour
the tempers of men, are avoided; while the common
good, the general object, is zealously pursued.
From this view of our system, its utility must be suffi-
ciently obvious. The universal principles of the Art unite,
in one indissoluble bond of affection, men of the most
opposite tenets, of the most distant countries, and of the
most contradictory opinions; so that in every nation a
Mason may find a friend, and in every climate a home. 3
Such is the nature of our institution, that in the lodge,-
which is confined to no particular spot, union is cemented
by sincere attachment, and pleasure reciprocally commu-
nicated in the cheerful observance of every obliging office.
Virtue, the grand object in view, luminous as the meridian
sun, shines refulgent on the mind, enlivens the heart, and
heightens cool approbation into warm sympathy and
cordial attention.
3 On this principle, unfortunate captives in war, and sojourners,
accidentally cast on a distant shore, are particular objects of attention,
and seldom fail to experience indulgence from Masons ; and it is very
remarkable that there is not an instance on record of a breach of
fidelity, or of ingratitude, where that indulgence has been liberally
extended. The two following facts are extracted from Lawrie's His-
tory of Freemasonry in Scotland. In the year 1748, Mons. Preverot,
a gentleman in the navy, and brother of the celebrated M. Preverot,
M. D., in the faculty of Paris, was unfortunately shipwrecked on an
island, whose viceroy was a Freemason. Along with his ship M.
Preverot had lost all his money and effects. In this destitute condi-
tion he presented himself to the viceroy, and related his misfortune
in a manner which completely proved that he was no impostor. . The
viceroy made the masonic signs, which being instantly returned by
the Frenchman, they recognized and embraced each other as brethren
of the same Order. M. Preverot was conducted to the viceroy's house,
\ who furnished him with all the comforts of life, till a ship bound for
France touched at the island. Before his departure in this vessel,
the viceroy loaded him with presents, and gave him as much money
as was necessary for carrying him into his native country." The next
instance is still more striking. In the battle of Dettingen in 1743,
one of the king's guards having his horse killed under him, was so
entangled among the animal's limbs, that he was unable to extricate
himself. While he was in this situation, an English dragoon galloped
up to him, and, with his uplifted sabre, was about to deprive him of
life. The French soldier having, with much difficulty, made the
signs of Masonry, the dragoon recognized him as a brother, and not
only spared his life, but freed him from his dangerous situation. He
was made a, prisoner by the English dragoon, who was well aware
that the ties of Masonry cannot dissolve those of patriotism.—
Editor.
OF MASONRY* *
SECT. IV.
Masonry considered under two Denominations.
Masonry passes under two denominatioris, — operative
and speculative. By the former, we allude to a proper
application of the useful rules of architecture, whence a
structure derives figure, strength, and beauty; and whence
result a due proportion and a just correspondence in all
its parts. By the latter, we learn to rule $nd direct the
passions, act upon the square, keep a tongue of good
report, maintain secrecy, practise charity, and every other
virtue that can adorn the Man.
Speculative Masonry is so far interwoven with religion,
as to lay us under the strongest obligations to pay that
rational homage to the Deity, which at once constitutes
our duty and our happiness. It leads the contemplative
to view with reverence and admiration the glorious works
of creation, and inspires them with the most exalted ideas
of the perfections of the Divine Creator. Operative
Masonry furnishes us with dwellings, and convenient
shelter from the inclemencies of seasons ; and whilst it
displays the effects of human wisdom, as well in the choice
as in the arrangement of the materials of which an edifice
is composed, it demonstrates, that a fund of science and
industry is implanted in man, for the best, most salutary,
and beneficent purposes.
The lapse of time, the ruthless hand of ignorance, and
the devastations of war, have laid waste and destroyed
many valuable monuments of antiquity, On which the
utmost exertions of human genius have been employed.
Even the Temple of Solomon, so spacious and magnifi-
cent, and constructed by so many celebrated artists,
escaped not the unsparing ravages of barbarous force. 4
* This once famous Temple is no m&/-e. Its destruction by the
xlomans, as predicted by Jesus Christ, was fulfilled in the most minute
particulars ; and, on the same authority, we are quite certain that it
will never be rebuilt. It may not, however, bo uninteresting to notice
briefly the account which travellers give of the site of this celebra-
ted masonic pile. "Near St. Stephen's gate," says M. Maundrell,
"stands an indifferent Turkish house, said to have been the spot
whereon stood the palace of Pilate. From the terrace of this house
you have a fair prospect of all the place whereon the Temple stood—
8
ILLUSTRATIONS
Freemasonry, notwithstanding, has still survived. The
attentive ear receives the sound from the instructive
tongue, and the sacred mysteries are safely lodged in the
repository of faithful breasts. Tools and implements of
architecture (symbols the most expressive !) are selected
by the Fraternity, to imprint on the memory serious and
solemn truths; and thus the excellent tenets of the insti-
tution are transmitted, unimpaired, under circumstances
precarious, and even adverse through a succession of
ages.
SECT. V.
The Government of the Fraternity.
The mode of government observed by the Fraternity
will give the best idea "of the nature and design of the
masonic institution.
Three classes are established among Masons, under
different appellations. The privileges of each class are
distinct ; and particular means are adopted to preserve
those privileges to the just and meritorious. Honour and
probity are recommendations to the First Class ; in which
the practice of virtue is enforced, and the duties of moral-
ity are inculcated; while the mind is prepared for a regu-
lar progress in the principles of knowledge and philosophy.
Diligence, assiduity, and application, are qualifications
for the Second Class ; in which is given an accurate eluci-
dation of science, both in theory and practice. Here
human reason is cultivated, by a due exertion of the
intellectual powers and faculties ; nice and difficult theo-
ries are explained; new discoveries are produced, and
indeed, the only good prospect that is allowed you of it ; for there is
no going between the borders of it without forfeiting your life, or,
what is worse, your religion. A fitter place for an august building
could not be found in the world than in this area. It lies on the top
of Mount Moriah, over against Mount Olivet. One may still discover
marks of the great labour that it cost to cut away the hard rock, and
to level such a space upon so strong a mountain. In the middle of
the area stands at present a mosque, of an octagonal figure, supposed
to be built upon the same ground whereon anciently stood the Sanc-
tum Sanctorum. It is neither eminent for its largeness nor its struc-
ture, and yet it makes a stately figure, by the sole advantage of iU
situation."— Editor.
OF MASONRY.
those already known beautifully embellished. The Third
Class is restricted to a selected few, whom truth and
fidelity have distinguished, whom years and experience
have improved, and whom merit and abilities have enti-
tled to preferment. With them the ancient land-marks
of the Order are preserved; and from them we learn the
necessary instructive lessons which dignify the Art, and
qualify the professors to illustrate its excellence and
utility.
Such is the established plan of the masonic system.
By this judicious arrangement, true friendship is culti-
vated among different ranks of men, hospitality promoted,
industry rewarded, and ingenuity encouraged.
SECT. VI.
Reasons why the Secrets of Masonry ought not to be publicly
exposed; and the Importance of those Secrets demonstrated.
If the secrets of Masonry are replete with such advan-
tage to mankind, it may be asked, Why are they not
divulged for the general good ? To this it may be answer-
ed — Were the privileges of Masonry to be indiscriminately
dispensed, the purposes of the institution would not only
be subverted, but our secrets, being familiar, like other
important matters, would lose their value, and sink into
disregard.
It is a weakness in human nature, that men are gene-
rally more charmed with novelty than with the intrinsic
value of things. Innumerable testimonies might be
adduced to confirm this truth. Do we not find that the
most wonderful operations of the Divine Artificer, however
beautiful, magnificent, and useful, are overlooked, because
common and familiar ! The sun rises and sets, the sea
ebbs and flows, rivers glide along their channels, trees
and plants vegetate, men and beasts act ; yet these, being
perpetually open to view, pass unnoticed. The most
astonishing productions of Nature, on the same account,
escape observation, and excite no emotion, either in admi-
ration of the great Cause, or of gratitude for the blessing
conferred. Even Virtue herself is not exempted from
this unhappy bias in the human frame. Novelty influences
10
ILLUSTRATIONS
all our ' actions and determinations. What is new, or
difficult in the acquisition, however trifling or insignifi-
cant, readily captivates the imagination, and ensures a
temporary admiration; while what is familiar or easily
attained, however noble or eminent, is sure to be disre-
garded by the giddy and the unthinking.
Did the essence of Masonry consist in the knowledge of
particular secrets, or peculiar forms, it might, indeed, be
alleged that our pursuits were trifling and superficial.
But this is not the case; they are only the keys to our
treasure, and, having their use, are preserved; while,
from the recollection of the lessons which they inculcate,
the well-informed Mason derives instruction : he draws
them to a near inspection, views them through a propei
medium, adverts to the circumstances which gave them
rise, and dwells upon the tenets they convey. Finding
them replete with useful information, he prizes them as
sacred ; and, being convinced of their propriety, estimates
their value by their utility.
Many are deluded by the vague supposition that our
mysteries are merely nominal ; that the practices estab-
lished amongst us are frivolous; and that our ceremonies
may be adopted or waived at pleasure. On this false
basis we find too many of the Brethren hurrying through
all the degrees of the Order, without adverting to the
propriety of one step they pursue, or possessing a single
qualification to entitle them to advancement. Passing
through the usual formalities, they consider themselves
authorized to act as masters of the art, solicit and accept
offices, and even assume the government of the lodge,
equally unacquainted with the rules of the institution that
they pretend to support, and the nature of the trust
obvious ; anarchy and confusion ensue, and the substance
is lost in the shadow. Hence men who are eminent for
ability, rank, and fortune, frequently view the honours
of Masonry with indifference ; and, when their patronage
is solicited, either accept offices with reluctance, or reject
them with disdain. 5
5 The above remarks are worthy of the serious consideration of
every person who is ambitious to hold an office in Masonry. I have
had much experience in the management of country lodges, and am
sonvinced, that the want of success, which is so often and so justly
The consequence is
OF MASONRY.
11
Masonry has long laboured under these disadvantages,
and every zealous friend to the Order must earnestly
wish for a correction of the abuse. Of late years, it
must be acknowledged, our assemblies have been in
general better regulated ; of which the good effects are
sufficiently displayed in the judicious selection of our
members, and the more proper observance of our general
regulations.
Were the Brethren who preside at our meetings to be
properly instructed previous to their appointment, and
duly apprized of the importance of the offices they are
chosen to support, a general reformation would speedily
take place. This conduct would establish the propriety
of our government, and lead men to acknowledge that
our honours were not undeservedly conferred ; the ancient
consequence 'of the Order would be restored, and the
reputation of the Society preserved. Till genuine merits
shall distinguish our claim to the honours of Mason-
ry, and regularity of deportment display the influence
and utility of our rules, the world in general will not be
led to reconcile our proceedings with our professions.
SECT. VII.
Few societies exempted from Censure. Irregularities of Ma-
sons no Argument against the Institution.
Among the various societies of men, few, if any, are
wholly exempted from censure. Friendship, however
valuable in itself, and however universal may be its
pretensions, has seldom operated so powerfully in gene-
ral associations as to promote that sincere attachment to
the x welfare and prosperity of each other w'hich is neces-
sary to constitute true happiness. This may be ascribed
to sundry causes, but to none with more propriety than
to the reprehensible motives which too frequently lead
men to a participation of social entertainments. If to
pass an idle hour to oblige a friend, or probably to gra-
complained of, and frequently ends in the actual dissolution of the
establishment, is to be attributed, in nine instances out of ten, to a
deficiency in point of judgment, as well as talent, m the presiding
officer. Vide Signs and Symbols, by the Editor, sect. 11, on the
government of a lodge. — Editor.
12
ILLUSTTRAIONS
fcify an irregular indulgence, be the only inducement to
mix in company, is it surprising that the important duties
of society should be neglected, and that, in the quick
circulation of the cheerful glass, the noblest faculties
should be sometimes buried in the cup of ebriety?
It is an obvious truth, that the privileges of Masonry
have long been prostituted for unworthy considerations,
and hence their good effects have been less conspicuous.
Many have enrolled their names in our records for the
mere purposes of conviviality, without inquiring into the
nature of the particular engagements to which they are
subjected by becoming Masons. 6 Several have been
prompted by motives of interest, and many introduced
to gratify an idle curiosity, or to please as jolly compa-
nions. A general odium, or at least a careless indiffer-
ence, must be the result of such conduct. But the evil
stops not here. Persons of this description, ignorant of
the true nature of the institution, probably without any
real defect in their own morals, are induced to recom-
mend others of the same cast to join the society for the
same purpose. Hence the true knowledge 01 the art
9 It is provided by the laws of Masonry, that no person shall bo
received as a candidate for initiation, except he be "a freeman and
his own master ; and, at the time of his initiation, be known to be in
reputable circumstances. He should be a lover of the liberal Arts
and Sciences, and have made some progress in one or other of
them." (Const. Of proposing members, sect, iv., p. 90.) A want
of attention to this salutary rule induces other irregularities which
seldom fail to involve a lodge in ultimate ruin. The following cen-
sure of the Grand Lodge on this point merits general circulation
amongst the brethren. For obvious reasons the name of the offend-
ing lodge is omitted. " It being remarked in the Grand Lodge that
some of the brethren of the Lodge No. — were unable to write,
inasmuch as their marks only were affixed against their names, and
amongst them was the junior warden ; and the law, sect, iv., p. 90,
declaring such individuals ineligible for initiation, the M. W. Grand
Master will, after this notice, feel it a duty he owes to the Craft to
bring under the cognizance of the Grand Lodge the conduct of any
Lodge which shall violate the wholesome and necessary law above
referred to ; a breach of which, it is declared in the preamble to the
regulations for proposing members, &c, p. 88, shall subject the
offending^ Lodge to erasure. And the M. W. Grand Master will
require his Provincial Grand Masters to warn the Lodges under their
respective superintendence, of this His Royal Highness's determina-
tion, and to report to him any instance which shall come to their
knowledge of a disregard of the law in this respect. (Quart. Com.
26th Sept., 1826.)— Editor
OF MASONRY.
13
decreases with the increase of its .members, and the most
valuable part of the institution is turned into ridicule;
while the dissipations of luxury and intemperance bury
in oblivion principles which might have dignified the
most exalted characters.
When we consider the variety of members of which
the society of Masons is composed, and the small number
who are really conversant with the tenets of the institu-
tion, we need not wonder that few should be distin-
guished for exemplary lives. By persons who are
precipitately introduced into the mysteries of th$ art,
without the requisite qualifications, it cannot be expected
that much regard will be paid to the observance of duties
which they perceive to be openly violated by their own
initiation ; and it is an incontrovertible truth, that, such
is the unhappy bias in the dispositions of some men,
though the fairest and best ideas were imprinted on the
mind, they are so careless of their own reputation as to
disregard the most instructive lessons. We have reason
to regret, that even persons who are distinguished for a
knowledge in the art, are too frequently induced to
violate the rules, a pretended conformity to which may
have gained them applause. The hypocrisy, however,
is speedily unveiled ; no sooner are they liberated from
the trammels, as they conceive, of a regular and virtuous
deportment, in the temporary government of the lodge,
than, by abusing the innocent and cheerful repast, they
become slaves to vice and intemperance, and not only
disgrace themselves, but reflect dishonour on the Fra-
ternity. By such indiscretions the best of institutions
is brought into contempt ; and the more deserving part
of the community justly conceives a prejudice against
the society, of which it is difficult afterwards to do
away the impression.
But if some do transgress, no wise man will thence
argue against the institution, or condemn the whole
Fraternity for the errors of a few misguided individuals.
Were the wicked lives of men admitted as an argument
against the religion which they profess, the wisest and
most judicious establishments might be exposed to cen-
sure. It may be averred in favour of Masonry, that,
whatever imperfections are found among its professors,
the institution countenances no deviation from the rules
14
ILLUSTRATIONS
of right reason. Those who violate the laws, or infringe
on good order, are kindly admonished by secret monitors;
when these means have not the intended effect, public
reprehension becomes necessary; and, at last, when
every mild endeavour to effect a reformation in their
conduct is of no avail, they are. expelled the lodge as
unfit members of the society.
Vain, therefore, is each idle surmise against the plan
of our government: while the laws .of the Craft are
properly supported, they will be proof against every
attack. Men are not aware, that by decrying any
laudable institution, they derogate from the dignity of
human nature itself, and from the good order and wise
disposition of things, which the almighty Author of the
world has framed for the government of mankind, and
established as the basis of the moral system. Friendship
and social delights can never be the object of reproach ;
nor can that wisdom which hoary Time has sanctified be
a subject of ridicule. Whoever attempts to censure
what he does not comprehend, degrades himself, and
the generous heart will pity the mistakes of such ignor-
ant presumption.
SECT. VIII.
Charity the distinguishing Characteristic of Masons.
Charity is the chief of all the social virtues, and the
distinguishing characteristic of Masons. This virtue
includes a supreme degree of love to the great Creator
and Governor of the universe, and an unlimited affection
to the beings of his creation, of all characters and of
every denomination. This last duty is forcibly incul-
cated by the example of the Deity himself, who liberally
dispenses his beneficence to unnumbered worlds.
It is not particularly our province to enter into a
disquisition of every branch of this amiable virtue; we
shall, therefore, only briefly state the happy effects of a
benevolent disposition towards mankind, and show that
charity, exerted on proper objects, is the greatest plea-
sure man can possibly enjoy.
The bounds of the greatest nation or the most exten-
OF MASONRY.
15
sive empire cannot circumscribe the generosity of a
liberal mind. Men, in whatever situation they are
placed, are still, in a great measure, the same. They
are exposed to similar dangers and misfortunes; they
have not wisdom to foresee, or power to prevent, the
evils incident to human nature ; they hang, as it were,
in a perpetual suspense between hope and fear, sickness
and health, plenty and want. A mutual chain of
dependence subsists throughout the animal creation.
- All of the human species are, therefore, proper objects
for the exercise of charity.
Beings who partake of one common nature ought to be
actuated by the same motives and interests. Hence, to
soothe the unhappy, by sympathizing with their mis-
fortunes, and to restore peace and tranquillity to agitated
spirits, constitute the general and great ends of the
Masonic System. This humane, this generous disposi-
tion, fires the breast with manly feelings, and enlivens
that spirit of compassion which is the glory of the
human frame,^and which not only rivals, but outshines
every other pleasure that the mind is capable of en-
joying.
All human passions, when directed by the superior
principle of reason, tend to promote some useful pur-
pose; but compassion toward proper objects is the most
beneficial of all the affections, and excites more lasting
degrees of happiness, as it extends to greater numbers,
and alleviates the infirmities and evils which are incident
to human existence.
Possessed of this amiable, this godlike disposition,
Masons are shocked at misery under every form and
appearance. When they behold an object pining under
the miseries of a distressed body or mind, the healing
accents which flow from the tongue mitigate the pain of
the unhappy sufferer, and make even adversity, in its
dismal state, look gay. When pity is excited, the Mason
wil 1 assuage grief, and cheerfully relieve distress. If a
Brother in want, every heart is moved; 7 when he is
7 41 In 1739, ixf x °r Pope ZNeenius had issued his bull against Free-
masonry, one Crudeh, u "^reenwHi, was imprisoned at Florence by
the Inquisition, and suffered iixv. *nost unmerited cruelties, for main-
taining the innocence of the associau^. When the Grand Lodge
of England was informed of his miserable slv.'HL^n, they recollected
16 ILLUSTRATIONS
hungry, we feed him ; when he is naked, we clothe him ;
when he is in trouble, we fly to his relief. Thus we
confirm the propriety of the title we bear; and convince
the world at large, that brother, among Masons, is
more than the name.
SECT. IX.
The Discernment displayed by Masons in the Choice of
Objects of Charity.
The most inveterate enemies of Masonry must ac-
knowledge, that no society is more remarkable for the
practice of charity, or any association of men more
famed for disinterested liberality. It cannot be said, that
Masons indulge in convivial mirth, while the poor and
needy pine for relief. Our charitable establishments and
quarterly contributions, exclusive of private subscrip-
tions, to relieve distress, prove that we are ready, with
cheerfulness, in proportion to our circumstances, to alle-
. viate the misfortunes of our fellow-creatures. Consider-
ing, however, the variety of objects, whose distress the
dictates of Nature, as well as the ties of Masonry, incline
us to relieve, we find it necessary sometimes to inquire
into the cause of misfortune; lest a misconceived ten-
derness of disposition, or an impolitic generosity of
heart, might prevent us from making a proper distinction
in the choice of objects. Though our ears are always
open to the distresses of the deserving poor, yet charity
is not to be dispensed with a profuse liberality on impos-
tors. 3 The parents of a numerous offspring, who, through
* that a foreigner, however low his rank, and however distant his abode,
had a claim upon their sympathy. They transmitted to him twenty
pounds for procuring the necessaries of life, and exerted every nerve
for effecting his liberation. " (Lawrie, p. 128.) — Editor.
8 It is to be regretted that, from the charitable principles of the
institution, masonic impostors are very numerous. They prowl
about the country with fictitious certificates, and often succeed in
deluding the masters of lodges and other benevolent brothers, to the
injury of worthy brethren, whose tale of distress proceeds from the
genuine workings of a heart oppressed with unmerited misfortune.
The difficulty of distinguishing between real and assumed objects of
charity, may be estimated from such cases as the following, extracted
OF MASONRY.
17
age, sickness, infirmity, or any unforeseen accident in
life, may be reduced to want, particularly claim our
attention, and seldom fail to experience the happy effects
of our friendly associations. To such objects, whose
situation is more easy to be conceived than expressed,
we are induced liberally to extend relief. Hence we
give convincing proofs of wisdom and discernment ; for,
though our benevolence, like our laws, be unlimited, yet
our hearts glow principally with affection toward the
deserving part of mankind.
From this view of the advantages which result from
the practice and profession of Masonry, every candid and
impartial mind must acknowledge its utility and import-
ance to the State ; and surely, if the picture here drawn
be just, it must be no trifling acquisition to any govern-
ment, to have under its jurisdiction a society of men,
who are not only true patriots and loyal subjects, but
the patrons of science and the friends of mankind.
SECT. X.
Friendly Admonitions.
As useful knowledge is the great object of our desire,
let us diligently apply to the practice of the art, and
steadily adhere to the principles which it inculcates.
Let not the difficulties that we have to encounter check
from the Quarterly Communication for December, 1823. " A Report
from the Board of General Purposes was read, stating that an indi-
vidual, calling himself Simon Ramus, had been endeavouring to
impose upon Brethren, and to obtain pecuniary assistance, under colour
of a fabricated certificate, stating him to have been a member of the
Lodge No. 353, formerly No. 280, but which certificate had been
detained from him by the Lodge No. 283, and transmitted to the
Grand Lodge. And, also, that another individual, calling himself
Miles Martin, but supposed to be one Joseph Larkins, had, in a
similar manner, been endeavouring to impose upon Brethren, under
colour of a certificate from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, and a cer-
tificate from the Lodge No. 145, at Norwich, but which certificates
had been detained by the S. W. of the Lodge No. 779, and trans-
mitted to the Grand Lodge : the Board stated that they were induced
to make this Report with a view to guard Brethren against further
attempts at imposition by those individuals, although their means
were, in a great measure, destroyed by the detention of the certifi-
cates." — Editor.
18
ILLUSTRATIONS
our progress, or damp our zeal ; but let us recollect, that
the ways of wisdom are beautiful, and lead to pleasure.
Knowledge is attained by degrees, and cannot every
where be found. Wisdom seeks the secret shade, the
lonely cell, designed for contemplation. There enthroned
she sits, delivering her sacred oracles. . There let us seek
her, and pursue the real bliss. Though the passage be
difficult, the farther we trace it the easier it will become.
Union and harmony constitute the essence of Freema-
sonry: while we enlist under that banner, the society
must flourish, and private animosities give place to peace
and good fellowship. Uniting in one design, let it be
our aim to be happy ourselves, and contribute to the
happiness of others. Let us mark our superiority and
distinction among men, by the sincerity of our profession
as Masons; let us cultivate the moral virtues, and im-
prove in all that is good and amiable ; let the Genius of
Masonry preside over our conduct, and, under her sway,
let us perform our part with becoming dignity; let us
preserve an elevation of understanding, a politeness of
manner, and an evenness of temper ; let our recreations
be innocent, and pursued with moderation ; and never
let irregular indulgences lead to the subversion of our
system, by impairing our faculties, or exposing our
character to dension. In conformity to our precepts, as
patterns worthy of imitation, let the respectability of
our character be supported by the regularity of our
conduct and the uniformity of our deportment: then, as
citizens of the world, and friends to every clime, we
shall be living examples of virtue and benevolence,
equally zealous to merit, as to obtain, universal appro-
bation.
OF MASONRY.
19
BOOK II.
GENERAL REMARKS: INCLUDING AN ILLUSTRATION OF
THE LECTURES; A PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE
ANCIENT CEREMONIES ; AND THE CHARGES USED IN
THE DIFFERENT DEGREES.
SECT. I.
-
General Remarks.
Masonry is an art useful and extensive. In every art
there is a mystery, which requires a progress of study
and application before we can arrive at any degree of
perfection. Without much instruction, and more exer-
cise, no man can be skilful in any art ; in like manner,
without an assiduous application to the various subjects
treated in the different lectures of Masonry, no person
can be sufficiently acquainted with the true value of the
institution.
From this remark it is not to be inferred, that those
who labour under the disadvantage of a confined educa-
tion, or whose sphere of life requires assiduous attention
to business or useful employment, are to be discouraged
m their endeavours to gain a knowledge of Masonry.
To qualify an individual to enjoy the benefits of the
society at large, or to partake of its privileges, it is no*
absolutely necessary that he should be acquainted with
all the intricate parts of the science: these are only
intended for persons who may have leisure and opportu-
nity to indulge the pursuit.
Some may be more able than others, some more emi-
nent, some more useful ; but all, in their different spheres,
may prove advantageous to the community; and our
necessities, as well as our consciences, bind us to love
one another. To persons, however, whose early years
have been dedicated to literary pursuits, or whose cir-
cumstances and situation in life render them independent,
ILLUSTRATIONS
the offices of the lodge ought principally to be restricted.
The industrious tradesman proves himself a valuable
member of society, and worthy of every honour that we N
can confer; but the nature of every man's profession
will not admit of that leisure which is necessary to
qualify him to become an expert Mason, so as to discharge
the official duties of the, lodge with propriety. And it
must also be admitted, that those who accept offices and
exercise authority in the lodge ought to be men of pru-
dence and address, enjoying the advantages of a well-
cultivated mind and retentive memory. All men are not
blessed with the same powers and talents; all men,
therefore, are not equally qualified to govern. He who
wishes to teach, must submit to learn ; and no one can
be qualified to support the higher offices of the lodge,
who has not previously discharged the duties of those
which are subordinate. Experience is the best preceptor.
Every man may rise by gradation, but merit and industry
are the first steps to preferment. Masonry is wisely
instituted for different ranks and degrees of men; and
every brother, according to his station and ability, may
be employed in the lodge,' and class with his equal.
Actuated by the best principles, no disquietude is found
among the professors of the art. Each class is happy in
its particular association ; and when all the classes meet
in general convention, one plan regulates the whole:
neither arrogance nor presumption appear on the one
hand, nor diffidence nor inability on the other ; but
every brother vies to excel in promoting that endearing
happiness which constitutes the essence of civil society.
SECT. II.
The Ceremony of Opening and Closing the Lodge.
In all regular assemblies of men which are convened
for wise and useful purposes, the commencement and
conclusion of business is accompanied with some form.
In every country of the world the practice prevails, and
is deemed essential. From the most remote periods of
antiquity it is traced, and the refined improvements of
modern times have not abolished it.
OF MASONRY.
21
Ceremonies, simply considered, are little more than
visionary delusions ; but their effects are sometimes im-
portant. — When they impress awe and reverence on the
mind, and attract the attention to solemn rites by
external forms, they are interesting objects. These
purposes are eflected when judicious ceremonies are
regularly conducted and properly arranged. On this
ground they have received the sanction of the wisest
men in all ages, and, consequently, could not escape the
notice of Masons. To begin well, is the most likely
means to end well : and it is justly remarked, that when
order and method are neglected at the beginning, they
will be seldom found to take place at the end.
The ceremony of opening and closing the lodge with
solemnity and decorum is, therefore, universally adopted
among Masons ; and though the mode in some meetings
may vary, and in every Degree must vary, still an uni-
formity in the general practice prevails in the lodge; and
the variation (if any) is solely occasioned by a want of
method, which a little application will easily remove.
To conduct this ceremony with propriety, ought to
be the peculiar study of all Masons, especially of those
who have the honour to rule in our assemblies. To
persons who are thus dignified, every eye is directed for
regularity of conduct and behaviour; and by their
example, other brethren, less informed, may naturally
expect to derive instruction.
From a share in this ceremony no Mason is exempted;
it is a general concern, in which all must assist. This
is the first request of the Master, and the prelude to
business. No sooner has it been signified, than every
officer repairs to his station, and the brethren rank
according to their degrees. The intent of the meeting
becomes the object of attention; and the mind is
insensibly drawn from the indiscriminate subjects of
conversation which are apt to intrude on our less serious
moments.
Our first care is directed to the external avenues of
the lodge ; and the officers, whose province it is to dis-
charge that duty, execute the trust with fidelity. By
certain mystic forms, of no recent date, it is intimated
that we may safely proceed. To detect impostors
among ourselves, an adherence to order in the character
ILLUSTRATIONS
of Masons ensues, and the lodge is opened 1 or closed in
solemn form..
1 Charges and Regulations for the Conduct and Behaviour of Masons
A rehearsal of the Ancient Charges properly succeeds the opening
and precedes the closing of the lodge. This was the constant prac-
tice of our ancient Brethren, and ought never to be neglected in our
regular assemblies. A recapitulation of our duty cannot be disagree-
able to those who are acquainted with it ; and to those to whom it is
not known, should any such be, it must be highly proper to recom-
mend it.
On the Management of the Craft in Working.
[To be rehearsed at opening the Lodge.]
Masons employ themselves diligenlty in their sundry vocations, live
creditably, and conform with cheerfulness to the government of the
country in which they reside.
The most expert Craftsman is chosen or appointed Master of the
work, and is duly honoured in that character by those over whom he
presides.
The Master, knowing himself qualified, undertakes the government
of the lodge, and truly dispenses his rewards according to merit.
A Craftsman who is appointed Warden of the work, under the
Master, is true to Master and Fellows, carefully oversees the work,
and the brethren obey him.
The Master, Wardens, and Brethren, are just and faithful, and care-
fully finish the work they begin, whether it be in the First or Second
Degree ; but never put that work to the First, which has been appro-
priated to the Second Degree.
Neither envy nor censure is discovered among Masons. No brother
is supplanted, or put out of his work, if he be capable to finish it ; for
he who is not perfectly skilled in the original design, can never, with
equal advantage to the Master, finish the work which has been begun
by another.
All employed in Masonry meekly receive their rewards, and use no
disobliging name. " Brother" is the appellation they bestow on each
other. They behave courteously within and without the lodge, and
never desert the Master till the work be finished.*
Laws for the Government of the Lodge.
/ You are to salute one another in a courteous manner, agreeably to
/ the forms established among Masons ;f you are freely to give such
mutual instructions as. shall be thought necessary or expedient, not
being overseen or overheard, without encroaching upon each other, or
derogating from that respect which is due to a gentleman were he not
a Mason ; for though, as Masons, we meet as brethren on a level, yet
* These Charges were originally rehearsed by the seven representatives of the three
Degrees of the Order; but a ifc is now the province of the Chaplain or Secretary of the
lodge to deliver them.
t In the lodge, Masons meet as members of the same family, and representatives for
the timo bein$ of all the brethren throughout the world ; every prejudice, therefore, on
acoottnt Of religion, country, or private opinion, is removed.
OF MASONRY.
n At opening the lodge, two purposes are effected; the
Master is reminded of the dignity of his character, and
the brethren of the homage and veneration due to him
in their sundry stations. These, however, are not the
only advantages resulting from a due observance of the
ceremony; a reverential awe for the Deity is inculcated,
and the eye is fixed on that object from whose radiant
beams alone light can be derived. Hence, in this cere-
mony, we are taught to adore God, and supplicate his
protection on our well-meant endeavours. The Master
assumes his government in due form, and under him his
Wardens; who accept their trust, after the customary
salutations. Then the Brethren, with one accord, unite
in duty and respect, and the ceremony concludes.
At closing the lodge, 2 a similar form takes place.
Masonry deprives no man of the honour due to his rank or character,
but rather adds to his honour, especially if he have deserved well of
the Fraternity, . who always render honour to whom it is due, and
avoid ill-manners.
No private committees are to be allowed, or separate conversations
encouraged : the Master or Wardens are not to be interrupted, or any
brother who is speaking to the Master; but due decorum is to be
observed, and a proper respect paid to the Master and presicung officers.
These laws are to be strictly enforced, that harmony may be pre-
served, and the business of the lodge be carried on with order and
regularity. So mote it be.
3 Charge on the Behaviour of Masons,
[To be rehearsed at closing the Lodge.]
When the lodge is closed, you are to enjoy yourselves* with innocent
mirth, but carefully avoid excess. You are not to compel any brother
to act contrary to his inclination, or give offence by word or deed, but
enjoy a free and easy conversation. You- are to avoid immoral or
obscene discourse, and at all times support with propriety the dignity
of 'your character.
You are to be cautious in your words and carriage, that the most
penetrating stranger may not discover what is not proper to be inti-
mated ; and, if necessary, you are to waive the discourse, and manage
it prudently, for the honour of the Fraternity.
At home, and in your several neighbourhoods, you are to behave as
wise and moral men. You are never to communicate to your families,
friends, or acquaintances, the private transactions of our different
assemblies ; but. on every occasion, consult your own honour, and the
reputation of the Fraternity at large.
You are to study the preservation of health, by avoiding irregularity
and intemperance ; that your families may not be neglected and injured,
or yourselves disabled from attending to your necessary employments
in life.
24
ILLUSTRATIONS
Here the less important duties of the Order are not
passed unobserved. The necessary degree of subordina-
tion which takes place in the government of the lodge
is peculiarly marked : while the proper tribute of grati-
tude is offered up to the beneficent Author of life, whose
blessing is invoked, and extended to the whole Fraternity. 3
Each brother then faithfully locks up in his own repository
the treasure which he has acquired ; and, pleased with
his reward, retires to enjoy, and disseminate among the
private circle of his friends, the fruits of his labour and
industry in the lodge.
These are faint outlines of a ceremony which univers-
ally prevails among Masons, and distinguishes all their
If a stranger apply in the character of a Mason, you are cautiously
to examine him, in such a method as prudence may direct, and agree-
ably to the forms established among Masons, that you may not be
imposed upon by an ignorant false pretender, whom you are to reject
with contempt ;* and beware of giving him any secret hints of know-
ledge. But if you discover him to be a true and genuine Brother,
~ you are to respect him ; if he be in want, you are, without prejudice,
to relieve him, or direct him how he may be relieved ; you are to em-
ploy him, or recommend him to employment: however, you are never
charged to do beyond your ability ; only to prefer a poor Mason, who
is a good man and true, before any other person in the same circum-
stances.
Finally, These rules you are always to observe and enforce, and
also the duties which have been communicated in the lecture ; culti-
vating brotherly love, the foundation and cape-stone, the cement and
glory of this ancient Fraternity ; avoiding, on every occasion, wrang-
ling and quarrelling, slandering and backbiting ; not permitting others
to slander honest brethren, but defending their characters, and doing
them good offices, so far as may be consistent with your honour and
safety, but no further. Hence all may see the benign influence of
Masonry ; as all true Masons have done from the beginning of the
world, and will do to the end of time. So mote it be.
3 A Prayer used at opening the Lodge.
May the favour of Heaven be upon this meeting ! and, as it is hap-
pily begun, may it be conducted in order, and closed in harmony ! So
mote it be.
A Prayer used at closing the Lodge.
May the blessing of Heaven rest upon us, and on all regular Masons
throughout the world ! may brotherly love prevail, and beautify and
cement us with every moral and social virtue ! So mote it be.
*This injunction may seem uncharitable ; but when it is considered that the secret!
of Masonry are opon to all meu of probity and honour who are well recommended, an
illegal intruder, who would wish to obtain that to which he has no claim, and deprive
the public charity of a small pittance at his admission, can deserve no better treatment
OF MASONRY.
25
meetings. Hence, it is arranged as a general Section in
every Degree of the Order, and takes the lead in all oui
illustrations.
SECT. III.
Remarks on the First Lecture.
Having illustrated the ceremony of opening and
closing the lodge, and inserted the Prayers and Charges,
usually rehearsed in our regular assemblies on those
occasions, we shall now* enter on a disquisition of the
different Sections of the Lectures which are appropriate
to the three Degrees of the Order; giving a brief sum-
mary of the whole, and annexing to every remark the
particulars to which the Section alludes. By these
means the industrious Mason will be better instructed in
the regular arrangement of the Lectures, and be enabled
with more ease to acquire a competent knowledge of the
Art.
The First Lecture is divided into sections, and each
section is subdivided into clauses. In this Lecture,
virtue is painted in the most beautiful colours, and the
duties of morality are strictly enforced. Here we are
taught such wise and useful lessons as prepare the mind
for a regular advancement in the principles of knowledge
and philosophy; and these are imprinted on the memory
by lively and sensible images, well calculated to influ-
ence our conduct in the proper discharge of the duties
of social life.
The First Section.
The First Section of this Lecture is suited to all
capacities, and may, and ought to be known by every
person who wishes to rank as a Mason. It consists of
general heads, which, though they be short and simple,
will be found to carry weight with them. They not
only serve as marks of distinction, but communicate
useful and interesting knowledge when they are duly
investigated. They qualify us to try and examine the
rights of others to our privileges, while they demonstrate
our own claim ; and as they induce us to inquire minutely
into other particulars of greater importance, they serve
3
26
ILLUSTRATIONS
as a proper introduction to subjects which are more
amply explained in the following Sections. 4
The Second Section.
The Second Section makes us acquainted m with the
peculiar forms and ceremonies which are adopted at the
initiation of candidates into Masonry; and convinces us,
beyond the power of contradiction, of the propriety of
our rites ; whilst it demonstrates to the most sceptical
and hesitating mind their excellence and utility. 5
A Prayer used at the Initiation.
"Vouchsafe thine aid, Almighty Father of the Universe,
to this our present convention ! and grant, that this
Candidate for Masonry may dedicate and devote his life
to thy service, and become a true and faithful Brother
4 As we can annex to this remark no other explanation consistently
with the rules of Masonry, we must refer the more inquisitive to our
regular assemblies for further instruction.
5 The following particulars, relative to the ceremony of initiation,
may be introduced here with propriety.
The Declaration to be assented to by every Candidate previous to
Initiation, and to be subscribed by his Name at full length.
*' To the Worshipful Master, Wardens, Officers, and Members of the
Lodge of No.
" I f A.B.], being free by birth, and of the full age of twenty-one
years, do declare, that, unbiassed by the improper solicitation of friends,
and uninfluenced by mercenary or other unworthy motives, I freely
and voluntarily offer myself a candidate for the mysteries of Masonry ;
that I am prompted by a favourable opinion conceived of the institu-
tion, and a desire of knowledge : and that I will cheerfully conform to
all the ancient usages and established customs of the Order. Witness
my hand, this day of [A.B.]
"Witness, [CD.]"
N. B. Copies of this Declaration may be had of the Grand Secre-
tary.
The Candidate is then proposed in open lodge, as follows :
" W. Master and Brethren,
"At the request of A. B., [mentioning his Christian name and sur-
name, addition or profession, and place of abode,] I propose him, in
form, as a proper Candidate for the mysteries of Masonry. I recom-
mend him, as worthy to share the privileges of the Fraternity; and,
in consequence of a declaration of his intentions, voluntarily made and
properly attested, I believe he will strictly conform to the rules of the
Order."
The Candidate is then ordered to be prepared for Initiation.
OF MASONRY. \^^ ; °" 27
amongst us! Endue him with a competency of thy
Divine wisdom ; that, by the secrets of this Art, he may
be the better enabled to display the beauties of godliness,
to the honour of thy holy Name ! So mote it be" 6
The Third Section.
The Third Section, by the reciprocal communication
of our marks of distinction, proves the regularity of our
initiation ; and inculcates those necessary and instructive
duties which dignify our character, in the double capacity
of men and Masons.
We cannot better illustrate this section, than by in-
serting the following
Charge at Initiation into the First Degree?
Brother,
[As you are now introduced to the first principles of
our Order, it is my duty to congratulate you on being
accepted a member of an ancient and honourable Society ;
ancient, as having subsisted from time immemorial ; and
honourable, as tending, in every particular, so to render
all men who will be conformable to its precepts. No
institution was ever raised on a better principle, or more
solid foundation ; nor were ever more excellent rules and
useful maxims laid down, than are inculcated on every
person when he is initiated into our mysteries. Monarchs
in all ages have been encouragers and promoters of the
Art: and have never deemed it derogatory from their
dignities, to level themselves with the brethren, to extend
their privileges, and to patronize their assemblies.]
As a Mason, you are to study the Sacred Law; 8 to
consider it as the unerring standard of truth and justice,
and to regulate your life and actions by its Divine pre-
cepts.
The three great moral duties, to God, your neighbour,
6 It is a duty incumbent on the Master of the lodge, before the
ceremony of initiation takes place, to inform the Candidate of the
purpose and design of the institution; to explain the nature of his
solemn engagements; and, in a manner peculiar to Masons, to require
his cheerful acquiescence to the tenets of the Order.
7 The paragraphs enclosed in brackets [] may be occasionally
omitted, if time will not admit of delivering the whole Charge-
8 In England, the Bible* but in countries where that book is
unknown, whatever is understood to contain the will or law of God
28
ILLUSTRATIONS
and yourself, you are strictly to observe : — To God, by
holding his name in awe and veneration : viewing him as
the chief good, imploring his aid in laudable pursuits, and
supplicating his protection on well-meant endeavours: —
To your neighbour, by always acting upon the square ;
and considering him equally entitled with yourself to
share the blessings of providence, rendering unto him
those favours and friendly offices, which, in a similar
situation, you would expect to receive from him : — And
to yourself, by not abusing the bounties of Providence,
impairing your faculties by irregularity, or debasing our
profession by intemperance.
In the state, you are to be a quiet and peaceable sub-
ject, true to your sovereign, and just to your country;
you are not to countenance disloyalty or rebellion, but
patiently submit to legal authority, and conform with
cheerfulness to the government under which you live ;
yielding obedience to the laws which' afford you protec-
tion ; but never forgetting the attachment you owe to
the place of your nativity, or the allegiance due to the
sovereign or protectors of that spot.
[In your outward demeanour, you are to avoid censure
or reproach ; and beware of all who may artfully endea-
vour to insinuate themselves into your esteem, with a
view to betray your virtuous resolutions, or make you
swerve from the principles of our institution. Let not
interest, favour, or prejudice bias your integrity, or influ-
ence you to be guilty of a dishonourable action ; but let
your conduct be uniform, and your deportment suitable
to the dignity of the profession.]
Above all, practise benevolence and charity; for these
virtues have distinguished Masons in every age and coun-
try. [The inconceivable pleasure of contributing toward
the relief of our fellow-creatures, is truly experienced
by persons of a humane disposition ; who are naturally
excited, by sympathy, to extend their aid in alleviation
of the miseries of others. This encourages the generous
Mason to distribute his bounty with cheerfulness. Sup-
posing himself in the situation of an unhappy sufferer, he
listens to the tale of woe with attention, bewails misfor-
tune, and speedily relieves distress.]
The 'Constitutions of the Order 9 are next to engage
OF MASONRY. 29
your attention. [These consist of two parts, oral and
written communications; the former comprehending the
mysteries of the Art, are only to be acquired by practice
and experience in the lodge ; the latter includes the his-
tory of genuine Masonry ; the lives and characters of its
patrons, and the ancient charges and general regulations
of the Craft.]
A punctual attendance on the duties of the Order we
earnestly enjoin ; more especially in that assembly in
which your name is enrolled as a member. [There, and
in all regular meetings of the Fraternity, you are to
behave with order and decorum, that harmony may be
preserved, and the business of Masonry be properly con-
ducted. The rules of good-breeding you are never to
violate, by using unbecoming language, in derogation of
the name of God, or toward the corruption of good
manners ; neither are you to enter into any dispute about
religion or politics ; nor behave irreverently, while the
lodge is engaged in what is serious and important.] On
every occasion you are to pay a proper deference and
respect to the Master and presiding Officers, and diligently
apply to the work of Masonry, that you may the sooner
become a proficient therein ; as well for your own credit,
as for the honour of the company with whom you asso-
ciate.
Although your frequent appearance at our regular
meetings be earnestly solicited, your necessary employ-
ments in life are not to be neglected on that account:
neither are you to suffer your zeal for Masonry to exceed
the bounds of discretion, or lead you into argument with
persons who may ridicule our institution ; but extend
your pity toward those who may be apt, through igno-
rance, to contemn what they never had an opportunity
to comprehend. All that is required for your general
observance is, that you study the liberal arts at leisure:
trace science in the works of eminent masters; and im-
prove in the disquisitions of the system, by the conver-
' sation of well-informed brethren, who will always be as
ready to give, as you can be to receive instruction.
at Law, M. P. for Weymouth, and P. G. M. for Dorsetshire, a new
edition of the Book of Constitutions has been prepared, and partly
published by order of the Grand Lodge, since the Act of Union took
place.
30
ILLUSTRATIONS
Finally: Adhere to the Constitutions; and support the
privileges which are to distinguish you as a Mason above
the rest of the community, and mark your consequence
among the Fraternity. If, in the circle of your acquaint-
ance, you find a person desirous of being initiated into
the Order, be particularly attentive not to recommend
him, unless you are convinced that he will conform to
our rules ; that the value of Masonry may be enhanced by
the difficulty of the purchase ; the honour and reputation
of the institution be established on the firmest basis; and
the world at large be convinced of its benign influence,
[From the attention you have paid to the recital of the
duties of the Order, we are led to hope, that you will
form a proper estimate of the value of Freemasonry, and
imprint on your mind the dictates of truth, honour, and
justice.] 10
10 The late I,odge of Reconciliation (the Rev. Samuel Hemming,
D.D., Master) recommended the use of the following Charge; to be
recited to every Mason immediately subsequent to his initiation ;
which was honoured with the approbation of the United Grand Lodge,
their Royal Highnesses the Dukes of Kent and Sussex being present ;
the former illustrious Prince being Past, and the latter Present M.W.
Grand Master. The Editor, however, did not think himself justified
in omitting the Charge to which Brother Preston's readers and hearers
had hitherto been accustomed.
Brother,
As you have now passed through the ceremonies of your initiation,
allow me to congratulate you on being admitted a member of our
ancient and honourable society. Ancient, no doubt, it is, as having
subsisted from time immemorial; and honourable it must be acknow-
ledged to be — because, by a natural tendency, it conduces to make all
those honourable who are strictly obedient to its precepts. Indeed,
no institution can boast a more solid foundation than that on which
Freemasonry rests — The practice oj social and moral virtue: and to
so high an eminence has its credit been advanced, that in every age,
monarchs themselves have become the promoters of the Art; — have
.not thought it derogatory from their dignity to exchange the sceptre
for the trowel ; — have patronized our mysteries ; — and even joined in
our assemblies.
As a Mason, I would first recommend to your most serious contem-
plation the volume of the Sacred Law: charging } r ou to consider it as
the unerring standard of truth and justice, and to regulate yoxxv
actions by the divine precepts it contains. Therein yo\i will be taught
the important duties you owe to God, to your neighbour, and to
yourself. To God^ by never mentioning his name, but with that awe
and reverence which are due from the creature to his Creator; by
imploring his aid on all your lawful undertakings, and by looking up
OF MASONRY.
31
This section usually closes with the following
EULOGIUM.
Masonry comprehends within its circle every branch
of useful knowledge and learning, and stamps an indeli-
ble mark of pre-eminence on its genuine professors, which
neither chance, power, nor fortune, can bestow. When
its rules are strictly observed, it is a sure foundation of
tranquillity amid the various disappointments of life; a
friend, that will not deceive, but will comfort and assist
in prosperity and adversity ; a blessing, that will remain
with all times, circumstances, and places ; and to which
recourse may be had, when other earthly comforts sink
into disregard.
Masonry gives real and intrinsic excellency to man,
•and renders him fit for the duties of society. It strength-
ens the mind against the storms of life, paves the way to
to him in every emergency, for comfort and support. To your neigh-
bour, by acting with him upon the square ; by rendering him every
kind office which justice or mercy may require ; by relieving his dis-
tresses, and soothing his afflictions ; and by doing to him, as, in similar
cases, you would wish "he should do to you. And to yourself, by such
a prudent and well-regulated course of discipline, as may best conduce
to the preservation of your corporeal and mental faculties in their
fullest energy ; thereby enabling you to exert the talents wherewith
God has blessed you, as well to his glory, as to the welfare of your
fellow-creatures.
As a citizen of the world, I am next to enjoin you to be exemplary
in the discharge of your civil duties, by never proposing, or at all
countenancing, any act that may have a tendency to subvert the peace
and good order of society ; by paying due obedience to the laws of
any state which may for a time become the place of your residence,
or afford you its protection; and above all, by never losing sight
of the allegiance due to the Sovereign of your native land; ever
remembering, that Nature has implanted in your breast a sacred and
indissoluble attachment to that country, from which you* derived your
birth and infant nurture.
As an individual, I am further to recommend the practice of every
domestic as well as public virtue. Let Prudence direct you! Temper-
ance chasten you ! Fortitude support you ! and Justice be the guide of
all your actions ! Be especially careful to maintain, in their fullest
splendour, those truly masonic ornaments, which have already been
amply illustrated, Benevolence and Charity.
Still, however, as a Mason, there are other excellences of character,
to which your attention may be peculiarly and forcibly directed.
Among the foremost of these are. Secrecy, Fidelity, Obedience.
Secrecy may be said to consist in an inviolable adherence to the
32
ILLUSTRATIONS
peace, and promotes domestic happiness. It meliorates
the temper, and improves the understanding; it is com-
pany in solitude, and gives vivacity, variety, and energy,
to social conversation. In youth, it governs the passions,
and employs usefully our most active faculties; and in
age, when sickness, imbecility, and disease, have be-
numbed the corporeal frame, and rendered the union of
soul and body almost intolerable, it yields an ample fund
of comfort and satisfaction.
These are its general advantages: to enumerate them
separately, would be an endless labour. It may be suffi-
cient to observe, that he, who cultivates this science, and
acts agreeably to the character of a Mason, has within
himself the spring and support of every* social virtue; a
subject of contemplation, that enlarges the mind, and
expands all its powers ; a theme that is inexhaustible,
ever new, and always interesting.
obligation you have entered into, never improperly to reveal any of
those Masonic Secrets which have now been, or may at any future time
be, intrusted to your keeping; and cautiously to shun all occasions
which might inadvertently lead you so to do.
Your Fidelity must be exemplified by a strict observance of the
constitutions of the Fraternity ; by adhering to the ancient landmarks
of the Order; by ne^er attempting to extort, or otherwise unduly
obtain, the secrets of a superior degree; and by refraining to recom-
mend any one to a participation of our secrets, unless you have strong
grounds to believe that, by a similar fidelity, he will ultimately reflect
honour on our choice.
So must your Obedience be proved by a close conformity to our
laws and regulations ; by prompt attention to all signs and summonses ;
by modest and correct demeanour whilst in the lodge; by abstaining
from every topic of religious or political discussion; by ready acquies-
cence in all votes and resolutions duly passed by the brethren : and by
perfect submission to the Master and his Wardens, whilst acting in
the discharge of their respective offices.
And. as a last general recommendation, let me exhort you to dedi-
cate yourself to such pursuits as may enable you to become at once
respectable in your rank of life, useful to mankind, and an ornament to
the society of which you have this day been admitted a member ; that
you would more especially devote your leisure hours to the study of
such of the liberal arts and sciences as may lie within the compass of
your attainment; and that, without neglecting the ordinary duties of
your station, you would consider yourself called upon to make a daily
advancement in masonic knowledge.
[From the very commendable attention which you appear to have
given to this charge, I am led to hope that you will duly appreciate the
excellence of Freemasonry, and imprint indelibly on your mind the
sacred dictates of Truth, of Honour, and of Virtue!]
OF MASONRY.
33
The Fourth Section.
The Fourth Section rationally accounts for the origin
of our hieroglyphical instruction, and points out the
achantages which accompany a faithful observance of
our duty. It illustrates, at the same time, certain par-
ticulars, our ignorance of which might lead us into error;
and which, as Masons, we are indispensably bound to
know.
To make daily progress in the Art, is a constant duty
and expressly required by our general laws. What end
can be more noble, than the pursuit of virtue? what
motive more alluring, than the practice of justice? or
what instruction more beneficial, than an accurate
elucidation of symbols which tend to improve and
embellish the mind? Every thing that strikes the eye,
more immediately engages the attention, and imprints on
the memory serious and solemn truths. Masons have,
therefore, universally adopted the plan of inculcating the
tenets of their Order by typical figures and allegorical
emblems, to prevent their mysteries from descending
within the familiar reach of inattentive and unprepared
novices, fror% whom they might not receive due venera-
tion.
The usages and customs of Masons have ever corre-
sponded w r ith those of the ancient Egyptians; to which,
indeed, they bear a near affinity. Those philosophers,
unwilling to expose their mysteries to vulgar eyes,* con-
cealed their particular tenets and principles of polity and
philosophy under hieroglyphical figures; and expressed
their notions of government by signs and symbols, which
they communicated to their magi alone, who were bound
by oath 11 never to reveal them. Pythagoras seems to have
1 1 " The oath proposed to the aspirant for the Pythagorean mysteries,
was made on the number Four, or Tetractys, which was expressed by
Ten commas or jods, (supposing it to be derived from the Tetragram-
maton of the Jews,) disposed in the form of an equilateral triangle,
each side containing four, as follows :
, Monad, tire, or the active principle.
, . Duad, the passive principle.
, t / Triad, the world proceeding from their union.
, , , , Quaternary, the liberal sciences.
This triangle, as some authors suppose, bore a reference to the Triune
God, whence it was termed Trigonon mysticum. Iamblichus gives us
3*
34
ILLUSTRATIONS
established his system on a similar plan; and many
Orders of a more recent date have copied the example.
Masonry, however, is not only the most ancient, but the
most moral Institution that ever subsisted; as every
character, figure, and emblem, depicted in the lodge, has
a moral meaning, and tends to inculcate the practice of
virtue on those who behold it. 12
The Fifth Section.
The Fifth Section explains the nature and principles
of our institution, and teaches us to discharge with pro-
priety the duties of the different departments which we
are appointed to sustain in the government of the lodge.
Here, too, our ornaments are displayed, and our jewels
and furniture specified : while a proper attention is paid
to our ancient and venerable patron.
To explain the subjects treated in this Section, and
assist the industrious Mason to acquire them, we can
only recommend a punctual attendance on the duties of
the lodge, and a diligent application to the lessons which
are there inculcated.
The Sixth Section.
The Sixth Section, though the last in rank, is not the
least considerable in importance. It strengthens those
which precede; and enforces, in the most engaging man-
ner, a due regard to character and .behaviour, in public
as well as in private life; in the lodge, as well as in the
general commerce of society.
- This Section forcibly inculcates the most instructive
lessons. Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth, are themes on
which we here expatiate. By the exercise of Brotherly
Love, we are taught to regard the whole human species
as one family, the high and low, the rich and poor; who,
as children of the same parent, and inhabitants of the
the words of this tremendous oath. Ov fia rov aperegr}, &c. By the
Great Tetractys, or name IAO, who hath communicated the foun-
tain of eternity to our souls, &c." (Oliver's Hist. Init., in notis.)
— Editor.
18 This section closes with a definition of Charity, for which c seo p.
OF MASONRY.
36
same planet, are to aid, support, and protect each other.
On this principle Masonry unites men of every country,
sect, and opinion ; 13 and conciliates true friendship among
those who might otherwise have remained at a perpetual
distance. — Relief is the next tenet of the profession ; and,
though to relieve the distressed is a duty incumbent on
all men, it is more particularly so on Masons, who are
linked together by an indissoluble chain of sincere affec-
tion. Tot soothe calamity, alleviate misfortune, compas-
sionate misery, and restore peace far the troubled mind,
is the grand aim of the true Mason. On this basis he
establishes his friendships, and forms his connections. —
Truth is a divine attribute, and the foundation of every
virtue. To be good and true, is the first lesson we are
taught in Masonry. On this theme we contemplate, and
by its dictates endeavour to regulate our conduct : influ-
enced by this principle, hypocrisy and deceit are unknown
in the lodge, sincerity and plain-dealing distinguish us;
while the heart and tongue join in promoting the general
welfare, and rejoicing in each other's prosperity.
To this illustration succeeds an explanation of the
four cardinal virtues, Temperance, Fortitude, Prudence, and
Justice. — By Temperance, we are instructed to govern the
passions, and check unruly desires. The health of the
body, and the dignity of the species, are equally con-
cerned in a faithful observance of it. — By Fortitude, we
are taught to resist temptation, and encounter danger
with spirit and resolution. This virtue is equally distaut
from rashness and cowardice; and he, who possesses it,
is seldom shaken, and never overthrown, by the storms
that surround him. — By Prudence, we are instructed to
regulate our conduct by the dictates of reason, and to
judge and determine with propriety in the execution of
every thing that tends to promote either our present or
13 I cite a single instance of this fact from Lawrie. iC A Scottish
gentleman in the Prussian service was taken prisoner at the battle of
Lutzen, and was conveyed to Prague along with four hundred of his
companions-in-arms. As soon as it was known that he was a Mason,
he was released from confinement ; he was invited to the tables of tho
most distinguished citizens, and requested to consider himself as a
Freemason, and not as a prisoner of war. About three months after
the engagement, an exchange of prisoners took place, and the Scottish
officer was presented by the Fraternity with a purse of sixty ducats
to defray the expenses of his journey." — ErrroR.
36
ILLUSTRATIONS
future well-being. On this virtue, all others depend ; it
is, therefore, the chief jewel that can adorn the human
frame.' — Justice, the boundary of right, constitutes the
cement of civil society. This virtue, in a great measure,
constitutes real goodness, and is therefore represented as
the perpetual study of the accomplished Mason. With-
out the exercise of justice, universal confusion would
ensue; lawless force might overcome the principles- of
equity, and social intercourse no longer exist, t
The explanation 6f these virtues* is accompanied with
some general observations on the equality observed
among Masons. In the lodge, no estrangement of be-
haviour is discovered; influenced by the same principle,
an uniformity of opinion, which is useful in exigencies,
and pleasing in familiar life, universal ly prevails, strength-
ens the ties of friendship, and promotes love and esteem.
Masons are brethren by a double tie; and among them,
as brothers, no invidious distinctions exist; merit being
always respected, and honour rendered to whom honour
is due. — A king, in the lodge, is reminded, that although
a crown may adorn the head, or a sceptre the hand, the
blood in the veins is derived from the common parent of
mankind, and is no better than that of the meanest sub-
ject. — The statesman, the senator, and the artist, are
there taught that, equally with others, they are by nature
exposed to infirmity and disease ; and that an unforeseen
misfortune, or a disordered frame, may impair their
faculties, and level them with the most ignorant of their
species. This checks pride, and incites courtesy of
behaviour. Men of inferior talents, or who are not
placed by fortune in such exalted stations, are instructed
to regard their superiors with peculiar esteem; when
they discover them voluntarily divested of the trappings
of external grandeur, and condescending, in the badge
of innocence and bond of friendship, to trace wisdom,
and follow virtue, assisted by those who are of a rank
beneath them. Virtue is true nobility, and Wisdom is
the channel by which Virtue is directed and conveyed ;
Wisdom and Virtue, only, mark distinction among
Masons.
Such is the arrangement of the Sections in the First
Lecture ; which, including the forms adopted at opening
and closing the lodge, comprehends the whole of the
OF MASONRY.
First Degree. This plan has not only the advantage of
regularity to recommend it, but the support of precedent
and authority, and the sanction and respect which flow
from antiquity. The whole is a regular system of
morality, conceived in a strain of interesting allegory,
which readily 'unfolds its beauties to the candid and
industrious inquirer.
SECT. IV.
Remarks on the Second Lecture.
Masonry is a progressive science, and is divided into
different classes, or Degrees, for the more regular advance-
ment in the knowledge of its mysteries. According to
the progress we make, we limit or extend our inquiries;
and, in proportion to our talents, we attain to a lesser or
greater degree of perfection.
Masonry includes almost every branch of polite learn-
ing under the veil of its mysteries, which comprehend a
regular system of virtue and science. Many of its illus-
trations may appear unimportant to the confined genius;
but the man of more enlarged faculties will consider
them in the highest degree useful and interesting. To
please the accomplished scholar and ingenious artist, the
institution is well suited; and in the investigation of its
latent doctrines, the philosopher and mathematician may
experience equal satisfaction and delight.
To exhaust the various subjects of which Masonry
treats, would transcend the powers of the brightest
genius: still, however, nearer approaches to perfection
may be made; and the man of wisdom will not check
the progress of his abilities, though the task he attempts
may, at first, seem insurmountable. Perseverance and
application will remove each difficulty as it occurs;
every step he advances, new pleasures will open to his
view, and instruction of the noblest kind attend his
researches. In the diligent pursuit of knowledge, great
discoveries are made; and the intellectual faculties are
wisely employed in promoting the glory of God and the
good of mankind.
Such is the tendency of all the illustrations
38
ILLUSTRATIONS
IN MASONRY. REVERENCE FOR THE DEITY AND GRATI-
TUDE FOR THE BLESSINGS OF HEAVEN ARE INCULCATED
iy every degree. This is the plan of our system, and
the result of our inquiries.
The First Degree being intended to enforce the duties
of morality, and imprint on the memory the noblest
principles which can adorn the human mind; the Second
Degree extends the plan, and comprehends a more diffu-
sive system of knowledge. Practice and theory are
united, to qualify the industrious Mason to share the
pleasures which an advancement in the Art necessarily
affords. Listening with attention to the opinions of
experienced men on important subjects, the mind of the
Craftsman is gradually familiarized to useful instruction,
and he is soon enabled to investigate truths of the utmost
concern in the general transactions of life.
From this system proceeds a rational amusement.
While the mental powers are fully employed, the judg-
ment is properly exercised : a spirit of emulation prevails ;
and every brother vies, who shall most excel in promot-
ing the design of the Institution.
The First Section.
The First Section of the Second Degree elucidates
the mode* of introduction into this class; and instructs
the diligent Craftsman how to proceed in the proper
arrangement of the ceremonies which are used on that
occasion. It enables him to judge of the importance
of those rites, and convinces him of the necessity of
adhefing to all the established usages of the Order.
Here *he is entrusted with particular tests, to prove his
title to the privileges of this Pegree; and satisfactory
reasons are given for their origin. The duties which
cement, in the firmest union, well-informed brethren, are
illustrated ; and an opportunity is given to make such
advances in the Art, as will always distinguish the
talents of able Craftsmen.
Besides the ceremony of initiation in the Second
Degree, this Section contains many important particu-
lars, with which no officer of the lodge should be unac-
quainted.
OP MASONRY.
39
Charge at Initiation into the Second Degree. 14
Brother,
Being advanced to the Second Degree of the Order,
we congratulate you on your preferment. [The internal',
and not the external, qualifications of a man, are what
Masonry regards. As you increase in knowledge, you
will consequently improve in social intercourse.
It is unnecessary to recapitulate the duties which, as
a Mason, you are now bound to discharge ; or enlarge on
the necessity of a strict adherence to them ; as your own
experience must have established their value. It may
be sufficient to observe, that] Your past behaviour and
regular deportment have merited the honour which we
have conferred ; and in your new character, it is expected
that you will not only conform to the principles of the
Order, but steadily persevere in the practice of every
virtue.
The study of the liberal arts [that valuable branch of
education, which tends so effectually to polish and adorn
the mind] is earnestly recommended to your considera-
tion; especially the science of Geometry, which is
established as the basis of our Art. [Geometry, or
Masonry, originally synonymous terms, is of a divine and
moral nature, and enriched with the most useful know-
ledge: whilst it proves the wonderful properties of
Nature, it- demonstrates the more important truths of
Morality.]
As the solemnity of our ceremonies requires a serious
deportment, you are to be particularly attentive to your
behaviour in our regular assemblies; you are to preserve
our ancient usages and customs sacred and inviolable,
an4 induce others, by your example, to hold them in due
veneration.
The laws and regulations of the Order you are strenu-
ously to support and maintain. You are not -to palliate,
or aggravate, the offences of your brethren ; but, in the
decision of every trespass against our rules, judge with
candour, admonish with friendship, and reprehend with
mercy.
" The sentences enclosed in brackets [ ] may be occasionally
omitted.
40
ILLUSTRATIONS
As a Craftsman, in our private assemblies you may
offer your sentiments and opinions on such subjects as
are regularly introduced in the Lecture, under the super-
intendence of an experienced Master, who will guard the
land-mark against encroachment. By this privilege you
may improve your intellectual powers; qualify yourself
to become an useful member of society; and like a skil-
ful Brother, strive to excel in what is good and great.
[ 15 All regular signs and summonses, given and received,
you are duly to henour, and punctually obey; inasmuch
as they consist with our professed principles. You are
to encourage industry and reward merit ; supply the
wants and relieve the necessities of brethren and fellows,
to the utmost of your power and ability; and on no
account to wrong them, or see them wronged, but timely
to apprize them of approaching danger, and view their
interest as inseparable from your own.
Such is the nature of your engagement, as a Craftsman ;
and these duties you are now bound, by the most sacred
ties, to observe.]
The Second Section.
The Second Section of this Degree presents an ample
field for the man of genius to perambulate. It cursorily
specifies the particular classes of the Order, and explains
the requisite qualifications for preferment in each.
In the explanation of our usages, many remarks are
introduced, which are equally useful to the experienced
artist and the sage moralist. The various operations of
the mind are demonstrated," as far as they will admit of
elucidation, and a fund of extensive science is explored
throughout. Here we find employment for leisure
hours; trace science from its original source; ana by
drawing the attention to the sum of perfection, contem-
plate with admiration the wonderful works of the
Creator. Geometry is displayed, with all its powers and
properties; and in the disquisition of this science, the
mind is filled with rapture and delight. Such is the
latitude of this Section, that the most judicious may fail
15 This and the following paragraph are to be omitted, if previously
used in the course of the ceremony.
OF MASONRY.
41
in an attempt to explain it; the rational powers being
exerted to their utmost stretch in illustrating the beau-
ties of Nature, and demonstrating the more important
trutns of morality.
As the Orders of Architecture come under consideration
in this Section, the following brief description of them
may not be improper: ^
By order, in architecture, is meant a system of the
members, proportions, and ornaments of columns and
pilasters; or, it is a regular arrangement* of the project-
ing parts of a building, which, united with those of a
column, form a beautiful, perfect, and complete whole.
Order in architecture may be traced from the first forma-
tion of society. When the rigour of seasons obliged men
to contrive shelter from the inclemency of the weather,
we learn that they first planted trees on end, and then
laid others across, to support a covering. The bands
which connected those trees at top and bottom, are said
to have suggested the idea of the base and capitals of
pillars ; and from this simple hint originally prpceeded
the more improved art of architecture.
The five orders are thus classed; the Tuscan, Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite.
The Tuscan is the most simple and solid of the nve
orders. It was invented in Tuscany, whence it derives
its name. Its column is seven diameters high; and its
capital, base, and entablature, have but few mouldings.
The simplicity of the construction of this column ren-
ders it eligible where solidity is the chief object, and
where ornament would be superfluous.
The Doric order r which is plain and natural, is the
most ancient, and was invented by the Greeks. Its
column is eight diameters high, and it has seldom any
ornaments on base or capital, except mouldings; though
the frieze is distinguished by triglyphs and metopes, and
the triglyphs compose the ornaments of the frieze. The
solid composition of this order gives it a preference in
structures where strength and a noble but rough sim-
plicity are chiefly required. 16
16 The Doric is the best proportioned of all the orders. The several
parts of which it is composed are founded on the natural position of
solid bodies. In its first invention it was more simple than in its
present state. In after-times, when it began to be adorned, it gained
42
ILL l/Sl RATIONS
The Ionic bears a kind of mean proportion between
the more solid and delicate orders. Its column is nine
diameters high: its capital is adorned with volutes, and
its cornice has denticles. There is both delicacy and
ingenuity displayed in this pillar; the invention of which
is attributed to the Ionians, as the famous temple of
Diana at Ephesus was of this order. It is said to have
been formed after the model of an agreeable young
woman, of an elegant shape, dressed in her hair; as a
contrast to the D6ric order, which was formed after that
of a strong robust man.
The Corinthian, the richest of the five orders, is deemed
a master-piece of art, and was invented at Corinth by
Callimachus. Its column is ten diameters high, and its
capital is adorned with two rows of leaves and eight
volutes, which sustain the abacus. The frieze is orna-
mented with curious devices, and the cornice with denti-
cles and modillions. This order is used in stately and
superb structures. 17
The Composite is compounded of the other orders, and
was contrived by the Romans. Its capital has the two
rows of leaves of the Corinthian, and the volutes of the
Ionic. Its column has the quarter-round as the Tuscan
and Doric orders, is ten diameters high, and its cornice
has denticles, or simple modillions. This pillar is gene-
rally found in buildings where strength, elegance, and
beauty are united. 18
the name of' Doric ; for when it was constructed in its primitive and
simple form, the name of Tuscan was conferred on it. Hence the
Tuscan precedes the Doric in rank, on account of the resemblance to
that pillar in its original state.
17 Callimachus is said i,o have taken the hint of the capital of this
pillar from the following remarkable circumstance : — Accidently pass-
ing by the tomb of a young lady, he perceived a basket of toys
covered with a tile placed over an acanthus root; having been left
there by her nurse. As the branches grew up, they encompassed the
basket, till, arriving at the tile, they met with an obstruction, and bent
downwards. Callimachus, struck with the object, set about imitating
the figure ; the vase of the capital he made to represent the basket ,
the abacus the tile ; and the volutes the bending leaves.
18 The original orders of architecture were no more than three : — the
Doric. Ionics and Corinthian. To these the Romans added two: — the
Tuscan, which they made plainer than the Doric; and the Composite
which was more ornamental, if not more beautiful than the Corinthian.
The first three orders alone show invention and particular character
and essentially differ from each other ; the two others have nothing
OF MASONRY.
43
These observations are intended to induce the indus-
trious Craftsman to pursue his researches into the rise
and progress of architecture, by consulting the works of
the best writers on the subject, 19
From this theme we proceed to illustrate the moral
advantages of Geometry:
Geometry is the first and noblest of sciences, and the
basis on which the superstructure of Freemasonry is
erected.
The contemplation of this science in a moral and com-
prehensive view fills the mind with rapture. To the
true Geometrician, the regions of matter with which he
is surrounded afford ample scope for his admiration,
while they open a sublime field for his inquiry and
disquisition. Every blade of grass which covers the
field, every flower that blows, and every insect which
% wings its way in the bounds of expanded space, proves
the existence of a First Cause, and yields pleasure to the
intelligent mind. '
The symmetry, beauty, and order displayed in the
various parts of animate and inanimate creation are
pleasing and delightful themes, and naturally lead to the
source whence the whole is derived. When we bring
within the focus of the eye the variegated carpet of the
terrestrial creation, and survey the progress of the vege-
tative system, our admiration is justly excited. Every
plant that grows, every flower that displays its beauties
or breathes its sweets, affords instruction and delight.
When we extend our views to the animal creation, and
contemplate the varied 'clothing of every species, we are
equally struck with astonishment ! and when we trace
the lines of Geometry drawn by the Divine pencil in the
beautiful plumage of the feathered tribe, how exalted is
our conception of the heavenly work ! The admirable
structure of plants and animals, and the infinite number
but what is borrowed, and differ only accidentally; the Tuscan is the
Doric in its earliest state; and the Composite is the Corinthian
enriched with the Ionic. To the Greeks, and not to the Romans, we
lire indebted for what is great, judicious, and distinct, in architecture.
How much soever I may regret the loss of the fine analysis of
" the Senses" which Mr. Preston had introduced here ;.yet, as it forms
no part of the present system of Masonry, it is necessarily expunged
— otherwise this volume would have a tendency to mislead rather
than inform — Editor.
44
ILLUSTRATIONS
of fibres and vessels which run through the whole, with
the apt disposition of one part to another, is a perpetual
subject of study to the true Geometrician ; who, while
he adverts to the changes which all undergo in their
progress to maturity, is lost in rapture and veneration of
the Great Cause that produced the whole, and which -
continues to govern the system.
When he descends into the bowels of the earth, and
explores the kingdom of ores, minerals, and fossils, he
finds the same instances of Divine wisdom and goodness
displayed in their formation and structure ; every gem
and every pebble proclaims the handy-work of an Al-
mighty. Creator.
When he surveys the watery element, and directs his
attention to the wonders of the deep, with all the inhabi-
tants of the mighty ocean, he perceives emblems of the
same Supreme Intelligence. The scales of the largest
whale, and the pencilled shell of the most diminutive
fish, equally yield a theme for his contemplation, on
which he fondly dwells; while the symmetry of their
formation, and the delicacy of the tints, evince to his
discerning eye the Wisdom of the Divine Artist.
When he exalts his view to the more noble and eleva-
ted parts of Nature, and surveys the celestial orbs, how
much greater is his astonishment ! If, on the principles
of Geometry and true philosophy, he contemplates the
sun, the moon, the stars, and the whole concave of
heaven, his pride is humbled, and he is lost in awful
admiration. The immense magnitude of those bodies,
the regularity and rapidity of their motions, and the vast
extent of space through which they move, are equally
inconceivable ; and, as far as they exceed human compre-
hension, baffle his most daring ambition, till, lost in the
immensity of the theme, he sinks into his primitive insig-
nificance.
By Geometry, then, we curiously trace Nature, through
her various windings, to her most concealed recesses.
By it we discover the power, the wisdom, and the good-
ness of the Great Artificer of the universe, and view
with delight the proportions which connect this vast
machine. By it we discover how the planets move in
their different orbits, and demonstrate their various revo-
lutions. By it we account for the return of seasons, and
OF MASONRY.
45
the variety of scenes tvhich each season displays to the
discerning eye. Numberless worlds are around us, all
framed by the same Divine Artist, which roll through
the vast expanse, and are all conducted by the same
unerring law.
A survey of Nature, and the observation of her beau-
tiful proportions, first determined man to imitate the
Divine plan, and study symmetry and order. This gave
rise to societies, and birth to every useful art. The
architect began to design ; and the plans which he laid
down, improved by experience and time, produced works
which have been the admiration of every age.
The Third Section.
The Third Section of this Degree has reference to the
origin of the institution, and views Masonry under two
denominations, Operative and Speculative. These are
separately considered, and the principles on which both
are founded are particularly explained. Their affinity is
pointed out by allegorical figures and typical representa-
tions. Here the rise of our government, or division into
classes is examined; the disposition of our rulers, supreme
and subordinate, is traced ; and reasons are assigned for
the establishment of several of our present practices.
The progress made in architecture, particularly in the
reign of Solomon, is remarked; the number of artists 20
20 I copy from " Anderson's Book of Constitutions;" the numbers
and classes of all the Craftsmen who were employed about this
work ; —
im Harodim, princes, rulers, or provosts 300
Menalzehim, expert Master Masons 3,300
Ghiblim, stone squarers and sculptors, )
Jsk Chotzeb, men of hewing, V able Fellow Crafts . 80,000
Benai, layers or builders, 3
The levy out of Israel, appointed to work in Lebanon one
month in three, 10.000 every month, under the direction of
the noble Adoniram, who was the Junior Grand Warden . 30,000
All the Freemasons employed in the work of the Temple,
exclusive of the two Grand Wardens 113,600
Besides the Ish Sabbal, or men of burden, the remains of the
old Canaanites, amounting to 70,000, who are not numbered among
Masons. Solomon distributed the Fellow Crafts into separate lodges,
with a master and wardens in each, that they might receive commands
46
ILLUSTRATIONS
who were employed in building th^Temple of Jerusalem,
with their privileges, are specified ; the stipulated period
for rewarding merit is fixed, and the inimitable moral to
which that circumstance alludes is explained ; the crea-
tion of the world is described, and many particulars are
recited, which have been carefully preserved among
Masons, and transmitted from one age to another by oral
tradition. In short, this Section contains a store of
valuable knowledge, founded on reason and sacred record,
both entertaining and instructive, and is well calculated
to enforce the veneration due to antiquity. 21
in a regular manner, might take care of their tools and jewels, might
be regularly paid every week. &c., and the Fellow Crafts took care of
their succession by educating Entered Apprentices." — Euitor.
21 We can afford little assistance, by writing, to the industrious
Mason in this Section, as it can only be acquired by oral communica-
tion: for an explanation, however, of the connection between Operative
and Speculative Masonry, we refer him to the Fourth Section of Book
I, page 7.
The following Invocation of Solomon, at the Dedication of the Tem-
ple of Jerusalem, particularly claims our attention in this Section:
INVOCATION.
And Solomon stood before the altar of the Lord, in the presence of
all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands; saying.
O Lord God, there is no god like unto thee, in heaven above, or in
the earth beneath: who keenest covenant, and shewest mercy unto
thy servants who walk before thee, with all their* hearts.
Let thy word be verified, which thou hast spoken unto David, my
father.
Let all the people of the earth know, that the Lord is God ; and
that there is none else.
Let all the people of the earth know thy name and fear thee.
Let all the people of the earth know, that I have builMhis house,
and consecrated it to thy name.
But will God, indeed, dwell upon the earth? Behold — the heaven,
and heaven of heavens, cannot contain thee; how much less this
house, which I have built!
Yet, have respect unto my prayer, and to my supplication, and
hearken unto my cry:
May thine eyes be open toward this house, by day and by night;
even toward the place of which thou hast said, My name shall be
there 1
And when thy servant, and thy people Israel, shall pray towards
this' house, hearken to their supplication; hear thou them in heaven,
thy dwelling-place: and when thou nearest, forgive!
And the Lord answered, and said, I have hallowed the house which
thou hast built, to put my name there for ever; and mine eyes and
mine heart shall be there perpetually.
And all the people answered and said — The Lord is gracious, and
his mercy endureth for ever.
OP MASONRY.
47
The Fourth Section.
The Fourth and last Section of this Degree is no less
replete with usefi.1 instruction. Circumstances of real
importance to the Fraternity are here particularized, and
many traditional tenets and customs confirmed by sacred
and profane record. The celestial and terrestrial globes
are considered with accuracy ; and here the accomplished
gentleman may display his talents to advantage in the
elucidation of the sciences, which are classed in a regular
arrangement. The stimulus to preferment, and the mode
of rewarding merit, are pointed out ; the marks of dis-
tinction which were conferred on our ancient Brethren,
as the reward of excellence, are explained; and the
duties, as well as privileges, of the first branch of their
male offspring defined. In short, this Section contains
some curious observations on the validity of our forms,
and concludes with the most powerful incentives to the
practice of piety and virtue.
As the seven liberal Arts and Sciences are illustrated
in this Section, it may not be improper to give a short
explanation of them :
Grammar teaches the proper arrangement of words,
according to the idiom or dialect of any particular people ;
and that excellency of pronunciation which enables us
to speak or write a language with accuracy, agreeably
to reason and correct usage.
Rhetoric teaches us to speak copiously and fluently on
any subject, not merely with propriety, but with all the
advantages of force and elegance; wisely contriving to
captivate the hearers by strength of argument and beauty
of expression, whether it be to entreat or exhort, to
admonish or applaud.
Logic teaches us to guide our reason discretionally in
the general knowledge of things, and direct our inquiries
after truth. It consists of a regular train of argument,
whence we infer, deduce, and conclude, according to
certain premises laid down, admitted, or granted ; and in
it are employed the faculty of conceiving, judging, rea-
soning and disposing; which are naturally' led on from
one gradation to another, till the point in question is
finally determined.
Arithmetic teaches the powers and properties of num-
48
ILLUSTRATIONS
bers; which is variously affected by letters, tables,
figures and instruments. By this art, reasons and demon-
strations are given for finding out any certain number,
whose relation or affinity to others is already known.
Geometry treats of the powers and properties of magni-
tudes in general, where length, breadth, and thickness
are considered. 22 By this science, the architect is enabled
to construct his plans; the general, to arrange his
soldiers; the engineer, to mark out ground for encamp-
ments ; the geographer, to give us the dimensions of the
world, delineate the extent of seas, and specify the divisi-
ons of empires, kingdoms, and provinces; and by it,
also, the astronomer is enabled to make his observations,
and fix the duration of times and seasons, years and
cycles. In short, Geometry is the foundation of archi-
tecture, and the root of the mathematics.
Music teaches the art of forming concords, so as to
compose delightful harmony, by a proportional arrange-
ment of acute, grave, and mixed sounds. This art, by a
series of experiments, is reduced to a science, with
respect to tones, and the intervals of sound only. It
inquires into the nature of concords and discords, and
enables us to find out the proportion between them by
numbers.
Astronomy is that art by which we are taught to read
\ the wonderful works of the Almighty Creator in those
sacred pages, the celestial hemisphere. Assisted by
Astronomy, we observe the motions, measure the dis-
tances, comprehend the magnitudes, and calculate the
I>eriods and eclipses, of the heavenly bodies. By it we
earn the use of the globes, the system of the world, and
the primary law of Nature. While we are employed in
the study of this science, we perceive unparalleled
instances of wisdom* and goodness, and through the whole
of creation trace the glorious Author by his works. 23
22 Thus the progression is from a point to a line, from a line to a
superficies^ and from a superficies to a solid. A point has no dimen-
sions, but is art indivisible part of space. A line is the continuation
of a point, embracing cnly^the single capacity of length. A superficies
has two dimensions, length and breadth ; and a solid has three dimen-
sions, length, breadth, and thickness. — Editor.
93 The doctrine of the Spheres, whic his included in the science of
Astronomy, is also particularly considered in this section.
The globes are two artificial spherical bodies, on the convex surface
OF MASONRY.
49
Thus end the different Sections of the second Lecture ;
which, with the ceremony used at opening and closing
the lodge, comprehend the whole of the Second Degree
of Masonry. Besides a complete theory of philosophy
and physics, this Lecture contains a regular system of
science, demonstrated on the clearest principles, and
established on the firmest foundation.
SECT. V.
Remarks on the Third Lecture.
In treating with propriety on any subject, it is neces-.
sary to observe a regular course ; in the former Degrees
we have recapitulated the contents of the several Sec-
tions, and should willingly pursue the same plan in this
Degree, did not the variety of particulars, of which it is
composed, jrender it impossible to give an abstract, with-
out violating the rules of the Order. It may be suffi-
cient to remark, that, in twelve Sections, of which this
Lecture consists, every circumstance that respects govern-
ment and system, ancient lore and deep research, curious
invention and ingenious discovery, is collected, and accu-
rately traced ; while the mode of practising our rites, on
public as well as private occasions, is satisfactorily
explained. Among the brethren of this Degree, the
landmarks of the Order are preserved ; and from them
is derived that fund of information which expert and
ingenious Craftsmen only can afford, whose judgment
has been matured by years and experience. To a com-
of which are represented the countries, seas, and various parts of the
earth ; the face of the heavens, the planetary revolutions, and other
important particulars. The sphere, with the parts of the earth deli-
neated on its surface, is called the terrestial globe ; and that with the
constellations, and other heavenly bodies, the celestial globe. Their
principal use, besides serving as maps to distinguish the outward
parts of the earth, and the situation of the fixed stars, is, to illustrate
and explain the phenomena arising from the annual revolution and
diurnal rotation of the earth round its own axis. They are the
noblest instruments for giving the most distinct idea of any problem
or proposition, as well as for enabling us to solve it. Contemplating
these bodies, Masons are inspired with a due reverence for the Deity
and his works ; and are induced to apply with diligence and attention
to astronomy, geography, navigation, and all the arts dependent on
them, by which society has been so much benefited.
4
50
ILLUSTRATIONS
plete knowledge pf this Lecture, few attain; but, it is an
infallible truth, that he who acquires by merit the mark
of pre-eminence to which this Degree entitles him,
feceives a reward which amply compensates for all his
past diligence and assiduity.
From this class of the Order, the rulers of the Craft
are selected ; as it is only from those who, are capable of
giving instruction that we can properly expect to receive
it with advantage.
The First Section.
The ceremony of initiation into the Third Degree ^ is
particularly specified in this branch of the Lecture, and
many useful instructions are given.
Such is the importance of this Section, that we may
safely aver, whoever is unacquainted with it, is ill quali-
fied to act as a ruler or governor of the work of Masonry.
Prayer at Initiation into the Third Degiee.
Lord, direct us to know and serve thee aright !
prosper our laudable undertakings! and grant that, as
we increase in knowledge, we may improve in virtue, and
still farther promote thy honour and glory ! So mote it be.
Charge at Initiation into the Third Degree.
Brother,
Your zeal for the institution of Freemasonry, the pro-
gress which you have made in the Art, and your conform-
ity to the general regulations, have pointed you out as a
proper object of our favour and esteem.
In the character of a Master-mason, you are henceforth
authorized to correct the errors and irregularities of
brethren and fellows, and guard them against a breach
of fidelity. To improve the morals and correct the man-
ners of men in society, must be your constant care.
With this view, therefore, you are always to recommend
to inferiors, obedience and submission ; to equals, courtesy
24 Our American brethren use an abundance of scripture quotations
in the opening and conduct of this Degree, particularly that sublime
observation of King Solomon recorded in Ecclesiastes, xii.,1 — 7^
— Editor.
OF MASONRY*
51
and affability ; to superiors, kindness and condescension.
Universal benevolence you are to inculcate ; and, by the
regularity of your own behaviour, afford the best example
for the conduct of others. The ancient landmarks of the
Order, which are here intrusted to your care, you are
to preserve sacred and inviolable ; and, never suffer an
infringement of our rights, or a deviation from establish-
ed usage and custom.
Duty, honour, and gratitude, now bind you to be
faithful to every trust ; to support with becoming dignity
your new character; and to enforce, by example and
precept, the tenets of the system. Let no motive, there-
fore, make you swerve from your duty, violate your
vows, or betray your trust ; but be true and faithful, and
imitate the example of that celebrated artist whom you
have once represented. By this exemplary conduct you
will convince the world, that merit has been your title to
our privileges ; and that, on you, our favours have not
The Second Section is an introduction to the proceed-
ings of the Chapter of Master-masons, and illustrates
several points which are well known to experienced Crafts-
men. It investigates, in the ceremony of opening the
Chapter, some important circumstances in the two pre-
ceding Degrees.
The Third Section commences the historical traditions
of the Order; which are chiefly collected from sacred
record, and other authentic documents.
The Fourth Section farther illustrates the historical
traditions of the Order; and presents to view a finished
picture of the utmost consequence to the Fraternity.
The Fifth Section.
The Fifth Section continues the explanation of the
historical traditions of the Order.
The Second Section.
The Third Section.
The Fourth Section*
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Sixth Section.
The Sixth Section concludes the historical traditions
of the Order.
The Seventh Section.
The Seventh Section .illustrates the hieroglyphical
emblems 25 restricted to the Third Degree; and incul-
cates many useful lessons, which are intended to extend
knowledge and promote virtue.
The Eighth Section.
The Eighth Section treats of the government of the
Fraternity, and the disposition of our rulers, supreme and
subordinate. It is generally rehearsed at installations.
The Ninth Section.™
The Ninth Section recites the qualifications of our
rulers ; and illustrates the ceremony of installation in the
Grand Lodge, as well as in the private assemblies of
Masons.
The Tenth Section.
The Tenth Section comprehends the ceremonies of con-
stitution and consecration, and a variety of particulars
explanatory of those ceremonies.
The Eleventh Section.
The Eleventh Section illustrates the ceremonies used
at laying the foundation-stones of churches, chapels,
palaces, hospitals, &c. ; also, the ceremonies observed at
the Dedication of the Lodge, and at the Interment of
Master-masons.
26 Amongst these Hieroglyphics we find, the Pot of Incense, as an
emblem of a pure heart ; the Bee-hive, as a symbol of industry ; the
Hour-glass, to point out the rapidity of time, and the Scythe, to con-
vince us of the uncertainty of human life ; the Anchor and Ark, to
invigorate us with hopes of future reward : the Sword, of retributive
Justice ; the All-seeing Eye ; the Three Steps, of Youth, Manhood,
and Old Age., &c, &c. Vide Star in the East, by the Editor, — Edi-
tor.
27 For many particulars to which this and the two following Sections
relate, see the Ceremonies of Constitution. Consecration, Installation
dec, annexed to these remarks.
OP MASONEY.
63
The Twelfth Section.
The Twelfth Section contains a recapitulation of the
essential points of the Lectures in all the Degrees, and
corroborates the whole by infallible testimony.
Having thus given a general summary of the Lectures
restricted to the three degrees of the Order, 27 and made
such remarks on each Degree as might illustrate the
subjects treated, little more can be wanted to encourage
the zealous Mason to persevere in his researches. He
who has traced the Art in a regular progress from the
commencement of the First to the conclusion of the
Third Degree, according to the plan here laid down, must
have amassed an ample store of knowledge, and will
reflect with pleasure on the good effects of his past dili-
grace and attention. By applying the improvements he
has made to the general advantage of society, he will
secure to himself the approbation of all good men, and
the veneration of Masons.
SECT. VI.
Of the Ancien t Ceremonies of the Order.
We shall now proceed to illustrate the Ancient Cere-
monies of the Order, particularly those observed at the
Constitution and Consecration of the Lodge, and at the
Installation of Officers, with the usual charges delivered
27 On the Continent, the Brethren extend Masonry to twenty-one
Degrees, which are as follow: 1. E. A. P. 2. F. C. 3. M. M. 4.
Mark Mason. 5. Past Master. 6. Most Excellent Master. 7. Royal
Arch. 8. Knights of the Red Cross. 9. Nights Templars. 10.
Knights of Malta. 11. Secret Master. 12. Perfect Master. 13.
Intimate Secretary. 14. Provost and Judge. 15. Master in Israel.
16. Elected Knights. 17. Elected Grand Master. 18. Illustrious
Knights. 19. Grand Master Architect. 20. lights of the Ninth
Arch. 21. Perfection. But some enthusiasts, who identify the
Rosicrucians, the Knights of the Swan, and the White Eagle, — the
revolting degrees which are practised in the East, under the denomi-
nation of Turkish Masonry, &c, &c, &c. — augment the number to
more than a hundred. All beyond the Royal Arch, however, ought
to be carefully separated from genuine Masonry, as they are mostly
founded on vague and uncertain traditions, which possess not the
shadow of authority to recommend them to our notice. — Editor.
64
ILLUSTRATIONS
on those occasions. We shall likewise 'annex an expla-
nation of the Ceremonies used at laying the Foundation- *
stones of Public Structures, at the Dedication of Public
Halls, and at Funerals ; and close this part of the treatise
with the Funeral Service.
The Manner of constituting the Lodge, including the Cere
mony of' Consecration,
Any number of regularly-registered Masons, not undei
seven, resolved to form the new Lodge, must apply, by
petition, 28 to the Grand Master.
The petition must be recommended by the officers of
some regular Lodge, and be transmitted to the Grand
Secretary ; unless there be a Provincial Grand Master of
the district or province in which the Lodge is proposed
to be holden ; in which oase, it is to be sent to him, or
to his deputy ; who is to forward it, with his recom-
mendation or opinion thereon, to the Grand Master. If
the prayer of the petition 29 be granted, the provincial
28 The mode of applying, by petition, to the Grand Master, for a
warrant to meet as a regular Lodge, commenced only in the year
1718 ; previous to which time, Lodges were empowered, by inherent
privileges vested in the Fraternity at large, to meet and act occasion-
ally under the direction of some able architect, and the acting magis-
trate of the county ; and the proceedings of those meetings, bemg
approved by the majority of the Brethren convened at another Lodge
assembled in the same district, were deemed constitutional. By such
an inherent authority, the Lodge of Antiquity in London now acts ;
having no warrant from the Grand Lodge, but an authority traced
from time immemorial, which has been long and universally admitted
and acknowledged by the whole Fraternity.
29 The following is ike form of the Petition :
" To the M. W. Grand Master of the United Fraternity of Ancient,
Free, and Accepted Masons of England :
"We, the undersigned, being regularly- registered Masons of the
Lodges mentioned against our respective names, having the prosperity
of the Craft at heart, are anxious to exert our best endeavours to
promote and diffuse the genuine principles of the Art : and, for the
conveniency of our respective dwellings, and other good reasons, we
are desirous of forming a new Lodge, to be named
In consequence of this desire, we pray for a warrant of
constitution, empowering us to meet as a regular Lodge, at
on the of every month ; and there to discharge
the duties of Masonry, in a constitutional manner, according to the
forms of the Order, and the laws of the Grand Lodge ; and we have
nominated, and do recommend, Brother A. B. to be the first Master ;
OP MASONRY.
55
Grand Master may issue a dispensation, authorizing the
Brethren to meet as a Lodge, until a warrant of consti-
tution shall be signed by the Grand Master.
In consequence of this dispensation, the lodge is formed
at the place specified ; and its transactions, being properly
recorded, are valid for the time being, provided they are
afterwards approved by the Brethren convened at the
time of Constitution.
When the Grand Lodge has signified its approbation
of the new Lodge, and the Grand Master is thoroughly
satisfied of the truth of the allegations set forth in the
fietition, he appoints a day and hour for constituting
and consecrating 30 ] the new Lodge ; and for installing
the Master, Wardens, and Officers.
If the Grand Master in person attend the ceremony,
the Lodge is said to be constituted in ample form : if
the Deputy Grand Master acts as Grand Master, it is said
10 *be constituted in due form ; and if the power of
performing the ceremony be vested in the Mastei of a
private Lodge, it is said to be constituted in form.
Ceremony of Constitution,
On the day and hour appointed, the Grand Master and
his Officers, or the Master and Officers of any private
Lodge authorized by the Grand Master for that purpose,
meet in a convenient room ; and, when properly clothed,
walk in procession to the Lodge-room; where, the usual
ceremonies being observed, the Lodge is opened by the
Grand Master, or Master in the chair, in all the Degrees
Brother 0. D. to be the first Senior Warden ; and Brother E. F. to be
the first Junior Warden of the said Lodge.
" The prayer of this petition being granted, we promise strict obe-
dience to the commands of the Grand Master, and the laws and
regulations of the Grand Lodge."
This petition, being signed by at least seven regular Masons, and
recommended by the Masters of three regular lodges adjacent to the
place where the new lodge is to be formed, ia delivered to the Grand
Secretary ; who, on presenting it to the Grand Master, or in his absence
to the Deputy, and its being approved, is ordered to grant a dispensa-
tion, authorizing the brethren specified in the petition to assemble as
Masons in open lodge, for forty days, and practise the rites of the
Order, until such time as a constitution can be obtained by command
of the Grand Lodge, or that authority be recalled.
Be This is frequently omitted.
56
ILLUSTRATIONS
of the Order. After a short prayer, an ode in honour of
Masonry is sung. The Grand Master, or Master in the
chair, is informed by the Grand Secretery, or his locum
tenens, "That the Brethren then present [naming them],
being duly instructed in the mysteries of the Art, desire
to be formed into the new Lodge, under the Grand
Master's patronage; that a dispensation has been granted
to them for the purpose ; and that by virtue of this
authority they had assembled as regular Masons, and
duly recorded their proceedings. ,, The petition is read,
as is also the dispensation, and the warrant or charter of
constitution, which had been granted in consequence of
it. The minutes of the new Lodge, while under dispen-
sation, are likewise read, and, being approved, are declared
to be regular, valid, and constitutional. The Grand
Master, or Master in the chair, then takes the warrant in
his hand, and requests the Brethren of the new Lodge
publicly to signify their approbation or disapprobation
of the Officers who are nominated in the warrant to
preside over them. This being signified accordingly, an
anthem is sung, and an oration on the nature and design
of the Institution is delivered.
The ceremony of Consecration succeeds ; which is
never to be used but when it is specially ordered.
Ceremony of Consecration.
The Grand Master and his Officers, accompanied by
some dignified Clergyman, having taken their stations,
and the Lodge, which is placed in the centre, being
covered with white satin, the ceremony of consecration
commences. All devoutly kneel, and the preparatory
prayer is rehearsed. The chaplain or orator produces
his authority, 31 and, being properly assisted, proceeds to
consecrate. 52 Solemn music is introduced, while the
necessary preparations are making. The Lodge being
then uncovered, the first clause of the consecration prayer
is rehearsed, all devoutly kneeling. The response being
made, Glory to God on high, incense is scattered over
the Lodge, and the grand honours are given. The Invo-
11 The constitution roll.
M Corn, wine, and oil, are the elements of consecration.
OP MASONRY. 67
cation is then pronounced, with the honours ; after which
the consecration-prayer is concluded, and the response
repeated as before, together with the honours. The
Lodge being again covered, all the Brethren rise up,
solemn music is resumed, a blessing is given, and the
response made as before, accompanied with the honours.
An anthem is then sung ; and the Brethren of the new
Lodge having advanced according to rank, and offered
homage to the Grand Master, the ceremony of consecra-
tion ends.
The above ceremony being finished, the Grand Master
advances to the pedestal, and constitutes the new Lodge
in the following form : —
•'In the elevated character of Grand Master, to which
the suffrages of my brethren have raised me, I invoke
the Name of the Most High, to whom be glory and
honour ! May He be with you at your beginning,
strengthen you in the principles of our royal Art, prosper
you with all success, and direct your zealous efforts to
the good of the Craft ! By the Divine aid, I constitute
and form you, my good Brethren, Masters, and Fellows,
into the regular Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons ;
and henceforth empower you to act in conformity to the
rites of our venerable Order, and the charges of our
ancient Fraternity. May God be with you !" Amen.
Flourish with drums and trumpets.
The grand honours are then given ; and the ceremony
of Installation succeeds.
Ceremony of Installation*
The Grand Master 33 asks his deputy, "Whether he has
examined the Master nominated in the warrant, and finds
him well skilled in the noble science and royal Art?"
The Deputy having answered in the affirmative, 34 by the
Grand Master's order takes the candidate from among
his fellows, and presents him at the pedestal, saying,
33 In this and similar instances where the Grand Master is specified
as acting, may be understood any Master of a Lodge who performs
the ceremony.
34 A private examination is always understood to precede the install
ation of every officer.
58
ILLUSTRATIONS
"Most worshipful Grand Master, [or worshipful Master,
as it happens,] 1 present my worthy brother A. B. to be
installed Master of the Lodge. I find him to be of good
morals, of great skill, true and trusty, and a lover of the
whole Fraternity, wheresover dispersed over the face of
the earth ; I doubt not, therefore, that he will discharge
the duties of the office with fidelity."
The Grand Master then orders a summary of the Ancient
Charges 35 to be read by the Grand Secretary [or acting
Secretary] to the Master elect.
85 As the curious reader may wish to know the Ancient Charges that
were used. on this occasion, we shall here insert them, verbatim* as
they are contained in a MS. in the possession of the Lodge of Antiquity
in London, written in the reign of James the Second.
«• * * * * ^ nc i furthermore, at diverse assemblies have been put
and ordained diverse Crafties, by the best advise of magistrates and
fellows, Tunc unus ex senioribus tenet librum, et illiponent manumsuam
super librum.
" Every man that is a Mason take good heed to these charges (wee
pray), that if any man find himselfe guilty of any of these charges
that he may amend himselfe, or principally for dread of God : you that
be charged, take good heed that you keepe all these charges well; for,
it is a great evil for a man to forswear himselfe upon a book.
" The first charge is, That yee shall be true men to God and the
Holy Church, and to use no error or heresie by your understanding and
by wise men's teaching. Allso,
" Secondly, That yee shall be true liege men to the King of England,
without treason or any falsehood, and that yee know no treason or
treachery, but yee shall give knowledge thereof to the King, or to his
counsell ; also yee shall be true one to another, (that is to say) every
Mason of the Craft that is Mason allowed, yee shall doe to him as yee
would be done unto yourselfe.
" Thirdly, And yee shall keepe truely all the counsell that ought to
be kept in the way of Masonhood, and all the counsell of the Lodge
or of the chamber. — Allso, that yee shall be no thiefe, nor thieves to
your knowledge free: that yee shall be true to the king, lord, or
master that yee serve, and truely to see and worke for his advan-
tage.
" Fourthly, Yeo shall call all Masons your fellows, or your brethren
and no other names.
" Fifthly, Yee shall not take your fellow's wife in villany, nordeflowei
his daughter or servant* nor put him to no dis worship.
t£ Sixthly, You shall truely pay for your meat or drinke wheresoever
yee goe, to table or bord. Allso yee shall doe no villany there, whereby
the Craft or science may be slandered.
" These be the charges general to every true Mason, both Masters
and Fellows.
' ; Now will I rehearse other charges single for Masons. allowed or
accepted.
" First, That no Mason take on him no lord's worke, nor any other
OF MASONRY.
69
I. You agree to be a good man and true, and strictly
to obey the moral law.
II. You agree to be a peaceable subject, and cheer-
fully to conform to the laws of the country in which you
reside.
III. You promise not to be concerned in plots or con-
spiracies against government, but patiently submit to the
decisions of the supreme legislature.
IV. You agree to pay a proper respect to the civil
magistrate, to work diligently, live creditably, and act
honourably by all men.
man's, unless he know himselfe well able to perform the worke, so
that the Craft have no slander.
"Secondly, Allso, that no master take worke, but that he take
reasonable pay for itt ; so that the lord may be truely served, and the
master to live honestly, and to pay his fellows truely. And that no
master or fellow supplant others of their worke ; (that is to say) that
; f he hath taken a worke, or else stand master of any worke,. that he
shall not put him out, unless he be unable of cunning to make an end
of his worke. And no master nor fellow shall take no apprentice for
less than seaven years. And that the apprentice be free born, and or
limbs whole as a man ought to be, and no bastard. And that no
master or fellow take no allowance to be made Mason without the
assent of his fellows, at the least six or seaven.
" Thirdly, That he that be made be able in all degrees ; that is, free
born, of a good kindred, true, and no bondsman, and that he have his
right limbs, as a man ought to have.
" Fourthly, That a master take no apprentice, without he have occu-
pation to occupy two or three fellows at the least.
" Fifthly, That no master or fellow put away any lord's worke to
taske that ought to be journey- worke.
" Sixthly, That every master give pay to his fellows and servants as
they may deserve, so that he be not defamed with false workeing.
And that none slander another behind his backe, to make him loose
his good name.
" Seaven thly, That no fellow in the house or abroad answeare another
ungodly or reproveably without a cause.
"Eighthly, That every Master Mason doe reverence his elder; and
that a Mason be no common plaier at the cards, dice, or hazard; or at
any other unlawful plaies, through the which the science and Craft
may be dishonoured and slandered.
♦'Ninthly, That no fellow goe into the town by night, except- he
have a fellow with him, who may bear him record that he was in an
honest place.
" Tenthly, That everymaster and fellow s hall come to the assemblie,
if itt be within fifty miles of him, if he have any warning. And if he
have trespassed against the Craft, to abide the award of Masters and
fellows.
" Eleventhly, That every Master Mason and fellow that hath tres-
passed against the Craft shall stand to the correction of other masters
60
ILLUSTRATIONS
V. You agree to hold in veneration the original rulers
and patrons of the Order of Masonry, and their regular
successors, supreme and subordinate, according to their
stations ; and to submit to the award and resolutions of
your brethren in general chapter convened, in every case
consistent with the constitutions of the Order.
VI. You agree to avoid private piques and quarrels
and to guard against intemperance and excess.
VII. You agree to be cautious in carriage and behavi-
our, courteous to your brethren, and faithful to the
lodge.
VIII. You promise to respect genuine brethren, and to
discountenance impostors, and all dissenters, from the
original plan of the Institution.
IX. You agree to promote the general good of society,
to cultivate the social virtues, and to propagate the
knowledge of the Art of Masonry, as far as your influence
and ability can extend.
On the Master elect signifying his assent to these
Charges, the Secretary proceeds to read the following
Regulations :
I. You admit that it is not in the power of any man,
or body of men, to make innovation in the body of
Masonry.
II. You promise to pay homage to the Grand Master
for the time being, and to his officers, when duly
installed ; and strictly to conform to every edict of the
and fellows to make him accord ; and if they cannot accord, to go to
the common law.
:i Twelfthly, That a master or fellow make not a mould-stone, square,
nor rule, to no lowen, nor let no lowen worke within their Lodge, nor
without, to mould stone.
t: Thirteenthly, That every Mason receive and cherish strange fellows
when they come over the countrie, and set them on worke if they will
worke, as the manner is ; (that is to say) if the Mason have any mould
stone in his place, he shall give him a mould-stone, and sett him on
worke ; and if he have none, the Mason shall refresh him with money
unto the next Lodge.
" Fourteenthly, That every Mason shall truely serve his master for
his pay.
" Fifteenthly, That every master shall truely make an end of his
worke, taske, or journey, whithersoe it be.
f< These be all the charges and covenants that ought to be read at
"the installment of master, or making of a Freemason or Freemasons.
The Almighty God of Jacob, who ever have you and me in his keep-
ing, bless us now and ever. Amen."
OF MASONRY.
61
Grand Lodge, or General Assembly of Masons, that is
not subversive of the principles and ground-work of
Masonry.
III. You promise regularly to attend the committees
and communications of the Grand Lodge, on receiving
proper notice; and to pay obedience to the duties of the
Order on all convenient occasions.
IV. You admit that no new lodge can be formed with-
out permission of the Grand Master or his Deputy ; nor
any countenance given to any irregular Lodge, or to any
person clandestinely initiated therein.
V. You admit that no person can be initiated into
Masonry in, or admitted member of, the regular Lodge,
without previous notice, and due inquiry into his charac-
ter.
VI. You agree that no visitors 36 shall be received into
the Lodge without passing under due examination, and
producing proper vouchers of a regular initiation.
These are the Regulations of the Grand Lodge of Free
and Accepted Masons.
The Grand Master then addresses the Master Elect in
the following manner : — " Do you submit to those Charges,
and promise to support those Regulations as Masters
have done in all ages before you?"
Having signified his cordial submission, the Grand
Master thus salutes him : —
" Brother A.B., in consequence of your cheerful con-
88 At a Quarterly Communication, held at Freemasons' Hall, on
Wednesday, June 2d, 1819, " A Report from the Board of General
Purposes was read; in which it was stated, that a complaint had
been preferred against a lodge in London, for having refused Admis-
sion to some Brethren who were well known to them, alleging that,
as the Lodge was about to initiate a Candidate, no visitor could be
admitted until that ceremony was concluded. The several parties
having attended the Board, it appeared that the officers of the Lodge
complained against, had acted under an erroneous opinion of the gene-
ral laws, and not from any intention to infringe them or the estab-
lished custom of the Craft, and they assured the Board of their anxiety
at all times to conform themselves to every regulation of the Grand
Lodge, and that they should not again fall into a similar error.
Whereupon, the Board Resolved, That it is the undoubted right of
every Mason, who is well known, or properly vouched, to visit any
Lodge during the time it is opened for general Masonic business,
observing the proper forms to be attended to on such occasions, and
so that the Master may not be interrupted in the performance of hia
duty." — Editor.
ILLUSTRATIONS
formity to the Charges and Kegulations of the Order, I
approve of you as Master of the Lodge ; not doubting of
your care, skill, and capacity."
The new Master is then conducted to an adjacent
room, where ,he is regularly installed, 37 and bound to his
trust in ancient form, in the presence of at least three
installed Masters.
On his return to the Lodge, the new Master is con-
ducted by the [Grand] Stewards to the left hand of the
Grand Master, where he is invested with the badge of his
office, and the warrant of constitution is delivered over
to him in form ; after which the Sacred Law, with the
square, and compasses, the constitutions, the minute-
book, the rule and line, the trowel, the chisel, the mal-
let, the movable and immovable jewels, and all the
insignia of his different Officers, are separately presented
to him, with suitable charges to each. 38 He is then
87 This part of the ceremony can only be orally communicated ; nor
can any but installed Masters be present. — Editor.
88 The same ceremony and charges attend every succeeding instal-
lation.
For the accommodation of Brethren, whose distance from the
metropolis may deprive them of gaining the necessary instruction in
this important rite, we shall here insert a few moral observations on
the instruments of Masonry, which are usually presented to the
Master of the Lodge, at installation.
The various implements of the profession, emblematical of our con-
duct in life, are upon this occasion carefully enumerated.
"The Rule directs, that we should punctually observe our duty;
press forward in the path of virtue, and, neither inclining to the right
nor to the left, in all our actions, have Eternity in view.
" The Line teaches the criterion of moral rectitude, to avoid dissimu-
lation in conversation and action, and to direct our steps in the path
which leads to immortality.
" The Trowel teaches, that nothing can be united without proper
cement, and that the perfection of the building must depend on the
suitable disposition of the cement; so Charity, the bond of perfection
and social union, must link separate minds and separate interests ;
that, like the radii of a circle, which extend from the centre to every
art of the circumference, the principle of universal benevolence may
e diffused to every member of the community.
" The Chisel demonstrates the advantages of discipline and educa-
tion. The mind, like the diamond, in its original state, is unpolished;
but as the effects of the chisel on the external coat soon present to
view the latent beauties of the diamond, so education discovers the
latent virtues of the mind, and draws them forth to range the large
field of matter and space, in order to display the summit of human
knowledge, our duty to God and to man.
" The Plumb admonishes to walk upright in our station, to hold the
OF MASONRY.
chaired amid the acclamations of the Brethren; after
which he returns his becoming acknowledgments to the
Grand Master, and the acting officers, in order. The
members of the new Lodge then advance in procession,
pay due homage to the new Master, 39 and signify their
scale of justice in equal poise, to observe the just medium between
intemperance and pleasure, and to make our passions and prejudices
coincide with the line of our duty.
u The Level demonstrates, that we are descended from the same
stock, partake of the same nature, and share the same hope ; and that,
though distinctions among men are necessary to preserve subordina-
tion, yet no eminence of station can make us forget that we aro
brethren, and that he who is placed on the lowest spoke of Fortune's
wheel may be entitled to our regard ; because a time will come, and
the wisest knows not how soon, when all distinctions, but that oi
goodness, shall cease ; and Death, the grand leveller of human great-
ness, reduce us to the same state.
" The Square teaches us to regulate our actions by rule and line,
and to harmonize our conduct by the principles of morality and
virtue.
"The Compasses teach us to limit our duty in every station;
that, rising to eminence by merit, we may live respected, and die
regretted.
" The Mallet teaches us to lop off excrescences, and smooth sur-
faces ; or, in other words, to correct irregularities, and reduce man to
a proper level ; so that, by quiet deportment, he may, in the school oi
discipline, learn to be content. What the Mallet is to the workman,
enlightened reason is to the passions ; it curbs ambition, depresses
envy, moderates anger, and encourages good dispositions; whence
arises that comely order,
Which nothing earthly gives, or can destroy ;
The soul's calm sunshine, and the heartfelt joy."
89 u No brother shall continue in the office of Master for more than
two years ia succession, unless by a dispensation, which may be granted
by the Gfitnd Master, or the provincial Grand Master, in cases of real
necessity ; but he may be again elected after he has been out of that office
one year." (Const., Art. 4. p. 78.) The operation of this law was
expounded at a quarterly communication, March 5, 1817, when, " A
report from the Board of General Purposes was read, stating, that a
memorial had been presented to the Board, by two of the Past-masters
of the Lodge, No. 82, representing that the said Lodge had, in Novem-
ber last, re-elected a brother to fill the chair as Master, for the current
year, who had been in that office, during the years 1815 and 1816, and
which re-election the memorialists considered to be contrary to the
law of the Grand Lodge, Article 4, p. 78, of the book of Constitutions.
They, therefore, submitted that such re-election ought to be declared
void, and the Lodge be directed to proceed to the election of another
Master. That the Board having heard thejirguments of the several
parties, after much deliberation, Resolved, that in the opinion of the
Board, the said election was legal under the law above quoted* Ihe
Board, however, were of opinion, that the memorialists were prompted
64
ILLUSTRATIONS
subjection and obedience by the usual salutations in the
three degrees.
This ceremony being concluded, the new Master enters
immediately on the duties of his office, by appointing
his wardens, who are separately conducted to the pedestal,
presented to the Grand Master, and installed 4 *' by the
Grand Wardens; after which he 41 proceeds to invest
them with their badges of office in the following
manner : —
" Brother CD., I appoint you Senior Warden of the
Lodge : and invest you with the ensign of office. 42 Your
regular attendance on our stated meetings is essentially
necessary ; ' as, in my absence, you are to rule the Lodge ;
and, in my presence, to assist me in the government of
it. 1 firmly rely on your knowledge of the Art, and
attachment to the Lodge, for the faithful discharge of
the duties of the office."
"Brother E. F., I appoint you Junior Warden of the
Lodge; and invest you .with the badge of office. To
you I entrust the examination of visitors, and the intro-
duction of candidates. Your regular and punctual
attendance is particularly requested ; and I have no
doubt that you will faithfully execute every duty which
you owe to your present appointment."
The new Master then addresses the Wardens together:
"Brother Wardens, you are both too expert in the
principles of Masonry, to require much information as to
the duties of your respective offices: suffice it to men-
tion, that what you have seen praiseworthy in others, it
is expected you will carefully imitate : and what in them
may to you have appeared defective, you will in your-
selves amend. Good order and regularity you must
to present their memorial, by a desire only of obtaining a decision on
so material a question, and in regard to which a diversity of opinions
had prevailed in the Craft." — Editor.
40 The Master and Wardens are installed as the representatives of
all the Master-masons who are absent.
4 1 When the Grand Master and his Officers attend to constitute a
new Lodge, the D.G.M. usually invests the Master, the Grand
Wardens invest the Wardens, the Grand Treasurer and Grand Se-
cretary invest the Treasurer and Secretary, and the Grand Stewards
the Stewards.
4 * Here specify its moral excellence.
OF MASONRY.
65
endeavour to promote ; and, by a due regard to the laws
in your own conduct, enforce obedience to them in the
conduct of others."
The Wardens retiring to their seats, the Treasurer 43 is
next invested. The Secretary is then called to the
pedestal, and invested with the jewel of his office ; upon
which the new Master thus addresses him : —
44 1 appoint you, Brother G. H., Secretary of the Lodge.
It is your province to record the minutes, and issue out
the summonses for the regular meetings. Your good
inclinations to Masonry and the Lodge will, no doubt,
induce you to discharge the duties of the office with
fidelity ; and by so doing you will merit the esteem and
applause of your brethren."
The Deacons 44 are then named and invested ; on which
the Master addresses them as follows : —
" Brothers I. K. and L. M., I appoint you Deacons of
the Lodge. It is your province to attend on the Master,
and to assist the Wardens in the active duties of the
Lodge ; such as in the reception of candidates into the
different Degrees, and in the immediate practice of our
rites. Those columns, 45 the badges of your office, I
entrust to your care, not doubting your vigilance and
attention."
The next officer appointed is, the Inner Guard, whom
the new Master addresses thus : —
44 Brother N., I appoint you inner guard of the Lodge.
Yo'ur duty is, to admit Masons on proof, to receive
candidates in due form, and to obey the commands of the
Junior Warden."
The Stewards 46 are next called up, and invested; upon
which the following charge is delivered to them by the
new Master : —
44 Brothers 0. P. and Q. R., I appoint you Stewards of
the Lodge. The duties of your office are, to introduce
4 3 This officer is not appointed by the Master, but elected by the
Lodge.
44 The Deacons are the acting Deputies of the Wardens, aua
Kepresentatives of all the absent Craftsmen.
45 When the work of Masonry in the Lodge is carrying on, the
oolumn of the Senior Deacon is raised ; when the lodge is at refresh-
ment the column of the Junior Deacon is raised.
46 The Stewards are assistants to the Deacons, and the representa-
tives of all the absent Entered Apprentices.
66
ILLUSTRATIONS
visitors, and see that they are properly accommodated ; to
collect subscriptions and other fees, and keep an exact
account of the lodge expenses. Your regular and early
attendance will afford the best proof of your zeal and
attachment."
The new Master then appoints the Tyler, and delivers
over to him the instrument of his office, with a short
charge on the occasion; after which he addresses the
members of the Lodge as follows : —
"Brethren,
" Such is the nature of our constitution, that as some
must of necessity rule and teach, so others must of course
learn to submit and obey. Humility, in both, is an
essential duty. The Brethren whom I have appointed
to assist me in the government of the Lodge,, are too
well acquainted with the principles of Masonry, and the
rules of good manners, to extend the power with which
they are entrusted ; and you are too sensible of the pro-
priety of their appointment, and of too generous dispo-
sitions, to envy their preferment. From the knowledge
I have of both Officers and Members, I trust that we
shall have but one aim — to please each other, and unite
in the great design of communicating happiness."
The Grand Master gives the Brethren joy of their
Officers, recommends harmony, and expresses a w T ish that
the only contention in the Lodge may be, a generous
emulation to vie in cultivating the royal Art, and the
moral virtues. The Lodge then joins in the general
salute, and the newly-installed Master returns thanks to
the Grand Master for the honour of the Constitution.
The Grand Secretary proclaims the new Lodge three
times ; with the honours of Masonry, and a flourish of
horns, each time : after which the Grand Master orders
the Lodge to be registered in the Grand Lodge books,
and the Grand Secretary to notify the same to the
regular Lodges.
A song with a chorus, accompanied by the music, con-
cludes the ceremony of Constitution, and the Lodge is
closed with the usual solemnities in the three Degrees by
the Grand Master and his Officers; after which the pro-
cession is resumed, and returns to the apartment whence
it set out.
OF MASONRY.
This is the usual ceremony at the Constitution of a
new Lodge, which the Grand Master may abridge, or
extend at pleasure ; but the material points are on no
account to be omitted.
The Ceremony observed at laying the Foundation- Stones of
Public Structures, <&., by the M. W. Grand Master.
This ceremony is conducted by the Grand Master and
his Officers, assisted by the members of the Grand Lodge
only. No private Mason, or inferior officer of any Lodge,
can be admitted to join in the ceremony. Provincial
Grand Masters are authorized to execute this duty in
their separate provinces, when they are accompanied by
their officers, and the Master and Wardens of the
•regular Lodges under their jurisdiction ; but the Chief
Magistrate and civil officers of the place where the
building is to be erected must be invited to attend on
the occasion. The ceremony is thus conducted:
The Grand Lodge having been opened at a convenient
place, and the necessary directions and instructions given,
it is adjourned. The Brethren being in their proper
clothing and jewels, and wearing white gloves, the pro-
cession move sin the following order, viz. :
Two Grand Tylers, with drawn swords ;
Music ;
Brethren, not members of any Lodge, two and two ;
The Lodges, according to their numbers ;
Juniors going first ;
Members of Grand Stewards' Lodge ;
Officers of Grand Stewards 7 Lodge ;
Architect or Builder, with the Mallet ;
Grand Organist;
Grand Superintendent of Works, with the plan;
Grand Director of Ceremonies ;
Grand Deacons ;
Grand Secretary, with Book of Constitutions on a cushion:
Grand Registrar with his bag ;
Grand Treasurer, with his staff ;
Grand Chaplain ;
Past Grand Wardens ;
Past Provincial Grand Masters ;
Provincial Grand Masters;
Past Denutv Grand Masters ;
68
ILLUSTRATIONS
Visitors of Distinction;
Junior Grand Warden, with Plumb ;
Sd. i Standard ot tie Grand Lodge; \
Senior Grand Warden, with Level ;
Steward ? Volume of the Sacred Law, Square, J Steward
with wand. J and Compasses, on a velvet cushion ; ( with wand
Deputy Grand Master, with Square ;
wSr^d. \ Standard of the Grand Master; \ Jj™^
Grand Sword Bearer;
Most Worshipful Grand Master;
Two Stewards with wands ;
Grand Tyler, with drawn sword. 47
Having arrived within a proper distance of the spot,
the procession halts, the Brethren open to the right and
left, so as to leave room .for the Grand Master to pass up
the centre ; he being preceded by his Standard and Sword
Bearer, the Grand Officers and Brethren following in
succession from the rear, so as to invert the order ot
the procession. The Grand Master having arrived at his
station, on a platform, an ode is sung or music played (as
previously arranged). The stone being prepared, and
the plate with the proper inscription, the upper part of
the stone is raised by an engine; the Grand Chaplain
47 These processions are conducted with much greater splendour on
the Continent; although ft is much to be doubted whether an aug-
mented degree of pomp be more consistent with real dignity than
the simple ceremonies which the wisdom of our governors has pre-
scribed and sanctioned by the efficacy of their own example. The
superior Officers of foreign Lodges wear splendid robes of silk and
velvet, of the three pure colours, decorated with gold and precious
stones. I copy from a ritual of Helvetian ceremonies in my posses-
sion, some other attendant circumstances, which are calculated to
swell out the gorgeous magnificence of a Masonic procession. " The
Great Master walks under a purple, blue, and crimson canopy, with
fine linen and bells. The staves of his canopy are four or eight,
which are borne by Master Masons of the oldest Lodge present. On
the right hand of the Great Master is a sword-bearer, and on his left
hand is a sword-bearer. Before the Great Master is a standard, and
behind him is a standard. All Masters of Lodges present are under
blue canopies, each borne by four Master Masons of his own com-
pany. The canopies are six feet long, and three feet broad: the
staves are six feet long ; the frame- work is of cedar, or pine, or box-
wood ; the covering hangs down not less than three feet on each side,
and in the front likewise. In the middle of the procession is carried
the Ark, covered over with the veil of blue, purple, and crimson, by
four of the oldest Masons present." — Editor.
OF MASONRY.
69
repeats a prayer ; and the Grand Treasurer having, by
the Grand Master's command, deposited on the plate
various coins of the present reign, the cement is laid on
the lower stone, and the upper one is laid down slowly,
solemn music playing. Being properly placed, the Grand
Master descends to the stone, proves that it is properly
adjusted, by the plumb-rule, level, and square, which are
successively delivered to him by the Junior Grand War-
den, Senior Grand Warden, and Deputy Grand Master;
after which the Architect or Builder delivers to him the
mallet, with which the Grand Master gives three knocks.
The Grand Master then delivers to the Architect or
Builder the several implements for his use. The plan
and elevation of the building are presented by the Grand
Superintendent of the works to the Grand Master, for his
inspection; and, having approved them, he gives them
to the Architect for his guidance. The Grand Master
re-ascends the platform, music playing. An oration suita-
ble to the occasion is delivered. Some ,money for the
workmen is placed on the stone by the Grand Treasurer. 48
The procession then returns to the place from which
it set out, and the Lodge is closed.
The Ceremony observed at the Dedication of Masons' Halls.
On the day appointed for the celebration of the cere-
mony of Dedication, the Grand Master and his Officers,
accompanied by all the Brethren who are members of
the Grand Lodge, meet in a convenient room adjoining
to the place where the ceremony is to be performed ; and
the Grand Lodge is opened, in ample form, in all the
Degrees. The order of procession being read by the
Grand Secretary, and a general charge respecting propri-
ety of behaviour given by the Deputy Grand Master,
the lodge is adjourned, and the procession formed as
follows : —
Two Tylers, with drawn swords ;
Music ;
Members of the Grand Lodge, two and two ;
48 If the building be for a charitable institution, a voluntary subscrip-
tion is made in aid of its funds.
70
ILLUSTRATIONS
A Tyler in his uniform;
Past Grand Stewards ;
Grand Tyler ;
Present Grand Stewards, with white rods;
Secretary of. the Stewards' Lodge;
Wardens of the Stewards' Lodge ;
Master of the Stewards' Lodge ;
Choristers ;
One Brother carrying a gold pitcher, containing corn ;
Two Brethren, with silver pitchers, containing wine and oil;
Pour Tylers carrying the Lodge, covered with white satin ;
Architect;
Grand Sword-bearer, with sword of state ;
Grand Secretary, with his bag ;
Grand Treasurer, with his staff;
Bible, 49 Square, and Compasses, on a crimson velvet cushion,
carried by the Master of a Lodge, who is
supported by two Stewards ;
Grand Chaplain ;
Provincial Grand Masters ;
Past Grand Wardens ;
Past Deputy Grand Masters ;
Past Grand Masters ;
Chief Magistrate and Civil Officers of the place ;
Two large lights ;
Grand Wardens ;
One large light ;
Deputy Grand Master,
Constitutions, carried by the Master of the oldest Lodge ;
Grand Master;
Two Stewards close the procession.
The ladies are then introduced, and the musicians repair
to their station. On the procession reaching the Grand
Master's chair, the Grand Officers are separately proclaim-
ed according to rank, as they arrive at that station ; and
on the Grand Master's being proclaimed, the music strikes
up, and continues during the procession three times round
the Hall. The Lodge is then placed in the centre, on a
crimson velvet couch f° and the Grand Master having
49 Where the Bible is mentioned, it applies to whatever is considered
to be the law of God,
50 The Helvetian ritual, already referred to, contains some good
remarks relative to the furniture of a Lodge, which may be use fully
inserted in this place. 44 A good lodge may be well known by its
ornaments ; in many Lodges all sorts of decorations are heaped toge-
ther, without the slightest attention to propriety. There should be
no picture, statue, nor emblem of heathen deities ; no bust, picture, or
statue of the heathen philosophers. The proper images or emblems
are to bo taken from the Bible, and the Bible only ; as it contains the
of ' V
OF MASONRY. / 71
taken the chair, under a canopy of state, the Grand Offi-
cers, and the Master and Wardens of the Lodges, repair
to the places which have been previously prepared for
their reception : the three great lights, and the gold and
silver pitchers, with the corn, wine, and . oil, are placed
on the Lodge, at the head of which stamds the pedestal,
on which is laid a crimson velvet cushion, with the Sacred
Law, open, the Square and Compasses put thereon, and
the Constitution Roll. An anthem is then sung, and an
exordium on Masonry delivered: after which, the Archi-
tect, addressing the Grand Master, returns thanks for
the honour conferred on him, and surrenders up the
implements which had been entrusted to his care at laying
the Foundation-Stone. The Grand Master expresses his
approbation of the Architect's conduct; an ode in honour
of Masonry is sung, accompanied by the band ; and the
ladies retire, as do also such of the musicians as are not
Masons.
The Lodge is then tiled, and the business of Masonry
resumed. The Grand Secretary informs the Grand Master,
that it is the design of the Fraternity to have the Hall
dedicated to Masonry; he then orders the Grand Officers
to assist in the ceremony ; during which the organ con-
tinues playing solemn music, excepting only at the inter-
authentic records of ancient Masonry. Paintings of figures, to repre-
sent the virtues or properties of the mind, such as Charity, <fcc, are
in bad taste. The decorations should be masonic emblems, intersect-
ing triangles, f£\ , square and compass, &c. These, if properly man-
aged, can be made highly ornamental. A picture of Solomon or Moses
would be appropriate. A marble slab, containing the names of the
founders of the Lodge, and the date, should be let into the north wall.
Window-curtains, as in rooms, there are* none ; but one great curtain,
very thick, draws across all the windows, along a brass rod, on brass
rings. There is no* valance, or fringe, or other ornament. The
colour of the curtain is purple, crimson, and blue, in alternate stripes ;
each stripe the common breadth of moreen, or other stuff furniture.
The curtain is made of woollen, and not of linen. Silk may be used,
if worsted is not liked, but no cotton or linen : the lining is black.
The Master's throne is on three steps. Behind it should be a screen,
three sides of a square, and higher than his head when seated. This
screen should be painted by a cunning Mason, with a death's head,
intersecting triangles and fl, in white, as the ground of the screen is
black, or a dark purple. Facing the Master's throne is an organ, or
a gallery for singers and musicians who are brothers ; and behind the
throne, at the end of the Lodge, and high up in the ceiling, should be
a well-toned bell, or Indian gong."— Editor.
ILLUSTRATIONS
vals of Dedication. The Lodge being uncovered, the
first procession is made round it, and the Grand Master
having reached the East, the organ is silent, and he pro-
claims the Hall duly dedicated to Masonry, in the name
OF THE GREAT JEHOVAH, TO WHOM BE ALL GLORY AND
honour ; upon which the Chaplain strews corn over the
Lodge. The organ plays, and the second procession is
made round the Lodge; when, on the Grand Master's
arrival at the East, the organ is silent, and he declares
the Hall dedicated, as before, to Virtue ; on which the
Chaplain sprinkles wine on the Lodge. The organ
plays, and the third procession is made round the Lodge;
when, the Grand Master having reached the East, and the
music being silent, the Hall is dedicated to Universal
Benevolence ; upon which the Chaplain dips his fingers
in the oil, and sprinkles it over the Lodge; and at each
period of Dedication the grand honours are given. A
solemn invocation is then made, and an anthem sung .
after which, the Lodge being covered, the Grand Master
retires to his chair, and the business of Masonry is ad-
journed.
The ladies are again introduced ; an ode for the occa-
sion is performed ; and an oration delivered by the Grand
Chaplain, which is succeeded by an anthem. Donations
for the charity are then collected, and the grand proces-
sion is resumed. After marching three times round the
Hall, preceded by the Tylers carrying the Lodge as at
entrance, and the music continuing to play a grand piece,
the Brethren return to the place whence they set out;
where, the laws of the Order being rehearsed, the Grand
Lodge is closed in ample form in all the Degrees.
The Ceremony observed at Funerals, according to ancient
Custom; with the Service used on that Occasion.
No Mason can be interred with the formalities of the
Order, unless it be at his own special request, communi-
cated to the Master of the Lodge of which he died a
Member; foreigners and sojourners excepted ; nor unless
he has been advanced to the Third Degree of Masonry,
from which restriction there can be no exception. Fellow-
OF MASONRY.
73
crafts, or apprentices, are not entitled to the funeral
obsequies.
The Master of the Lodge having received notice of a
Master-mason's death, and of his request to be interred
with the ceremonies of the Order, 51 he fixes the day and
51 By an express law of the Grand Lodge,* it is enacted, 'That no
regular Mason do attend any funeral, or other public* procession,
clothed with the badges and ensigns of the Order, unless a dispensa-
tion for that purpose has been obtained from the Grand Master, or his
deputy ; under the penalty of forfeiting all the rights and privileges
of the Society, and of being deprived of the benefit of the general fund
of charity, should he be reduced to want."
Dispensations for public processions are seldom granted but upon
very particular occasions ; it cannot, therefore, be thought that these
will be very frequent, or that regular Masons will be induced to infringe
an established law by attending those which are not properly author-
ized. Many public parades under this character have been made of
late years ; but these have not received the sanction of the Grand
Master, or the countenance of any regular Mason conversant with the
laws of the Society. Of this the Public maybe convinced, when they
advert to the circumstance, that the reputation of the whole Fraternity
would be at risk by irregularity on such an occasion. It cannot be
imagined, that the Grand Master, who is generally of Noble or Royal
Birth, would either so far degrade the dignity of his office, or the
character of the Society at large, as to grant a dispensation for a public
procession upon so trifling an occasion as a private benefit at a play-
house, tea-garden, or other place of public resort ; where neither the
interest of the Fraternity, nor the general good, can be concerned ;
and which, though it may be of some private advantage, can never
redound to the credit of Masonry, or the honour of its patrons.
The above law was planned to put a stop to mixed and irregular
conventions of Masons, and to prevent them from exposing to derision
the insignia of the Order, by parading through the streets on unim-
portant occasions ; it was not intended, however, to restrict the privi-
leges of any regular Lodge, or to encroach on the legal prerogative
of any installed Master. By the universal practice of Masons, every
regular Lodge is authorized by the Constitution to act on such occa-
sions, when limited to its own members, if the Society at large be not
dishonoured; and every installed Master is sufficiently empowered
by the Constitution, without any other authority, to convene and
govern his own lodge on any emergency, at the funeral of its own
members, or on any occasion in which the honour of the Society is
concerned ; he being always amenable to the Grand Lodge for miscon-
duct. But when Brethren from other Lodges are convened, who are
not subject to his control, in that case a particular dispensation is
required from the Grand Master, or his deputy, who are the only
General Directors of Masons. The Master of the Lodge will never
issue a summons for a public appearance of the Lodge on a trifling
* By public procession is meant a general convention of Masons for the purpose of
making a public appearance.
74
ILLUSTRATIONS
hour for the funeral, and issues his command to summon
the Lodge; if Brethren from other Lodges are expected
to attend, he must make application through the Grand
Secretary to the Grand Master, or his deputy, for a dis
Sensation, to enable him to supply the place of the Grand
[aster at such funeral, and to regulate the proc.ession,
which is to be solely under his direction; and all the
Brethren present must be properly clothed. 52
The dispensation being obtained, the Master may invite
as many Lodges as he thinks proper, and the members of
those Lodges may accompany their officers in form ; but
the whole ceremony must be under the direction of the
Master of the Lodge to which the deceased belonged, for
which purpose only the dispensation is granted ; and he
and his officers must be duly honoured, and cheerfully
obeyed, on the occason, as the representative, for the time
being, of the Grand Master, or his Deputy.
The Funeral Service. 5 *
The Brethren being assembled at the place where the body of the
deceased lies, the Master of the Lodge to which he belonged opens
the Lodge in the Third Degree, with the usual forms, and an anthem
is sung. The body being placed in the centre on a couch, and the
coffin in which it is laid being uncovered, the Master proceeds to the
head of the corpse, and the service begins.
" Master. * What man is he that jfrveth, and shall not seedeath ?
shall he deliver his soul from the hand of the grave ?
4 Man walketh in a vain shadow, he heapeth up riches, and cannot
tell who shall gather them.
occasion, or without approbation ; well knowing that he is amenable
to the General Assembly for his conduct, and, by the charges of his
office, must submit to their award ; should he, however, be so impru-
dent as to act on this occasion improperly, the Brethren of the Lodge
are warranted by the laws to • refuse obedience to his summons ; but
they are also amenable to the Grand Lodge for contumacy.
52 All the Brethren who walk in procession should observe, as much
as possible, an uniformity in their dress. Decent mourning, with white
stockings, gloves, and aprons, is most suitable and becoming. No
person should be distinguished by a jewel, who is not an officer of one
of the Lodges invited to attend in form ; and all the officers of such
Lodges should be ornamented with sashes and hatbands ; as also the
offioers of the Lodge to whom the dispensation is granted, who are,
moreover, to be distinguished with white rods.
53 I retain the funeral service as prescribed by Brother Preston,
though I greatly doubt whether it could be consistently performed.—
Editor.
OF MASONRY.
75
4 When he dieth, he shall carry nothing away ; his glory shall not
descend after him.
* Naked he came into the world, and naked he must return : the
Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken, away : blessed be the name of
the Lord !'
The grand honours are then given, and certain forms used, which
cannot be here: explained. Solemn music is introduced, during which
the Master strews herbs or flowers over -the body ; and, taking tho
sacred roll in his hand, he says : —
1 Let us die the death of the righteous, and let our last end be like
his !'
The Brethren answer : —
4 God is our God for ever and ever ; he will be our guide even unto
death!'
The Master then puts the roll into the coffin, and says : —
* Almighty Father ! into thy hands we commend the soul of our
loving Brother !' ^
The Brethren answer three times, giving the grand honours each
time,
4 The will of God is accomplished ! So be it !'
The Master then repeats the following prayer : —
• 4 Most glorious God ! Author of all good, and Giver of all mercy
pour down thy blessings upon us, and strengthen all our solemn engage-
ments with the ties of fraternal affection ! May the present instance
of mortality remind us of our approaching fate ; and draw our atten-
tion to Thee, the only refuge in time of need ! that when the awful
moment shall arrive that we are about to quit this transitory scene,
the enlivening prospect of thy mercy may dispel the gloom of death
and that, after our departure hence in peace, and in thy favour, we
may be received into thine everlasting kingdom, and there enjoy, in
union with the souls of our departed friends, the just reward of a pious
and virtuous life ! Amen. 9 "
An anthem being sung, the Master retires to the pedestal, and the
coffin is covered. An oration, suitable to the occasion, is then deliver-
ed ; and the Master recommending love and unity, the Brethren join
hands, and renew to each other their pledged vows. The Lodge is
then adjourned, and the procession to the place of interment is
formed.
The different Lodges rank according to seniority, the junior pre-
ceding ; and each Lodge forms one division. The following order ; «
then observed : — *
The Tyler, with his sword ;
The Stewards, with white rods;
The Brethren, out of office, two and two ;
The Secretary, with a roll ;
The Treasurer, with his badge of office ;
The Senior and Junior Wardens, hand in hand ;
The Past Master ;
The Master;
The Lodge to which the deceased Brother belonged, in the
following order ; all the members having
flowers or herbs in their hands;
The Tyler :
7G
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Stewards ;
Martial Music [Drums muffled, and Trumpets covered;]
The Members of the Lodge ;
The Secretary and Treasurer ;
The Senior and Junior Wardens ;
The Past Master ;
The Holy Writings, on a cushion, covered with black cloth
carried by the oldest Member of the Lodge ;
The Master;
The Choristers, singing an anthem ;
The Clergyman ;
PQ
1
The BODY,
with the regalia
placed thereon,
and two swords
crossed ;
Chief Mourner ;
Assistant Mourners -
Two Stewards ;
A Tyler.
One or two Lodges advance, before the procession begins, to the
church-yard, to prevent confusion, and make the necessary prepara-
tions. The Brethren are not to desert their ranks or change places,
but keep in their different departments. When the procession arrives
at the gate of the church-yard, the Lodge to which the deceased Bro-
ther belonged, the mourners, and attendants on the corpse halt, till
the Members of the other Lodges have formed a circle round the grave ;
when an opening is made to receive them. They then advance to the
grave ; and the Clergyman and Officers of the acting Lodge taking their
station at the head of the grave, with the choristers on each side, and
the mourners at the foot, the service is resumed, an anthem sung, and
the following exhortation given : —
44 Here we view a striking instance of the uncertainty of life, and the
vanity of all human pursuits. The last offices paid to the dead are
only useful as lectures to the living ; from them we are to derive
instruction, and consider every solemnity of this kind as a summons
to prepare for our approaching dissolution.
44 Notwithstanding the various mementos of mortality with which wo
daily meet, notwithstanding death has established his empire over all
the works of Nature, yet, through some unaccountable infatuation,
we are apt to forget that we are born to die. We go on from one
design to another, add hope to hope, and lay out plans for the
employment of many years, till we are suddenly alarmed with the
approach of death when we least expect him, and at an hour which,
amidst the gaieties of life, we probably conclude to be the meridian
of our existence.
44 What are all the externals of majesty, the pride of wealth, or
charms of beauty, when Nature has paid her just debt? Fix your
eyes on the last scene ; view life stript of her ornaments, and exposed
in her natural meanness: vou will then be convinced of tho futilitv
OF MASONRY.
77
of those empty delusions. In the grave all fallacies are detected, all
ranks levelled, and all distinctions done away.
" While we drop the sympathetic tear over the grave of our deceased
friend, let charity incline us to throw a veil over his foibles, whatever
they umy have been, and not withhold from his memory the praise
which his virtues may have claimed. Suffer the apologies of human
nature to plead in his behalf. Perfection on earth has never been
attained ; the. wisest, as well as the best of men, have erred. His
meritorious actions it is our duty to imitate, and from his weaknesses
we are to derive instruction.
"Let the present example excite our most serious thoughts, and
strengthen our resolution of amendment. Life being uncertain, and all
earthly pursuits vain, let us no longer postpone the important concern
of preparing for eternity ; but embrace the happy moment, while time
and opportunity offer, to provide against that great change when all
the pleasures of the world shall cease to delight, and the reflections
of a virtuous conduct yield the only comfort and consolation. Our
expectations will not then be frustrated, nor shall we be hurried,
unprepared, into the presence of an all- wise and powerful Judge, to
whom the secrets of all hearts are known, and from whose dread tribu-
nal no culprit can escape.
" Let us, while in this stage of existence, support with propriety the
character of our profession, advert to the nature of our solemnities,
and pursue with assiduity the sacred tenets of the Order: with becom-
ing reverence, let us supplicate the Divine protection, and ensure the
favour of that eternal Being, whose goodness and power know no
bounds; and when the awful moment arrives, that we are about to
take our departure, be it soon or late, may we be enabled to prosecute
our journey, without dread or apprehension, to that far distant
country from which no traveller returns. By the light of the Divine
countenance, we may pass, without trembling, through those gloomy
mansions where all things are forgotten ; and at the great and tremen-
dous day of trial and retribution, when arraigned at the bar of Divine
Justice, we may hope that judgment will be pronounced in our favour,
and that we shall receive our reward, in the possession of an immortal
inheritance, where joy flows in one continued stream, and no mound
can check its course."
The following invocations are then made by the Master, the usual
honours accompanying each:
Master. " May we be true and. faithful ; and may we live and die
in love !"
Answer, " So mote it be."
Master. "May we profess what is good, and always act agreeably
to our profession !"
Answer. ci So mote it be."
Master. " May the Lord bless us and prosper us ; and may all our
good intentions be crowned with success !"
Answer. "So mote it be!"
The Secretaries then advance, and throw their rolls into the grave
with the usual forms, while the Master repeats, with an audible
voice : —
" Glory be to God on high ! on earth peace ! good will towards
men !"
Answer. " So mote it be, now. from henceforth, and for evermore."
78
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Master then concludes the ceremony at the grave, in the follow-
ing words : —
" From time immemorial it has been a custom among the Fraternity
of Free and Accepted Masons, at the request of a Brother on his death-
bed, to accompany his corpse to the place of interment; and there to
deposit his remains with the usual formalities.
" In conformity to this usage, and at the special request of our deceas-
ed Brother, whose memory we revere, and whose loss we now deplore,
we are here assembled in the character of Masons, to resign his body
to the earth whence it came, and to offer up to his memory, before the
world, the last tribute of our fraternal affection ; thereby demonstrat-
ing the sincerity of our past esteem, and our inviolable attachment to
the principles of the Order,
" With all proper respect to the established customs of the country
in which we live, with due deference to our superiors in church and
state, and with unlimited good-will to all mankind, we here appear
clothed as Masons, and publicly express our submission to order and
good government, and our wish to promote the general interests of
mankind. Invested with the badge of innocence, we humbly bow to
the universal Parent, implore his blessing on all our zealous endeavours
to extend peace and good-will, and earnestly pray for his grace to
enable us to persevere in the principles of piety and virtue.
''The great Creator having been pleased, out of his mercy, to remove
our worthy Brother from the cares and troubles of this transitory life,
to a state of eternal duration, and thereby to weaken the chains by
which we are united, man to man; may we, who survive him, antici-
pating our approaching fate, be more strongly cemented in the ties of
union and friendship; and during the short space which is allotted to
our present existence, wisely and usefully employ our time in the
reciprocal intercourse of kind and friendly acts, and mutually promote
the welfare and happiness of each other.
"Unto the grave we have resigned the body of our deceased friend,
there to remain until the general resurrection ; in favourable expecta-
tion that his immortal soul will then partake of the joys which have
been prepared for the righteous from the beginning of the world : and
may -Almighty God, of his infinite goodness, at the grand tribunal of
unbiassed justice, extend his mercy toward him and all of us, and crown
our hope with everlasting bliss, in the expanded realms of a boundless
eternity I This we beg, for the Ijonour of his Name, to whom be glory,
now and for ever., . AmtnP
Thus the service ends; and, the usual honours being given, the
procession returns in form to the place whence it set out. where the
necessary duties are complied with, and the business of Masonry is
renewed. The regalia and other ornaments of the deceased, if he has
been an officer of the Lodge, are returned to the Master, with the usual
ceremonies; after which the charges for regulating the conduct of the
Brethren are rehearsed, and the Lodge is closed in the Third Degree
with a blessing.
OF MASONRY.
79
BOOK III.
THE PRINCIPLES OF MASONRY EXPLAINED.
SECTION L
A Letter from the learned Mr. John LocJce to the Right Hon.
Thomas Earl of Pembroke, with an old Manuscript on the
subject of Freemasonry.
6th May, 1696.
My Lord,
I have at length, by the help .of Mr. Collins, procured
a copy of that MS. in the Bodleian library, which you
were so curious to see ; and, in obedience to your Lord-
ship's commands, I herewith send it to you. Most of
the notes annexed to it are what I made yesterday for
the reading of my Lady Masham, who is become so fond
of Masonry as to say, that she now more than ever wishes
herself a man, that she might be capable of admission
into the Fraternity.
The MS. of which this is a copy, appears to be about
lbO years old ; yet (as your Lordship will observe by the
title) it is itself a copy of one yet more ancient by about
100 years ; for the original is said to be the hand-writing
of K. Henry VI. Where that prince had it, is at present
an uncertainty; but it seems to me to be an examination
(taken perhaps before the king) of some one of the bro-
therhood of Masons ; among whom he entered himself,
as it is said, when he came out of his minority, and thence-
forth put a stop to a persecution that had been raised
against them : but I must not detain your Lordship longer
by my preface from the thing itself.
I know not what effect the sight of this old paper may
haye upon your Lordship ; but for my own part I cannot
deny, that it has so much raised my curiosity, as to induce
80
ILLUSTRATIONS
me to enter myself into the Fraternity, which I am deter-
mined to do (if I may be admitted) the next time I go to
London, and that will be shortly. I am,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most obedient,
^ and most humble servant,
John Locke.
Certayne Questyons, with Ansiveres to the same> concerning the
Mystery of Ma^onrye ; writtene by the hande of kynge
Henrye, the sixthe of the name, and faithfully e copjed by
me 1 Johan Leylande, Antiquarius, by the commaunde oj
his 2 Highnesse*
They be as followethe : —
Quest. What mote ytt be? 3
Answ. Ytt beeth the skylle of Nature, the understond-
ynge of the myghte that ys hereynne, and its sondrye
werkynges: sonderlyche, the skylle of reckenyngs, of
waightes and metynges, and the true manere of fason-
nynge al thyngs for mannes use ; headlye, dwellinges,
and buyldynges of alle kindes, and all other thy nges that
make gudde to manne.
Quest. Where dyd ytt begynne?
Answ. Ytt dydd begynne with the ffyrste menne yn
the este, 4 whych were before the 5 ffyrste menne of the
1 John Leylande was appointed by Henry VIII., at the dissolution
of monasteries, to search for and save such books and records as were
valuable among them.* He was a man of great labour and industry.
* His Highnesse, meaning the said King Henry VIII. Our kings
had not then the title of Majesty.
3 What mote ytt be ?] That is, what may this mystery of Masonry
be? The answer imports. That it consists in natural, mathematical,
and mechanical knowledge. Some part of which (as appears by what
follows) the Masons pretend to have taught the rest of mankind, and
some part they still conceal.
4 3 Ffyrste menne yn the este, &c] It should seem by this, that
Masons believe there were men in the east before Adam, who is called
the " ffyrste manne of the weste and that arts and sciences began in
the east. Some authors of great note for learning have been of the
same opinion; and it is certain that Europe and Africa, (which, in
respect to Asia, may be called western countries,) were wild and savage,
long after arts and politeness of manners were in great perfection in
China and the Indies.
OF MASONRY*
81
weste; aud comyinge westlye, ytt hathe broughte her-
wyth alle comfortes to the wylde and comfortlesse.
Quest. Who dyd brynge ytt westlye?
Answ. The Venetians, whoo beynge grate merchaun-
des, corned ffyrste ffromme the este ynn Venetia, for the
commodyte of merchaundysynge beithe este and weste
bey the redde and myddlonde sees.
Quest. Howe comede ytt yn Engelonde?
Answ. Peter Gower, 7 a Grecian journey dde ffor kun-
n y n g e ytt Egypte, and in Syria, and yn everyche londe,
whereas the Venetians hadde plaunted magonrye, and
wynnynge entraunce yn al lodges of masonnes, he lerned
muche, and retournedde, and woned yn Grecia Magna, 8
wacksynge and becommynge a myghtye wyseacre, 9 and
gratelyche renowned, and her he framed a grate lodge at
6 The Venetians, &c] In the times of monkish ignorance it is no
wonder that the Phoenicians should be mistaken for the Venetians.
Or, perhaps, if the people were not taken one for the other, similitude
of sound might deceive the clerk who first took down the examination.
The Phoenicians were the greatest voyagers among the ancients, and
were in Europe thought to be the inventors of letters, which, perhaps,
they brought from the east with other arts.
7 Peter Gower,] This must be another mistake of the writer. I
was puzzled at first to guess who Peter Gower should be, the name
being perfectly English ; or how a Greek should come by such a name.
But as soon as I thought of Pythagoras, I could scarce forbear smiling,
to find that philosopher had undergone a metempsychosis he never
dreamt of. We need only consider the French pronunciation of his
name, Pythagore, that is, Petagore, to conceive how easily such amis-
take may be made by an unlearned clerk. That Pythagoras travelled
for knowledge into Egypt, &c, is known to all the learned ; and that
he was initiated into several different Orders of priests, who in those
days kept all their learning secret from the vulgar, is as well known.
Pythagoras also made every geometrical theorem a secret, and admit-
ted only such to the knowledge of them as had first undergone a five
years' silence. He is supposed to be the inventor of the 47th proposi-
tion of the first book of Euclid, for which, in the joy of his heart, it is
said he sacrificed a hecatomb. He also knew the true system of the
world, lately revived by Copernicus; and was certainly a most wonder-
ful man. See his Life by Dion. Hal.
8 Grecia Magna, a part of Italy formerly so called, in which the
Greeks had settled a large colony.
9 Wyseacre,] This word at present signifies simpleton, but formerly
had a quite contrary meaning. Wiseacre, in the old Saxon, is philo-
sopher, wiseman, or wizard ; and having been frequently used ironically,
at length came to have a direct meaning in the ironical sense. Thus
Duns Scotus, a man famed for the subtilty and acuteness of his under-
standing, has, by the same method of irony, given a general name tc
modern dunces.
82
ILLUSTRATIONS
Groton, 10 and maked manye Masonries, some whereoffe
dyde journeye yn Fraunce and maked manye Mac;onnes;
wherefromme, yn processe of tyme, the Arte passed in
Engelonde.
Quest. Dothe Maconnes descouer here artes unto
odhers?
Answ. Peter Gower, whenne he journeyede to leme,
was ffyrste made, 11 and anonne techedde; evenne soe
shulde all odhers beyn recht. Natheless Magonnes
hauethe 12 alweys, yn everyche tyme, from tyme to tyme,
as generallyche myghte be usefulle ; they haueth keped
back soche allein as shulde be harmfulle yff they corned
yn euylle haundes, oder soche as ne myghte be holpynge
wythouten the techynges to be joynedde herwythe in'
the lodge, oder soche as do bynde the freres more strong-
lyche togeder, bey the proSytte and commodytye com-
ynge to the confrerie herfromme.
C^est. Whatte artes haueth the Maconnes techedde
mankynde?
Answ. The artes agricultural 3 ar'chitectura, astro-
nomia, geometria, numeres, musica, poesie, kymistrye,
governemente, and relygyonne.
Quest. • Howe commethe Maconnes more teachers
than odher menne?
Answ. The hemselfe haueth allein in arte of ffyndynge
neue artes, 1 * whyche arte the ffyrste Maconnes receaued
10 Groton^] Groton is the name of a place in England. The place
here meant is Crotona, a city of Grecia Magna, which in the time of
Pythagoras was very populous.
11 Ffyrste made.] The word made I suppose has a particular mean-
ing among the Masons; perhaps it signifies initiated.
13 Maconnes hauethe — communycatedde, &c] This paragraph hath
something remarkable in it. It contains a justification of the secrecy
so much boasted of by Mtsons, and so much blamed by others ;
asserting that they have in all ages discovered such things as might
be useful, and that they conceal such only as would be hurtful either
to the world or themselves. What these secrets are, we see after-
wards.
13 The artes agricultura, &c] It seems a bold pretence, this of the
Masons, that they have taught mankind all these arts. They have
their own authority for it; and I know not how we shall disprove
them. But what appears most odd is, that they reckon religion among
thearts.
14 Arte of ffyndynge neue artes,] The art of inventing arts, must
certainly be a most useful art. My Lord Bacon's is ovum Organum ia
communycatedde
OP MASONRY.
83
from Godde ; by the whyche they fyndethe what artes
hem plesethe, and the treu way of teachynge the same.
Whatt odher menne doethe ffynde out, ys onelyche bey
chaunce, and herfore but lytel I tro.
Quest. What dothe the Maconnes concele and hyde?
Answ. ; Thay concelethe the arte of ffyndynge neue
artes, and thatt ys for here owne proffytte, and preise : 15
they concelethe the arte of kepynge secrettes, 16 that soe
the worlde mayeth nothinge concele from them. Thay
concelethe the arte of wunder-werckynge, and of fore-
sayinge thynges to comme, that so thay same artes may
not be usedde of the wyckedde to an euyell ende. Thay
also concelethe the arte of chaunges, 17 the wey of wyn-
nynge the facultye of Abrac, 18 the skylle of becommynge
gude and parfyghte wythouten the holpynges of fere
and hope ; and the universelle longage of Ma?onnes. 19
Quest. Wylle he teche me thay same artes?
an attempt towards somewhat of the same kind. But I much doubt,
that if ever the Masons had it, they have now lost it ; since so few
new arts have been lately invented, and so many are wanted. The
idea I have of such an art is, that it must be* something proper to be
employed in all the sciences generally, as algebra is in numbers, by
the help of which new rules of arithmetic are, and may be found.
, 18 Preise :] It seems the Masons have great regard to the reputation
as well as the profit of their Order ; since they make it one reason for
not divulging an art in common, that it may do honour to the posses-
sors of it. 1 think in this particular they show too much regard for
their own society, and too little for the rest of mankind.
16 Arte of kepynge secrettes,] What kind of an art this is, I can by
no means imagine. But certainly such an art the Masons must have:
for though, as some people suppose, they should have no secret at all,
even that must be a secret, which, being discovered, would expose them
to the highest ridicule ; and therefore it requires the utmost caution
to conceal it.
17 Arte of chaunges,] I know not what this means, unless it be the
transmutation of metals.
18 Facultye of Abrac,] Here I am utterly in the dark.
19 Universelle longage of Maconnes.] An universal language has
been much desired by the learned of many ages. It is a thing rather
to be wished than hoped for. But it seems the Masons pretend to have *
such a thing among them. If it be true, I guess it must be something
like the language of the Pantomimes, among the ancient Romans, who
are said to be able, by signs only, to express and deliver any oration
intelligibly to men of all nations and languages. A man who has all
these arts and advantages is certainly in a condition to be envied : but
we are told that this is not the case with all Masons ; for though these
arts are among them, and all have a right and an opportunity to know
them, yet some want capacity, and others industry, to acquire them.
However, of all their arts and secrets, that which I most desire to
84 ILLUSTRATIONS
Answ. Ye shalle be techedde yff ye be werthye, ana
able to lerne.
Quest. Dothe all Ma^onnes kunne more then odher
menne?
Answ. Not so. Thay onlyche haueth recht and
occasyonne more then odher menne to kunne, butt
manye doeth fale yn capacity, and manye more doth
want industrye, that ys pernecessarye for the gaynynge
all kunnynge.
Quest. Are Masonnes gudder men than odhers?
Answ. Some Ma$onnes are not so virtuous as some
odher menne ; but, yn the most parte, thay be more
gude then they would be yf thay war not Magonnes.
Quest. Dothe Ma?onnes love eidher odher myghtylye
as beeth sayde?
Answ. Yea verylyche, and yt may not odherwise be :
for gude menne and true, kennynge eidher odher to be
soche, doeth always love the more as they be more gude. 20
[Here endethe the questyonnes and awnsweres.]
know is, " The skylle of becommynge gude and parfyghte and I wish
it were communicated to all mankind, since there is nothing more true
than the beautiful sentence contained in the last answer, " That the
better men are, the more they love one another:" Virtue having
in itself something so amiable as to charm the hearts of all that
behold it.
20 A Glossary of antiquated Words in the foregoing Manuscript.
Albein, only
Alweys, always
Beithe, both
Commodyte, convenience
Confrerie, fraternity
Faconnynge, forming
Foresayingc, prophesying
Freres, brethren
Hcadlye, chiefly
Hem plesethe, they please
Hemselfe, themselves
Her, there, their
Hereynne, therein
Herwyth, with it
Holpynge, beneficial
Kunne, know
Kunnynge, knowledge
Make gudde, are beneficial
Metynges, measures
Mote, may
Myghte, power
Occasyonne, opportunity
Odher, other
Onelyche, only
Pernecessarye, absolutely neces-
sary
Preise, honour
Recht, right
Rcckenyngs, numbers
Sonderlyche, particularly
Skylle, knowledge
Wacksyngc, growing
Werck, operation
Wey, way
Whereas, where
Woned* dwelt
Wunderwerckyngc, working
miracles
Wylde, savage
Wynnynge, gaining
Yun. into
OF MASONRY.
86
SECT. II.
Remarks on the preceding Manuscript^ and on the
Annotations of Mr. Locke.
This dialogue possesses a double claim to our regard :
first, for its antiquity ; and next, for the notes added to
it by Mr. Locke, who, though not at that time enrolled
in the order of Masons, offers very just conjectures on
their history and traditions.
Every reader must feel a secret satisfaction in the
perusal of this ancient manuscript, especially the true
Mason, whom it more nearly concerns. The recommend-
ation of a philosopher of as great merit and penetration
as this nation ever produced, added to the real value of
the piece itself, mu§t give it a sanction and render it
deserving a serious examination.
The conjecture of the learned annotator concerning
its being an examination taken before King Henry of one
of the Fraternity of Masons, is accurate. The severe
edict passed at that time against the Society, and the
discouragement given to the Masons by the Bishop of
Winchester and his party, induced that prince, in his
riper years, to make a strict scrutiny into the nature of
the Masonic Institution ; which was attended with the
happy circumstance of gaining his favour, and his pa-
tronage. Had not the civil commotions in the kingdom
during his reign attracted the notice of government, this
act would probably have been repealed, through the
intercession of the Duke of Gloucester, whose attach-
ment to the Fraternity was conspicuous.
Page 80. What mote ytt be?] Mr. Locke observes,
in his annotation on this question, that the answer im-
ports, Masonry consists of natural, mathematical, and
mechanical knowledge; some part of which, he says,
the Masons pretend to have taught mankind, and some
part they still conceal. — The arts which they have com-
municated to the world, are particularly specified in an
answer to one of the following questions; as are also
those which they have restricted to themselves for wise
purposes. — Morality, however, might have been included
in this answer, as it constitutes a principal part of the
masonic system.
86
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page 80. Where dyd ytt begynne?] In the annota-
tion to the answer on this question, Mr. Locke seems to
suggest, that Masons believed there were men in the
East before Adam, which is, indeed, a mere conjecture.
This opinion may be countenanced by some learned
authors; but Masons comprehend the true meaning of
Masonry taking rise in the east and spreading to the
west, without having recourse to the Preadamites.
East and west are terms peculiar to their Society, and
when masonically adopted are very intelligible, 21 as they
refer to certain forms and established customs among
themselves. From the east, it is well known, learning
extended to the western world, and gradually advanced
into Europe.
Page 81. * Who dyd brynge ytt westlye ?] The judi-
cious correction of an illiterate clerk, in the answer to
this question as well as in the next, reflects credit on the
ingenious annotator. The explanation is just, and the
elucidation accurate.
Page 81. Howe comede ytt yn Engelonde?] The
records of the Fraternity inform us, that Pythagoras was
regularly initiated into Masonry; and, being properly
instructed in the mysteries of the Art, propagated the
principles of the Order in other countries into which he
Pythagoras lived at Samos, in the reign of Tarquin,
the last king of the Romans, in the year of Rome 220;
or, according to Livy, in the reign of Servius Tullius, in
the year of the world 3472. He was the son of a sculp-
tor, and was educated under one of the greatest men of
his time, Pherecydes of Syrus, who first taught the
immortality of the soul. On the death of his patron, he
determined to trace science to its source, and to supply
himself with fresh stores in every part of the world where
these could be obtained. Animated by a desire of know-
ledge, he travelled into Egypt, and submitted to that
tedious and discouraging course of preparatory discipline,
which was requisite to obtain the benefit of Egyptian
initiation. When he had made himself a thorough mas-
81 "And behold the glory of the God of Israel came from the way
of the East." Ezek. xliii., 2.— Vid. "Signs and Symbols," by the
Editor.
OF MASONRY.
87
fcer of all the sciences that were cultivated in the sacer-
dotal colleges of Thebes and Memphis, he pursued his
travels through the east, conversing with the Magi and
Indian Brachmans, and mixing their doctrines with those
he had learnt in Egypt. He afterwards studied the laws
of Minos at Crete, and those of Lycurgus at Sparta.
Having spent the earlier part of his life in this useful
manner, he returned to. Samos well acquainted with
every thing curious either in Nature or art in foreign
countries, improved with all the advantages proceeding
from a regular and laborious course of learned education,
and adorned with that knowledge of mankind which was
necessary to gain the ascendant over them. Accustomed
eo freedom, he disliked the arbitrary government of
Polycrates, then tyrant of Samos, and retired to Crotona
in Italy, where he opened a school of philosophy ; and,
by the gravity and sanctity of his manners, the import-
ance of his f tenets, and the peculiarity of his institutions,
soon spread his fame and influence over Italy and Greece. 22
Among 'other projects which he used to create respect,
and gain credit to his assertions, he concealed himself in
a cave, and caused it to be reported that' he was dead.
After some time he came abroad, and pretended that the
intelligence which his friends gave him in his retreat, of
the transactions of Crotona, was collected during his stay
in the other world among the shades of the departed.
He formed his disciples, who came from all parts to put
themselves under his direction, into a kind of republic,
where none were admitted till a severe probation had
sufficiently exercised their patience and docility. He
afterwards divided them into the esoteric and exoteric
classes: to the former he entrusted the more sublime and
32 The ceremony of opening his lodges concluded with an exhorta-
tion to silence and secrecy ', and to keep a tongue of good report ; and
at closing^ many important duties were enjoined: — 1. To abstain from
brawls and quarrels; to defend the characters of honest companions,
knowing their approved worth. 2. Not to revile or slander each
other ; and if, unfortunately, they could not applaud, to be silent ; for
silence was considered a distinguishing characteristic of their profes-
sion. 3. To be cautious in the use and application of words and
phrases, and carefully to abstain from using any word of malignant
import in common conversation, and for such words as prison, traitor,
murder, poison, rebellion, death, &c, to substitute others of milder
interpretation. Vide Iamblichus passim. Cic. de Divin., 1. 1, &0. — Ed
88
ILLUSTRATIONS
secret doctrines, to the latter the more simple and popu-
lar. This great man found himself able to unite the
character of the legislator to that of the philosopher, and
to rival Lycurgus and Orpheus in the one, Pherecydes
and Thales in the other; following, in this particular,
the patterns set him by the Egyptian priests, his
instructors, who were not less celebrated for settling the
civil than the religious economy of their nation. In
imitation of them, Pythagoras gave laws to the republic
of Crotona, and brought the inhabitants from a state of
luxury and dissoluteness, to be eminent for order and
sobriety. While he lived, he was frequently consulted
by the neighbouring republics, as the composer of their
differences, and the reformer of their manners; and, since
his death, (which happened about the fourth year of the
70th Olympiad, in a tumult raised against him by one
Cylon,) the administration of their affairs has been gene-
rally intrusted to some of his disciples ; among whom, to
produce the authority of their master for any assertion,
was sufficient to establish the truth of it without further
inquiry.
The most celebrated of the philosophical notions of
Pythagoras are those concerning the nature of the Deity,
the transmigration of souls into different bodies (which
he borrowed from the Brachmans), and the system of the
world. He was the first who took the name of philoso-
yher, that is, a lover of wisdom. His system of morality
was admirable. He made unity the principle of all
things, and imagined that between God and man there
were various orders of spiritual beings, who administered
to the divine will. He believed in the doctrine of the
metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls: and heh
that God was diffused through all parts of the universe,
like a kind of universal soul, pervading every particle of
matter, and animating every living creature, from the
most contemptible reptile to mankind themselves, who
shared a larger portion of the Divine Spirit. The metem-
psychosis was founded on this maxim, that as the soul
was of celestial origin, it could not be annihilated; and
therefore, upon abandoning one body, it necessarily
removed into another, and frequently did penance for its
former vicious inclinations in the shape of a beast or an
insect, before it appeared again in that of a human
OI MASONRY.
creature. He asserted that he had a particular faculty-
given him by the gods, of remembering the various
bodies his own soul had passed through, and confounded
cavillers by referring them to his own experience. In
his system of the world, the third doctrine which distin-
guishes his sect, was a supposition that the sun was at
rest in the centre, and that the earth, the moon, and the
other planets moved round it *in different orbits. He
pretended to have great skill in the mysterious properties
of numbers, arid held that some particular ones contained
a peculiar force and significance. He was a great geome-
trician, and admitted only those to the knowledge of his
system, who had first undergone a probation of five years'
silence. To his discovery is attributed the 47th propo-
sition of the first book of Euclid, 23 which, in geometrical
solutions and demonstrations of quantities, is of excellent
use ; and for which, as Mr. Locke observes, in the joy of
his heart, he is said to have sacrificed a hecatomb. His
extraordinary desire of knowledge, and the pains he took
to propagate his system, have justly transmitted his fame
to posterity. 24
The pupils who were initiated by him in the sciences
and study of Nature at the Crotonian school, brought all
their goods into a common stock, contemned the pleas-
ures of sense, abstained from swearing, and ate nothing
that had life. Steady to the tenets and principles which
they had imbibed, they dispersed abroad, and taught the
doctrines of their preceptor in all the countries through
which they travelled.
Page 82.. Dothe Magonnes descouer here artes unto
odhers?] Masons, in all ages, have studied the general
good of mankind. Every art which is necessary for the
support of authority and good government, or which
could extend science, they have cheerfully communicated
to the world. Points of no public utility, as their pecu-
liar tenets, mystic forms, and solemn rites, they have
23 Theorem.] In any right-angled triangle, the square which is
described upon the side subtending the right angle, is equal to the
squares described upon the sides which contain the right angle.
^Euclid, lib. i., prop. 47.
34 For a more particular account of the system of Pythagoras, I may
refer the curious Mason to my History of Initiation, Lecture x\. —
Editor.
ILLUSTRATIONS
carefully concealed. Thus Masons have been distin-
guished in various countries for disseminating learning
and general knowledge, while they have always kept the
privileges of their own Order sacred and inviolable among
themselves.
Page 82. Whatte artes haueth the Ma^onnes techedde
mankynde ?1 The arts which the Masons have publicly
taught, are here specified. It appears to have surprised
the learned annotator, that religion 25 should have been
ranked among the arts taught by the Fraternity ; but it
may be observed, that religion is the only tie which can
bind men ; and that where there is no religion, there can
be no Masonry. Among Masons, however, it is an art,
which is calculated to unite for a time opposite systems,
without perverting or destroying those systems. By the
influence of this art, the purposes of the institution are
effectually answered, and religious animosities happily
terminated.
Masons have ever paid due obedience to the moral law,
and inculcated its precepts with powerful energy on their
disciples. Hence the doctrine of a God, the creator and
preserver of the universe, has been their firm belief in
every age ; and under the influence of that doctrine, their
conduct has been regulated through a succession of years.
The progress of knowledge and philosophy, aided by
Divine Revelation, having enlightened the minds of men
with the knowledge of the true God, and the sacred
tenets of the Christian faith, Masons have readily acqui-
esced in a religion so wisely calculated to make men
happy; but in those countries where the Gospel has not
reached, or Christianity displayed her beauties, they have
inculcated the universal religion, or the religion of Na-
ture j 26 that is, to be good men and true, by whatever
denomination or persuasion they are distinguished ; and
by thi& universal system, their conduct has always been
regulated. A cheerful compliance with the established
religion of the country in which they live, is earnestly
recommended in the assemblies of Masons ; and this
universal conformity, notwithstanding private sentiment
and opinion, is the art practised by them, which effects
25 Vide Star in the East.
86 Vide Antiquities of Freemasonry, p. 10.
OF MASONRY*
91
the laudable purpose of conciliating true friendship among
men of every persuasion, while it proves the cement of
general union.
By Masonry we are taught not to deviate from the line
of instruction in which we have been educated, or disre-
gard the principles of religion that we have originally
imbibed. Though it is our rule to suit ourselves to cir-
cumstances and situation in the character of Masons, we
are- never to forget the wise maxims of our parents, or
desert the faith* in which we have been nurtured, unless
from conviction we may be justified in making the
change ; and in effecting that change, Masonry can have
no share. 1 The tenets of the institution, therefore, inter-
fere with no particular faith, but are alike reconcilable
to all. Religious and political disputes never engage
the attention of Masons in their private seminaries : • those
points are left to the discussion and determination of
other associations for whom the theme is betted calcu-
lated ; it being a certain truth, that the wisest systems
have been more frequently injured than benefited by
religious cavil. 27
27 Notwithstanding the happiest events have arisen in many periods
of the history of the world, from the efforts of a wise, pious, learned,
and moderate clergy, seconded by the influence and authority of reli-
gious principles, whose counsels and example have always had a com-
manding power, by enabling them to do good with a facility peculiar
to themselves, it must be observed, with a generous concern, that
those efforts have not been sufficient to extinguish the unhappy spirit
of fanaticism, of whose deplorable effects almost every age has
exhibited a striking picture. Enthusiastical sects have been perpetu-
ally inventing new forms of religion in various 'countries, by working
on the passions of the ignorant and unwary, and deriving their rules
of faith and manners from the fallacious suggestions' of a warm imagi-
nation, rather than from the clear and infallible dictates of the Word
of God. One set of men has covered religion with a tawdry habit of
type' and allegory, while another has converted it into an instrument
of dissension and discord. The discerning mind, however, may easily
trace the unhappy consequences of departing from the divine sirnplicit}'
of the Gospel, and loading its pure and heavenly doctrines with the
inventions and commandments of men. The tendency of true religion
is, to strengthen the springs of government, by purifying the motives
and animating the zeal of those who govern ; to promote the virtues
which exalt a nation, by rendering its inhabitants good subjects and
true patriots, and confirming all the essential bonds and obligations of
civil society. The enemies of religion are the enemies of mankind ;
and it is the natural tendency of infidelity and licentiousness to dis-
solve the most sacred obligations, to remove tho most powerful motives
92
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page 82. Howe commethe Masonries more teachers
than odher menne ?] The answer implies that Masons,
from the nature and government of their association,
have greater opportunities than other men to improve
their talents, and therefore are allowed to be better
qualified to instruct others.
Mr. Locke's observation on Masons having the art of
finding new arts is judicious, and his explanation just.
The Fraternity have always made the study of the arts
a principal part of their private amusement: in their
assemblies, nice and difficult theories have been canvassed
and explained, new discoveries produced, and those already
known illustrated. The different classes established, the
gradual progression of knowledge communicated, and
the regularity observed throughout the whole system of
their government, are evident proofs, that those who are
initiated into the mysteries of the Masonic Art, may
discover new arts; and this knowledge is acquired by
instruction from, and familiar intercourse with, men of
genius and ability, who have, in their masonic disqui-
sitions, an opportunity of displaying their talents to
advantage on almost every important branch of science.
Page 83. What dothe the Masonries concele and
hyde ?] The answer imports, the art; of finding new
arts, 28 for their profit and praise ; and then particularizes
to virtue, and, by corrupting the principles of individuals, to poison
the sources of public order and tranquillity.
Such are the mischiefs arising from zeal and enthusiasm carried to
excess ; but when the principles of Masonry are better understood
and practised, the Fraternity will be found to be the best correctors
of misguided zeal and unrestrained licentiousness, and the ablest
supporters of every well-regulated government.
48 There can be no doubt but our ecclesiastical edifices are indebted
for their splendour to the exertions and fine taste of the Freemasons.
All our most intelligent and best informed architects and antiquaries
freely acknowledge it. Sir James Hall says, that pointed architecture
was one of the secrets of Freemasons, and originated from an imitation
of wickerwork; and that it was practised earlier in Scotland than in
England. Mr. Browne, of York, says, that the working principles of
ecclesiastical architecture were founded on schemes analogous to the
principles of the doctrine of the Trinity; and that "there is a great
probability of the schemes having, in olden times, constituted a prin-
cipal secret in the sublime degree of Freemasonry ; and that the bishops,
priests, and other distinguished personages of the Roman Catholic
Church, were nearly the sole professors of that degree ; and that they
styled the principal secret of their Order, the "Art of finding new
Arts."— (Gent. Mag., Jan., 1829.)— Editor.
OF MASONRY. 93
the different arts they carefully conceal. Mr. Locke's
remark, "That this shows too much regard for their own
society, and too little for the rest of mankind," is rather
severe, when he has before admitted the propriety of
concealing from the world what is of no real public
utility, lest, by being converted to bad uses, the conse-
quences might be prejudicial to society. By the word
praise is here meant that honour and respect to which
Masons are entitled, as the friends of science and learn-
ing, and which is absolutely necessary to give a sanction
to the wise doctrines they propagate, while their fidelity
gives them a claim to esteem, and the rectitude of their
manners demands veneration.
Of all the arts which the Masons practise, the art of
secrecy particularly distinguishes them. Taciturnity is
a proof of wisdom, and is allowed to be of the utmost
importance in the different transactions of life. The best
writers have declared it to be an art of inestimable value ;
and that it is agreeable to the Deity himself may be easily
conceived from the glorious example which he gives, in
concealing from mankind the secrets of his providence.
The wisest of men cannot pry into the arcana of heaven;
nor can they divine to-day what to-morrow may bring
forth.
Many instances might be adduced from history to show
the high veneration which was paid to the art of secrecy 29
by the ancients. Pliny informs us, that Anaxarchus,
being imprisoned with a view to extort from him some
secrets with which he had been entrusted, and dreading
lest exquisite torture might induce him to betray his
trust, bit his tongue in the middle, and threw it into the
face of Nicocreon, the tyrant of Cyprus. — No torments
could make the servants of Plancus betray the secrets of
their master ; they encountered every pain with fortitude,
and strenuously supported their fidelity, amidst the most
severe tortures, till death put a period to their sufferings.
— The Athenians bowed to a statue of brass, which was
represented without a tongue, to denote secrecy. — The
Egyptians worshipped Harpocrates, the god of silence,
*• Vide Clem. Alex., Strom. 2. Lucian Demon.— Meurs Eleus., c.
20. Suidas, voc. diayo$a$ 6 MrjXios, &c Si quis arcana? mysteria
Cereris sacra vulg&6set, lege morti addicebatur. — Editor.
94
ILLUSTRATIONS
who was always represented holding his finger at his
mouth. 30 — The Romans had their goddess of silence,
named Angerona, to whom they offered worship. — Ly-
curgus, the celebrated lawgiver, as well as Pythagoras,
the great scholar, particularly recommended this virtue;
especially the last, who, as we have before observed,
kept his disciples silent during five years, that they might
learn the valuable secrets he had to communicate unto
them. This evinces that he deemed secrecy the rarest
as well as the noblest art. 31
30 Hence, probably, originated the expression of" Under the Rose;"
for the rose was the symbol of silence in ancient times. Lemnius and
others have recorded that it was the flower of Venus, which Cupid
consecrated unto Harpocrates, the god of silence, *nd was, therefore,
an emblem thereof, to conceal the pranks of this mischievons little
urchin, as is declared in this tetrastich, —
Est Rosa floe Veneris, cujns qud facta laterent, f
Harpocrati matris, dona dicarit amor ;
Inde rosam mensis hospea suspendit amicifl,
Convive ut sub ea dicta tacenda sciant.
* Vide Brown's Vulg. Err., b. 5, c 22.-- Editor*
81 The following story is related by a Roman historian (Aulus
Gellius), which, as it may be equally pleasing and instructive, we shall
insert at full length.
" The senators of Rome had ordained, that, during their consultations
in the senate-house, each senator should be permitted to bring his son
with him, who was to depart, if occasion required; but this favour
was not general, being restricted only to the sons of noblemen ; who,
in those days, were tutored from their infancy in the virtueof secrecy,
and thereby qualified, in their riper years, to discharge the most
important offices of government with fidelity and wisdom. About
this time it happened that the senators met on a very important case,
and the affair requiring mature deliberation, they were detained longer
than usual in the senate-house, and the conclusion of their determina-
tion was adjourned to the following day; each member engaging, in
the mean time, to keep secret the proceedings of the meeting. Among
other noblemen's sons who attended on the occasion, was the son of
the grave Papyrus — a family of great renown and splendour. This
youth was no less remarkable for the extent of his genius, than for
the prudence of his deportment. On his return home, his mother,
anxious to know what important case had been debated in the senate
that day, which had detained the senators so long beyond the usual
hour, entreated him to relate the particulars. The noble and virtuous
youth told her it was a business not in his power to reveal, he being
solemnly enjoined to silence. On hearing this, her importunities were
more earnest, and her inquiries more minutel By fair speeches and
entreaties, with liberal promises, she endeavoured to break open this
little casket of secrecy; but these proving ineffectual, she adopted
rigorous measures, and had recourse to. stripes and violent threats ;
being determined that force should extort what lenity could not
effect. The youth, finding his mother's threats to be very harsh, but
OF MASONRY.
95
Mr. Locke has made several judicious observations on
the answer which is given to the question here proposed.
His being in the dark concerning the meaning of the
faculty of Abrac, I am not surprised at, nor can I con-
her stripes more severe, with a noble and heroic spirit, thus endeavoured
to relieve her anxiety, without violating his fidelity :
" 'Madam, you may well blame the senate for their long sitting; at
least, for presuming to call in question a case so truly impertinent :
except the wives of the senators are allowed to consult on it, there can
be no hope of a conclusion. I speak this only from my own opinion :
I know their gravity will easily confound my juvenile apprehensions ;
yet. whether nature or duty instructs me to do so, I cannot tell. It
seems necessary to them, for the increase of people, and the public
good, that every senator should be allowed two wives ; or otherwise,
their wives two husbands. I shaljl hardly incline to call, under one
roof, two men by the name of father ; I would rather with cheerfulness
salute two women by the name of mother. This is the question,
Madam, and to-morrow it is to be determined.'
"His mother, hearing this, and he seeming unwilling to reveal it,
she took it for an infallible truth. Her blood was quickly fired, and
rage ensued. Without inquiring any further into the merits of the
case, she immediately despatched messengers to all the other ladies
and matrons of Rome, to acquaint them with the weighty affair under
deliberation in the senate, which so nearly concerned the peace and
welfare of their whole lives. The melancholy news soon spread a
general alarm, and many conjectures were formed. The ladies, re-
solved to give their assistance in the decision of this weighty point,
immediately assembled. Headed by young Papjgrus's mother, next
morning they proceeded to the senate-house ; and though it is
remarked, that a parliament of women is seldom governed by one
speaker, yet, the affair being urgent, the haste pertinent, and the case
(on their behalf) of the utmost consequence, the revealing woman
must speak for all the rest. It was agreed that she should insist on
the necessity of the concurrence of the senators' wives to the deter-
mination of a law in which they were so particularly interested.
When, they came to the door of the senate-house, such a noise was
made for admission to sit with their husbands in this grand consulta-
tion, that all Rome seemed to be in an uproar. Their business, how-
ever, must be known before they could gain an a idience. This being
complied with, and their admission granted, such an elaborate oration
was made by the female speaker on the occasion, in behalf of her sex,
as astonished the whole senators. She requested, that the matter
might not be hastily determined, but be seriously canvassed, according
to justice and equity; and expressed the determined resolutions of
herself and her sisters, to oppose a measure so unconstitutional as that
of permitting one husband to have two wives, who could scarcely
please one. She proposed in the name of her sisters, as the most
effectual way of peopling the state, that if any alteration were to be
made in the established custom of Rome, women might be permitted
to have two husbands. The senators being informed of Papyrus's
scheme to preserve his reputation, and the riddle being publicly solved,
the ladies were greatly confounded, and departed with blushing cheeks
96
ILLUSTRATION S
ceive how he could otherwise be. Abrac is an abbre-
viation of the word Abracadabra. In the days of
ignorance and superstition, that word had a magical
signification ; but the explanation of it is now lost. 32
while the noble youth, who had proved himself worthy of his trust
was highly commended for his fidelity. To avoid a like tumult in
future, it was resolved, that the custom of introducing the sons of
senators should be abolished. Papyrus, however, on account of his
attachment to his word, and his discreet policy, was excepted from
this restriction, and ever afterwards freely admitted into the senate-
house, where many honours were conferred upon him."
The virtue and fidelity of young Papyrus are, indeed, worthy of
imitation ; but the Masons have still a more glorious example, in their
own body, of a brother, accomplished in every art, who, rather than
forfeit his honour, or betray his trust, fell a sacrifice to the cruel hand
of a barbarous assassin.
32 Mr. Hutchinson, in his ingenious treatise, entitled The Spirit of
Masonry, gives the following explanation of the word Abrac ; which,
as it is curious, I shall here insert in that gentleman's own words:
"Abrac, or Abracar, was a name which Basilides, a religious of
the second century, gave to God ; who, he said, was the author of
three hundred and sixty-five.
"The author of this superstition is said to have lived in the time of
Adrian, and that it had its name after Abrasan, or Abraxas, the
denomination which BasHides gave to the Deity. He called him the
Supreme God, and ascribed to him seven subordinate powers or angels,
who presided over the heavens : and also, according to the number of
the days in the yefr, held, that three hundred and sixty-five virtues,
powers, or intelligences, existed as the emanations of God ; the value,
or numerical distinction of the letters in the word, according to the
ancient Greek numerals, made 365.
A B P A X A S
1 2 100 1 60 1 200
B Among Antiquaries, Abraxas is an antique gem, or stone, with the
word Abraxas engraved on it. There are a great many kinds of them,
of various figures and sizes, mostly as old as the third century.
Persons professing the religious principles of Basilides wore this gem
with great veneration as an amulet, from whose virtues, and the
protection of the Deity, to whom it was consecrated, and with whose
name it was inscribed, the wearer derived health, prosperity, and
safety.
"There is deposited in the British Museum such a gem, which is a
bestf stone, of the form of an egg. The head is in cameo, the reverse
in intaglio.
" In church history, Abrax is noted as a mystical term, expressing
the Supreme God ; under whom the Basilidians supposed three hun-
dred and sixty-five dependent deities ; it was the principle of the
Gnostic hierarchy, whence sprang their multitudes of thaaons. From
Abraxas proceeded their Primogenial Mind; from the primogenial
mind, the Logons, or Word; from the Logos, the Phron^sis, or Pru-
dence; from the Phronaesis, Sophia and Dynamis, or Wisdom and
Strength; from these two proceeded Principalities, Powers, and
OF MASONRY.
97
Our celebrated annotator has taken no notice of the
Masons having the art of working miracles, and foresaying
things to come. But this was certainly not the least
important . of their doctrines; hence astrology was
admitted as one of the arts which they taught, and
the study of it was warmly recommended in former
times.
The ancient philosophers applied with unwearied dili-
gence to discover the aspects, magnitudes, distances,
motions, and revolutions of the heavenly bodies; and
according to the discoveries they made, pretended to
foretel future events, and to determine concerning the
secrets of Providence. This study afterwards became a
regular science. 33
Angels ; and from these, other angels, to the number of three hundred
and sixty-five, who were supposed to have the government of so many
celestial orbs committed to their care."
83 Astrology, however vain and delusive in itself, has certainly
proved extremely useful to mankind, by promoting the excellent science
of astronomy. The vain hope of reading the fates of men, and the
success of their designs, has been one of the strongest motives to induce
them, in all countries, to an attentive observation of the celestial
bodies; whence they have been taught to measure time, mark the
duration of seasons, and regulate the operations of Agriculture.
The science of astrology, which is nothing more than the study of
Nature, aaid the knowledge of the secret virtues of the heavens, is
founded on Scripture, and confirmed by reason and experience. Moses
tells us that the sun, moon, and stars, were placed in the firmament to
be for signs as well as for seasons. We find the Deity thus addressing
Job, "Canst thou bind the sweet influences of the Pleiades, or loose
the bands of Orion ?" We are instructed in the book of Judges, that
" they fought from heaven ; the stars in their courses fought against
Sisera." The ancient philosophers were unanimous in the same
opinion ; and, among the moderns, we may cite Lord Bacon, and
several others, as giving it a sanction. Milton thus expresses himself
on the subject :
Of planetary notions and aspects
In textile, square, and trine, and opposite,
Of noxious efficacy, and when to join
In synod unbenign, and taught the fixed
Their influence malignant when to shower, &c.
It is well known, that inferior animals, and even birds and reptiles,
have a foreknowledge of futurity ; and surely Nature never intended to
withhold from man those favours which she has so liberally bestowed
on the raven, the cat, and the sow. No; the aches in our limbs, and
the shootings of our corns, before a tempest or a shower, evince the
contrary. Man, who is a microcosm, or world in miniature, unites in
himself all the powers and qualities which are scattered throughout
Nature, and discerns from certain signs the future contingencies of his
98
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page 83. Wylle he teche me thay same artes?] By
the answer to this question, we learn the necessary
qualifications which are required in a candidate for Ma-
sonry — a good character, and an able capacity.
Page 84. Dothe all Maeonnes kunne more then odher
menne ?] The answer only implies, that Masons have a
better opportunity than the rest of mankind to improve
in useful knowledge ; though a want of capacity in some,
and of application in others, obstructs the progress of
many.
Page 84. Are Maeonnes gudder men then odjiers?]
Masons are not understood to be, collectively, more
virtuous in their lives and actions than other men ; but
it is an undoubted fact, that a strict conformity to the
rules of the profession may make them better men than
they otherwise would be.
Page 84. Dothe Maconnes love eidher odher mygh-
tylye as beeth sayde ?] The answer to this question is
truly great, and is judiciously remarked upon by the
learned annotator.
By the answers to the three last questions, the objec-
tions of cavillers against Masonry are amply refuted; the
excellency of the institution is displayed ; and every cen-
sure against it, on account of the transgressions of its
professors, entirely removed. A bad man, if his character
be known, can never be enrolled in our records; and
should we be unwarily led to receive an improper object,
then our endeavours are exerted to reform him : so that,
by being a Mason, it is probable he may become a better
subject to his sovereign, and a more valuable member of
being. Finding his way through the palpable obscure to the visible
diurnal and nocturnal sphere, he marks the presages and predictions
of his happiness or misery. The mysterious and recondite doctrine
of sympathies in Nature, is admirably illustrated from the sympathy
between the moon and the sea; by which the waters of the ocean are,
in a certain though inconceivable manner, drawn after that luminary.
In these celestial and terrestrial sympathies, there is no doubt that the
vegetable soul of the world transfers a specific virtue from the heavens
to the elements, to animals, and to man. If the moon alone rules the
world of waters, what effects must the combination of solar, stellar,
and lunar influences have upon the land? In short, it is universally
confessed, that astrology is the mother of astronomy ; and though the
daughter may have rebelled against the mother, it has long been pre-
dicted and expected that the venerable authority of the parent would
Drevail in the end.
OF MASONRY.
99
society, than he would have done had he not been in the
way of those advantages.
To conclude, Mr. Locke's observations on the whole
of this curious manuscript deserve a serious and careful
examination ; and though he was not at the time one of
the Brotherhood, he seems pretty clearly to have com-
prehended the value and importance of the system which
he endeavoured to illustrate. We may, therefore, fairly
conjecture, that the favourable opinion which he con-
ceived of the society of Masons before his admission,
was sufficiently confirmed after his initiation.
100
ILLUSTRATIONS
BOOK IV.
THE HISTORY OF MASONRY IN ENGLAND, AC.
SECTION I.
Masonry early introduced into England. — Account of the
Druids. — Progress of Masonry in England under the
Romans. — Masons highly favoured by St. Alban.
The history of Britain, previous to the invasion of the
Romans, is so mixed with fable, as not to afford any
satisfactory account, either of the original inhabitants of
the island, or of the arts practised by them. It appears,
however, from the writings of the best historians, that
they were not destitute of genius or taste; and there are
yet in being the remains of some stupendous works exe-
cuted by them much earlier than the time of the Romans;
which, though defaced by time, display no small share
of ingenuity, and are convincing proofs that the science
of Masonry was not unknown even in those rude ages.
The Druids retained among them many usages similar
to those of Masons; 1 but of what they consisted, at this
remote period, we cannot with certainty discover. In
conformity to the ancient practices of the Fraternity,
we learn that they held their assemblies in woods and
groves, 2 and observed the most impenetrable secrecy in
1 A full description of the Druidical ceremonies may be found in
the History of Initiation, by the Editor.
2 These sacred groves were usually of oak, but, in Arabia, some of
the tribes worshipped the Acacia. " A tree," says Sale, in his pre-
liminary discourse to the Koran (sec. 1), "called the Egyptian thorn,
or acacia, was worshipped by the tribes of Ghatf&n, under the name
of Al Uzza, first consecrated by one Dh&lem, who built a chapel over
it, called Boss, so contrived as to give a sound when any person en-
tered. Kh&led Ebn Walid being sent by Mohammed, in the eighth
OF MASONRY.
101
their principles and opinions ; a circumstance which we
have reason to regret, as these, being known only to
themselves, must have perished with them.
The Druids were the priests of the Britons, Gauls,
and other Celtic nations, and were divided into three
classes : the Bards, who were poets and musicians, formed
the first class; the Vates, who were priests and physi-
ologists, composed the second class ; and the third class
consisted of -the Druids, who added moral philosophy to
the study of physiology.
As study and speculation were the favourite pursuits
of those- philosophers, it has been suggested that they
chiefly derived their "System of government from Pytha-
goras. Many of his tenets and doctrines seem to have
been adopted by them. In their private retreats, they
entered into a disquisition of the origin, laws, and proper-
ties of matter, the form and magnitude of the universe,
and even ventured to explore the most sublime and
hidden secrets of Nature. On these subjects they formed
a variety of hypotheses, which they delivered to their
disciples in verse, in order that they might be more easily
retained in memory; and administered an oath not to
commit them to writing.
In this manner the Druids communicated their particu-
lar tenets and concealed under the veil of mystery every
branch of useful knowledge ; 3 which tended to secure to
cutting down this tree, or image, burnt it; he also slew the priestess,
who ran out, with her hair dishevelled, and her hands on her head, as
a suppliant. The name of this deity is derived from the root azza,
and signifies Most Mighty." — Editor..
3 The Druids, however, had many superstitious usages, somewhat
allied to sorcery, which were practised to overawe the people, and
keep them in a state of abject subjection. What the precise nature
of these practices was, we are not correctly informed ; but some idea
may be gathered from the following superstitions, still used in many
parts of this kingdom, which are justly referred to Druidical origin.
"Many superstitions," I quote from the Introduction to Meyrick's
Cardigan, " grew into importance, from the peculiarity of some cere-
monies; such as cutting the mistletoe with a golden hook by the
presiding Druid; the gathering of the cowslip and other plants, con-
secrated to the power of healing. The autumnal fire is still kindled
in North Wales, being on the eve of the tirst day of November, and is
attended by many ceremonies, such as running through the fire and
smoke, each casting a stone into the fire, and all running off at the
conclusion, to escape from the black, short-tailed sow; then supping
iiTion narsnins. nuts n.nfl finnl^s; nn.tr.hiiio- im hji annle. fiUSDCnded b\ T
102
ILLUSTRATIONS
their order universal admiration and respect, while the
religious instructions propagated by them were every
where received with reverence and submission. They
were entrusted with the education of youth ; and from
their seminaries issued many curious and valuable pro-
ductions. As judges of law they determined all causes,
ecclesiastical and civil ; as tutors, they taught philoso-
phy, astrology, politics, rites, and ceremonies; and as
bards, in their songs they recommended the -heroic deeds
of great men to the imitation of posterity.
To enlarge on the usages that prevailed among those
ancient philosophers, on which we can offer at best but
probable conjectures, would be a needless waste of time ;
we shall therefore leave the experienced Mason to make
his own reflections on the affinity of their practices to the
rites established among the Fraternity, 4 and proceed to a
disquisition of other particulars and occurrences, which
are better authenticated, and of more importance.
On the arrival of the Romans in Britain, arts and sci-
ences began to flourish. According to the progress of
civilization, Masonry rose into esteem; hence we find
that Caesar, and several of the Roman generals who
succeeded him in the government of this island, ranked
themselves as patrons and protectors of the Craft. At
this period, the Fraternity were employed in erecting
walls, forts, bridges, cities, temples-, palaces, courts of
justice, and other stately works; but history is silent
respecting their mode of government, and affords no
information with regard to the usages and customs preva-
lent among them. Their lodges or conventions were
regularly held ; but being open only to the initiated, the
a string, with the mouth alone, and the same by an apple with a tub
of water; each throwing a nut into the fire, and those that burn
bright betoken prosperity to the owners through the following year,
but those that burn black, and crackle, denote misfortune. On the
following mornings the stones are searched for in the fire, and if any
be missing they betide ill to those who threw them in. Another
remnant of Druidical superstition, with which we are well acquainted,
as practised all over England, is the gathering of the mistletoe at
Christmas; and many others, such as dancing round the Maypole.
&a, may be traced to the aberrations from their original doctrines.''
■ — Editor.
4 A careful perusal of my History of Initiation, compared with the
former part of the present work, will satisfactorily determine this
nninf — PlnimD
OF MASONRY.
103
legal restraints they were under prevented the public
communication of their private transactions.
The wars which afterwards broke out between the
conquerors and conquered considerably obstructed the
progress of Masonry in Britain, so that it continued in a
very low state till the time of the Emperor Carausius,
by whom it was revived under his own immediate aus-
pices. Having shaken off the Eoman yoke, he contrived
the most effectual means to render his person and govern-
ment acceptable to the people ; and, by assuming the
character of a Mason, he- acquired the love and esteem
of the most enlightened part of his subjects. He pos-
sessed real merit, encouraged learning and learned men,
and improved the country in the civil arts. In order to
establish an empire in Britain, he brought into his domini-
ons the best workmen and artificers from all parts ; all
of whom, under his auspices, enjoyed peace and tranquil-
lity. Among the first class of his favourites he enrolled
the Masons: for their tenets he professed the highest
veneration, and appointed Albanus, his steward, the
principal superintendent of their assemblies. Under his
patronage, lodges and conventions of the Fraternity were
formed, and the rites of Masonry regularly practised.
To enable the Masons to hold a general council to estab-
lish their own government, and correct errors among
themselves, he granted to them a charter, and commanded
Albanus to preside over them in person as Grand Master.
This worthy knight proved a zealous friend to the Craft,
and assisted at the initiation of many persons into the
mysteries of the Order. To this council the name of
Assembly was afterwards given. 5
Albanus was born at Verulam (now St. Alban's, ir
5 An old MS. which was destroyed, with many others, in 1720, saic
to have been in the possession of Nicholas Stone, a curious sculptoi
under Inigo Jones, contained the following particulars:
" St. Alban loved Masons well, and cherished them much, and made
their pay right good ; for he gave them ijs. per weeke, and mjd. tc
their cheer j* whereas, before that time, in all the land, a Mason had
but a penny a-day, and his meat, until St. Alban mended it. And he
gott them a charter from the King and his counsell for to hold a
general counsell, and gave itt to name Assemblie. Thereat he was
himselfe, and did helpe to make Masons, and gave them good charges."
* A MS., written in the reign of James II., before cited in this volume (p. 58), containa
an account of this circumstance, and increases the weokly pay to 3*. Qd. and Zd, a-dajr
for the bearers of burdens.
104
ILLUSTRATIONS
Hertfordshire), of a noble family. In his youth he travel
led to Rome, where he served seven years under the
Emperor Diocletian. On his return home, by the exam-
ple and persuasion of Amphibalus of Caerleon (now
Chester), who had accompanied him in his travels, he
was converted to the Christian faith ; and, in the tenth
and last persecution of the Christians, was beheaded a.d.
303.
St. Alban was the first who suffered martyrdom for the
Christian religion in Britain, of which the Venerable
Bede gives the following account: — The Roman governor
having been informed that St. Alban harboured a Chris-
tian in his house, sent a party of soldiers to apprehend
Amphibalus. St. Alban immediately put on the habit
of his guest, 6 and presented himself to the officers.
Being carried before a magistrate, he behaved w T ith such
manly freedom, and so powerfully supported the cause
of his friend, that he not only incurred the displeasure
of the judge, but brought upon himself the punishment
above specified.
The old Constitutions affirm, that St. Alban was
employed by Carausius, to environ the city of Verulam
with a wall, and to build for him a splendid palace ; and
that to reward his diligence in executing these works,
the Emperor appointed him steward of his household,
and chief ruler of the realm. However this may be,
from the corroborating testimonies of ancient historians,
we are assured that this knight was a celebrated archi-
tect, and a real encourager of able workmen; it cannot,
therefore, be supposed that Freemasonry would be neg-
lected under so eminent a patron.
6 The garment which Alban wore upon this occasion was called a
Caracalla ; it was a kind of cioke with a cowl, resembling the vest-
ineut of the Jewish priests. Walsingham relates, that it was preserved
in si large chest in the church of Ely, which was opened in the reign
of Edward II., a.d. 1314; and Thomas Rudburn, another writer of
filial authority, confirms this relation; and adds, that there was
found, with his garment, an old writing in these words : t; This is the
Caracalla of St. Amphibalus. the monk and preceptor of St. Alban; in
which that proto-martyr of England suffered death, under the cruel
persecution of Diocletian against the Christians "
OF MASONRY.
105
SECTION II.
History of Masonry in England under St. Austin, King
Alfred, Edward, Athelstane, Edgar, Edward the Confessor
William the Conqueror, Henry L, Stephen, and Henry II.
and also under the Knights Templars.
After the departure of the Romans from Britain,
Masonry made but a slow progress, and was almost
totally neglected, on account of the irruptions of the
Picts and Scots, which obliged the southern inhabitants
of -the island to solicit the assistance of the Saxons, in
order to repel these invaders. As the Saxons increased,
the native Britons sunk into obscurity, and -ere long
yielded the superiority to their protectors, acknowledging
their sovereignty and jurisdiction. These rough and igno-
rant heathens, despising every thing but war, soon put
a finishing stroke to all the remains of ancient learning
which had escaped the fury of the Picts and Scots. They
continued their depredations with unrestrained rigour,
till the arrival of some pious teachers from Wales and
Scotland; when, many of these savages being reconciled
to Christianity, Masonry got into repute, and lodges were
again formed ; 7 but these, being under the direction of
foreigners, were seldom convened, and. never attained to
any degree of consideration or importance.
Masonry continued in a declining state till the year
557, when Austin, with forty more monks, among whom
the sciences had been preserved, came into England.
Austin was commissioned by Pope Gregory to baptize
Ethelbert, king of Kent, who appointed him the first
archbishop of Canterbury, This monk and his associates
propagated the principles of Christianity among the in-
habitants of Britain; and by their influence, in little
more than sixty years, all the kings of the Heptarchy
were converted. Masonry flourished under the patronage
of Austin, and many foreigners came into England, who
introduced the Gothic style of building. Austin seems
to have been a zealous encourager of architecture, and
appeared at the head of the Fraternity in founding the
old cathedral of Canterbury in 600, and the cathedral of
"17 Q/k ~ OA
106
ILLUSTRATIONS
Rochester in 602; St. Paul's, London, in 604; St. Peter's,
Westminster, in 605 ; and many others. 8 Several places
and castles were built under his auspices, as well as other
fortifications on the borders of the kingdom, which very
considerably increased the number of Masons in England.
Some expert brethren, who had arrived from France in
6S0, formed themselves into a Lodge under the direction
of Bennet, Abbot of Wirral, who was soon after appointed
by Kenred, king of Mercia, inspecter of the loages, and
general superintendent of the Masons.
During the Heptarchy, Masonry continued in a low
state ; but in the year 856, it revived under the patronage
of St. Swithin, who was employed by Ethelwolph, the
Saxon kigg, to repair some pious houses; and from. that
time it gradually improved till the reign of Alfred, a.d.
872 ; when, in the person of that prince, it found a zeal-
ous protector.
Masonry has generally kept pace with the progress of
learning; the patrons and encouragers of the latter having
been most remarkable for cultivating and promoting the
former. No prince studied more to polish and improve
the understandings of his subjects than Alfred, 9 and no
one ever proved a better friend to Masoniy. By his in-
defatigable assiduity in the pursuit of knowledge, his
example had powerful influence in reforming the dissolute
and barbarous manners of his people.
As this prince was not negligent in giving encourage-
ment to the mechanical arts, Masonry claimed a great
part of his attention. He invited, from all quarters,
8 See the Monasticon Anglicanum.
9 Hume, in his History of England, relates the following particulars
of this celebrated prince :
" Alfred usually divided his time into three equal portions : one was
employed in sleep, and the refection of his body by diet and exercise ;
another, in the despatch of business ; and a third in study and devo-
tion. That he might more exactly measure the hours, he made use
of burning tapers of equal lengths, which he fixed in lanterns; an
expedient suited to that rude age, when the art of describing sun-dials,
and the mechanism of clocks and watches, were totalty unknown. By
this regular distribution of time, though he often laboured under great
bodily infirmities, this martial hero, who fought in person fifty-six
battles by sea and land^ was able, during a life of no extraordinary
length, to acquire more knowledge, and even to compose more books,
than most studious men, blessed with greatei leisure and application^
have done in more fortunate ao^es "
OP MASONRY.
107
industrious foreigners to repeople his country, which had
been desolated by the ravages of the Danes, and introduced
and encouraged manufactures of all kinds among them.
No inventor or improver, of any ingenious art, did he
suffer to go unrewarded ; and he appropriated a seventh
part of his revenue to maintain a number of workmen,
whom he constantly employed in rebuilding his ruined
cities, castles, palaces, and monasteries. The University
of Oxford was founded by him.
On the death of Alfred in 900, Edward succeeded to
the throne ; during whose reign the Masons continued tc
hold their Lodges under the sanction of Ethred, his sis-
ter's husband, and Ethelward, his brother, to whom the
care of the Fraternity had been intrusted. Ethelward
was a prince of great learning, and an able architect : he
founded the University of Cambridge.
Edward died- in 924, and was succeeded by Athelstane
his son, who appointed his brother Edwin patron of the
Masons. This prince procured a charter from Athelstane,
empowering them to meet annually in communication
at York ; where the first Grand Lodge of England was
formed in 926, at which Edwin presided as Grand Master.
Here, many old writings were produced in Greek, Latin,
and other languages, from which the Constitutions of the
English Lodges are derived. 10
10 A record of the society, written in the reign of Edward IV., said
to have been in the possession of the famous Elias Ashmole, founder
of the Museum at Oxford, and which was unfortunately destroyed
with other papers on the subject of Masonry, at the Revolution, gives
the following account of the state of Masonry at this period :
" That, though the ancient records of the Brotherhood in England
were many of them destroyed, or lost in the wars of the Saxons and
Danes, yet King Athelstane (the grandson of King Alfrede the Great,
a mighty architect), the first anointed king of England, and who
translated the Holy Bible into the Saxon tongue (a.d. 930), when he
had brought the land into rest and peace, built many great works, and
encouraged many Masons from France, who were appointed overseers
thereof, and brought with them the charges and regulations of the
Lodges, preserved since the Roman times; who also .prevailed with
the king to improve the constitution of the English Lodges according
to the foreign model, and to increase the wages of working Masons.
"That the said king's brother, Prince Edwin, being taught Masonry,
and taking upon him the charges of a Master Mason, for the love he
had to the said Craft, and the honourable principles whereon it is
grounded, purchased a free charter of King Athelstane for the Masons
navinc a ciirrcntinn '» m An & fhomcplviaa /ns it was an^i^ntlv pxnressed^
108
ILLUSTRATIONS
Athelstane kept his court for some time at York, where
he received several embassies from foreign princes, with
rich presents of various kinds. He was loved, honoured,
and admired by all the princes of Europe, who courted
his friendship and alliance. He was a mild sovereign, a
kind brother, and a true friend. The only blemish which
historians find in his whole reign, is the supposed murder
or a freedom and power to regulate themselves, to amend what might
happen amiss, and to hold a yearly communication and general assem
bly.
" That, accordingly, Prince Edwin summoned all the Masons in the
realm to meet him in a congregation at York, who came and composed
a general Lodge, of which he was Grand Master; and having brought
with them all the writings and records extant, some in Greek, some
in Latin, some in French, and other languages, from the contents
thereof that assembly did frame the Constitution and Charges of an
English Lodge, made a law to preserve and observe the same in all time
coming, and ordained good pay for working Masons," &c.
From this era we date the re-establishment of Freemasonry in
England. There is at present a Grand Lodge of Masons in the city
of York, who trace their existence from this period. By virtue
of Edwin's charter, it is said, all the Masons in the realm were con-
vened at a general assembly in that city, where they established a
general or grand Lodge for their future government. Under the
patronage and jurisdiction of this Grand Lodge, it is alleged, the Fra-
ternity considerably increased ; and kings, princes, and other eminent
persons who had been initiated into Masonry, paid due allegiance to
that Grand Assembly. But, as the events of the times were various
and fluctuating, that assembly was more or less respectable ; and, in
proportion as Masonry obtained encouragement, it's influence was more
or less extensive. The appellation of Ancient York Masons is well
known in Ireland and Scotland ; and the universal tradition is, that the
brethren of that appellation originated at Auldby near York. This
carries with it some marks of confirmation ; for Auldby was the seat
of Edwin.
There is every reason to believe that York was deemed the original
seat of masonic government in this country ; no other place has pre-
tended to claim it; and the whole Fraternity have, at various times,
universally acknowledged allegiance to the authority established there :
but whether the present association in that city be entitled to the alle-
giance, is a subject of inquiry which it is not my province to investi-
gate. To that assembly recourse must be had for information. Thus
much, however, is certain, that if a General Assembly or Grand Lodge
was held there, (of which there is little doubt, if we can rely on our
records arid constitutions, as it is said to have existed there in Queen
Elizabeth's time,) there is no evidence of its regular removal to any
other place in the kingdom ; and upon that ground, the brethren at
York ma}- probably claim the privilege of associating in that character.
A number of respectable meetings of the Fraternity appear to have
been convened at sundry times in different parts of England ; but we
turn r»nrmr»t fivirl on intttnnrv* nn rPiwrH till n vpitt lata nprirnl nf «i
OF MASONRY.
109
of his brother Edwin. This youth, who was distinguished
for his virtues, having died two years before his brother,
a false report was spread, of his being wrongfully put to
death by him. But this is so improbable in itself, so
inconsistent with the character of Athelstane, and, indeed,
so slenderly attested, as to be undeserving a place in
history. 11
general meeting (so called) being held in any other place beside
York.
To understand this matter more clearly, it may be necessary to
advert to the original institution of that assembly called a General or
Grand Lodge, It was not then restricted, as it is now understood
to be, to the Masters and Wardens of private Lodges, with the Grand
Master and his wardens at their head ; it consisted of as many of the
Fraternity at large^ as, being within a convenient distance, could at-
tend, once or twice in a year, under the auspices of one general head,
who was elected and installed at one of these meetings ; and who, for
the time being, received homage as the sole governor of the whole
body. The idea of confining the privileges of Masonry, by a warrant
of constitution, to certain individuals convened on certain days at
certain places, had then no existence. There was but one family
among Masons, and every Mason was a branch of that family. It is
true, the privileges of the different degrees of the Order always cen-
tred in certain members of the Fraternity who, according to their
advancement in the art, were authorized by the ancient charges to
assemble in, hold, and rule Lodges, at their will and discretion, in such
places as best suited their convenience, and when so assembled, to
receive pupils and deliver instructions in the Art; but all the tribute
from these individuals, separately and collectively, rested ultimately in
the General Assembly, to which all the fraternity might repair, and to
whose award all were bound to pay submission.
11 The excellent writer of the life of King Athelstane* has given so
clear and so perfect a view of this event, that the reader cannot receive
greater satisfaction than in that author's own words:
t; The business of Edwin's death is a point the most obscure in the
story of this king ; and to say the truth, not one even of our best his-
torians hath written clearly, or with due attention, concerning it. The
fact, as commonly received, is this : The king, suspecting his younger
brother, Edwin, of designing to deprive him of his crown, caused him,
notwithstanding his protestations of innocency, to be put on board a
leaky ship, with his armour-bearer and page. The young prince, un-
ible to bear the severity of the weather and want of food, desperately
irowned himself. Some time after, the king's cup-bearer, who had been
the chief cause of this act of cruelty, happened, as he was serving the
king at table, to trip with one foot, but recovering himself with the
other, ' See,' said he, pleasantly. ' how brothers afford each other help;'
which striking the king with the remembrance of what himself had
done, in taking off Edwin, who might have helped him in his wars, he
caused that business to be more thoroughly examined ; and finding
110 ILLUSTRATIONS
' The activity and princely conduct of Edwin qualified
him, in every respect, to preside over the Masons whc
were employed under him in repairing and building
many churches and superb edifices, which had been
destroyed by the ravages of the Danes, and other invad-
ers, not only in the city of York, but at Beverley, and
other places.
On the death of Edwin, Athelstane undertook in
person the direction of the Lodges ; and under his sanc-
tion the art of Masonry was propagated in peace and
security.
When Athelstane died, the Masons dispersed, and the
Lodges continued in a very unsettled state till the reign
his brother had been falsely accused, caused his cup-bearer to be put
to a cruel death, endured himself seven years' sharp penance, and
built the two monasteries of Middle ton and Michelness, to atone for
this base and bloody act."*
Dr. Howel, speaking of this story, treats it as if very indifferently
founded, and, on, that account, unworthy of credit.f Simeon of Dur-
ham and the Saxon Chronicle say no more than that Edwin was
drowned by his brother's command in the year 9334 Brompton
places it in the first, or, at farthest, in the second year of his reign :
and he tells us the story of the rotten ship, and of his punishing the
cup-bearer.§ William of Malmsbury, who is very circumstantial, says
he only tells us what he heard :|| but Matthew the Flower-gatherer
stamps the whole down as an indubitable truth. Yet these discordant
dates are not to be accounted for. If he was drowned in the second
he could not be alive in the tenth year of the king ; the first is the
more probable date, because about that time there certainly was a
conspiracy against King Athelstane, in order to dethrone him, and put
out his eyes ; yet he did not put the author of it to death ; is it likely,
then, that he should order his brother to be thrown into the sea upon
bare suspicion ? But the reader must remember, that we cite the same
historians who have told us this story to prove that Athelstane was
unanimously acknowledged king, his brethren being too young to
govern ; one would think, then, that they could not be old enough to
sonspire. If we take the second date, the whole story is destroyed ;
the king could not do seven years' penance, for he did not live so long ;
and as for the tale of the cup-bearer, and his stumbling at the king's
table, the same story is told of Earl Godwin, who murdered the bro-
ther of Edward the Confessor. Lastly, nothing is clearer from his-
tory, than that Athelstane was remarkably kind to his brothers and
sisters, for whose sakes he lived single, and therefore his brother had
less temptation to conspire against him.
* Speed's Chronicle, book vii., chap. 38.
t Gen. Hist., P. iv.. c. 2., s. 10.
\ Simeon Dunelm, jp. 154. Ohron, Saxon, p. 11L,
§ Chronicon.. p. 828.
1 Da Guest R. A. lib. ii.
OF MASONRY.
Ill
of Edgar in 960, when the Fraternity were again col-
lected by St. Dunstan, under whose auspices they were
employed on some pious structures ; but it does not
appear that they met with any permanent encourage-
ment.
After Edgar's death, Masonry remained in a low con-
dition upwards of fifty years. In 1041, it revived under
the patronage of Edward the Confessor, who superin-
tended the execution of several great works. He rebuilt
Westminster Abbey, assisted by Leofrick, Earl of Coven-
try, whom he appointed to superintend the Masons.
The Abbey of Coventry, and many other structures, were
finished by this accomplished architect.
William the Conqueror having acquired the crown of
England in 1066, he appointed Gundulph, Bishop of
Rochester, and Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrews-
bury, joint patrons of the Masons, who at this time
excelled both in civil and military architecture. Under
their auspices the Fraternity were employed in building
the Tower of London, which was completed in the reign
of William Rufus, who rebuilt London Bridge with wood,
and first constructed the palace and hall of Westminster
in 1087.
On the accession of Henry I. the Lodges continued to
assemble. From this prince, the first Magna Charta, or
charter of liberties, was obtained by the Normans.
Stephen succeeded Henry in 1135, and employed the
Fraternity in building a chapel at Westminster, now the
House of Commons, and several other works. These
were finished under the direction of Gilbert de Clare,
Marquis of Pembroke, who at this time presided over
the Lodges.
During the reign of Henry II. the Grand Master of the
Knights Templars superintended the Masons, and em-
ployed them in building their Temple in Fleet street,
a.d. 1155. Masonry continued under the patronage of
this order till the year 1199, when John succeeded his
brother Richard on the throne of England. Peter de
Colechurch was then appointed Grand Master. He began
to rebuild London Bridge with stone, which was after-
wards finished by William Alcmain in 1209. Peter de
Rupibus succeeded Peter de Colechurch in the office of
J 12
ILLUSTRATIONS
of the king's works, acted as his deputy. Under the
auspices of these two artists, Masonry flourished in
England during the remainder of this and the following
reign.
SECTION III.
History of Masonry in England, during the Reigns of
Henry III., Edward I., Edward II., Edward III.,
Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., and Henry VI.
On the accession of Edward I., a.d. 1272, the care of
the Masons was entrusted to "Walter Giffard, Archbishop
of York; Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester; and
Ralph, Lord of Mount Hermer, the progenitor, of the
family of the Montagues. These architects superintended
the finishing of Westminster Abbey, which had been
begun in 1220, during the minority of Henry III.
The collegiate chapel of Westminster, in honour of St.
Stephen, was begun to be rebuilt by King Edward ; at
which the Masons were employed more than two
years. 12
That the building of this, chapel was completed we
are not informed ; but we learn from Stowe, that a great
fire broke out in the lesser hall of the royal palace at
Westminster, which communicated to the adjoining
monastery, and consumed the whole. It does not appear
that the building was restored during this reign, as the
wars in Scotland, in which the king was engaged, did
not allow him leisure to renew his labours ; nor had he
sufficient w T ealth to carry on such a work.
In the reign of Edward II. the Fraternity were
employed in building Exeter and Oriel Colleges, Oxford;
12 In the Exchequer rolls is preserved a curious account of the
expenses incurred on that occasion. It appears, that the daily pay of
the carpenters was bd. ; that of the other workmen 3£e£., 3</., and
2\d. Although the weekly expenses were but trifling, the amount of
the whole was considerable.
Thomas of Canterbury, Master Mason, is supposed to have been the
principal architect j and Hugh dc St. Albans, and John de Cotton,
were the chief painters, and had the highest wages, viz.. a shilling a
OF MASONRY.
113
Clare-hall, Cambridge ; and many other structures ,
under the auspices of Walter Stapleton, Bishop of
Exeter, who had been appointed Grand Master in 1307.
Masonry flourished in England during the reign of
Edward III., who became the patron of science, and the
encourager of learning. He applied with indefatigable
assiduity to the Constitutions of the Order; revised and
meliorated the Ancient Charges, and added several useful
regulations to the original code of laws. 13 He patronized
the Lodges, and appointed live deputies under him to
inspect the proceedings of the Fraternity; viz. 1. John
„ de Spoulee, who rebuilt St. George's chapel at Windsor,
13 An old record of the Society runs thus:
"In the glorious reign of King Edward III., when Lodges were
more frequent, the Right Worshipful the Master and Fellgws, with
consent of the lords of the realm (for most great men were then
Masons), ordained:
" That, for the future, at the making or admission of a brother, the
Constitution and the Ancient Charges should be read by the Master
or Warden.
" That such as were to be admitted Master-Masons, or masters of
work, should be examined whether they be able of cunning to serve
their respective lords, as well the lowest as the highest, to the honour
and worship of the aforesaid art. and to the profit of their lords ; for
they be their lords that employ and pay them for their service and
travel."
The following particulars are also contained in a very old MS. of
which a copy is said to have been in possession of the late George
Payne, Esq., Grand Master in 1718:
" That, when the Master and Wardens meet in a Lodge, if need be,
the sheriff' of the county, or the mayor of the city, or alderman of the
town, in which the congregation is held, should be made fellow and
sociate to the Master, in help of him against rebels, and for upbearing
the rights of the realm.
" That entered prentices, at their making, were charged not to be
thieves or thieves' maintainers ; that they should travel honestly for
their pay, and love their fellows as themselves, and be true to the
king of England, and to the realm, and to the Lodge.
" That, at such congregations, it shall be inquired, whether any
master or fellow has broke any of the articles agreed to ; and if the
offender, being duly cited to appear, prove rebel, and will not attend,
then the Lodge shall determine against him, that he shall forswear (or
renounce) his Masonry, and shall no more use this craft ; the which
if he presume for to do, the sheriff of the county shall prison him,- and
take all his goods into the king's hands, till his grace be granted him
and issued. For this cause principally have these congregations been
ordained, that as well the lowest as the highest should be well and
truly served in this art aforesaid, throughout all the kingdom of Eng-
114 ILLUSTRATIONS
where the order of the garter was first instituted, a.d
1350; 2. William a Wykeham, afterwards bishop of Win
Chester, who rebuilt the castle of Windsor, at the head
of 400 Freemasons, a.d. 1357; 3. Robert a Barnham,
who finished St. George's Hall at the head of 250 Free-
masons, with other works in the castle, a.d. 1375; 4.
Henry Yeuele, (called in the old records the King's Free-
mason,) who built the Charter House in London ; King's
hall, Cambridge; Queensborough Castle; and rebuilt
St. Stephen's Chapel, 14 Westminster; and 5. Simon
14 On the 27th of May, 1330, in the 4th year of Edward III., the
works of this chapel were recommenced. From a charter preserved
in the Tower of London, it is evident that this chapel was not finished
for several years. In this charter, the motives which induced King
Edward to rebuild and endow it, are expressed with peculiar elegance
and neatness. On the 1st of January, 1353, he granted to the Dean
and Canons of this collegiate chapel a spot of ground, extending to
the Thames, whereon to build cloisters ; he also made a grant of some
houses in the neighbourhood, and vested several manors for the
endowment of the college in John, Duke of Lancaster, as trustee
The college of St. Stephen was valued at its suppression at 1085/. 10s
5d.; and was surrendered in the first year of Edward VI. The
chapel was afterwards fitted up for the meeting of the House of Com-
mons, to whose use it has ever since been appropriated.
The following account of the plan and ornaments of this chapel,
which, in consequence of some projected alterations in the House or
Commons, have lately, after a lapse of ages, been unveiled, may be
considered as curious and interesting ; as there is no contemplation
that imparts a higher degree of satisfaction, than that which presents
to the mind images of ancient and departed splendour.
The eastern part of this chapel serves for the House of Commons,
and the western is occupied by the lobby, and adjoining rooms and
offices. In the latter, there are no traces of any enrichments ; but in
the former are the remains of the altar, stone-seats, and other rich
works. The elevation of the western front, or entrance to the chapel,
presents these observations. From the ground line in the centre rise
two arches, supporting the open screen. On the right of the screen
is the entrance into the porch adjoining, which is the wall of the
Court of Requests. On the left is a space, corresponding once, it may
be presumed, with the perfect side of the screen extending to the
south wall of the hall. Above the screen, some remains of the centre
building are still visible. On the south front, the centre window is
complete ; five others are filled up with the brick- work between the
windows which at present light the House of Commons. The but-
tresses are entire, as well as the tracing in the spandrels of the arches
On the east front, from the ground line, were three windows of the
chancel^ the east window of which is now filled up. The buttresses
are entire, as well as the octangulax towers. On the right is part of
an ancient wall, which now belongs to the Speaker's house. On the
east end were three windows from the ground of the chancel ; over
OF MASONRY.
115
Langham, abbot of Westminster, who rebuilt the body
of that cathedral as it now stands. At this period,
the groins are part of the remains of the altar; and on each side
stone-seats, and clusters of columns, the capitals of which rise to the
present ceiling of the House of Commons. The whole is of the richest
workmanship. On the south side, from the ground line in the centre,
is a perfect window, painted with the arms of Westminster. On the
left of the chancel are clusters of columns; on the right side of the
left clusters is the eastern window, and without is the profile of the
buttresses. At the east end of the column is an open part ; to the
right is the chancel, and the bases are two feet below the pavement,
which shows that there must have been a great ascent to the chancel.
The whole of the undercroft is perfect, excepting the bases of the
outer columns, and forms a fine superstructure of gigantic support to
the light and delicate parts above. In the inside you behold the east
window, the altar, and the stone-seats, which are broken through.
The clusters of columns, the imposts of the windows, the arches, the
spandrels, the entablature, the beautiful proportion of the windows,
and the enrichments of the whole, crowd on the sight, and fill the
mind with wonder and admiration. At the upper end of the chapel,
near the altar, on the south side, there are evidently the remains of a
black marble monument; but to whose memory it was erected, we
are left to conjecture. Over the monument are three angels, standing
upright, with their wings half-expanded, and covered with golden
eyes, such as are oni:he peacock's tail. These paintings, which must
have been done in the reign of Edward III., are for that period, when
the art of painting was in its infancy, wonderfully well executed ; the
colouring has preserved a considerable portion of its original fresh-
ness. The expression and attitude of the angels are singularly inter-
esting. You may suppose the body of the deceased stretched before
them, the three angels are holding palls or mantles before them, which
they are preparing to throw over the body, and at the same time the
one in the middle seems to say, tc Behold all that remains on earth of
him who was once so mighty !" while the countenances of the two others
are epxressive of regret and commiseration. The stretched-out pall in
the hands of the central angel is powdered over with the irradiated
gold circles, in the middle of which are spread-eagles with two heads.
This affords room for a supposition whose the tomb was: the armo-
rial bearings of Peter of Savoy, uncle to Queen Eleanor, the wife of
Henry III., who beautified the chapel, consisted of an eagle with two
heads: but his shield displayed "Or, an eagle, with two heads, sable."
Now as the eyes of the peacock's tail are painted in gold, so different
from the natural colouring, it is not improbable, that for the sake of
adding elegance to the pall, the painter preferred representing the
eagle's head in gold rather than in sable ; it may, therefore, be the
tomb of St. Peter of Savoy that we are describing.
On the left side of the altar is a painting of the adoration of the
shepherds. Though the group is not disposed in the most accurate
style of design, yet theie is something in it which highly interests the
imagination ; the Virgin on one side is described holding the new-born
infant, while Joseph is extending the swaddling clothes. The cattle
behind are not ill expressed ; and the devotion of the shepherds with
116
ILLUSTRATIONS
Lodges were numerous, and the communications of the
Fraternity were held under the protection of the civil
magistrate.
Richard II. succeeded his grandfather Edward III. in
1377, and William a Wykeham was continued Grand
Master. He rebuilt Winchester-hall as it now stands;
and employed the Fraternity in building New-College,
Oxford, and Winchester-College ; both of which he
founded at his own expense.
Henry, Duke of Lancaster, taking advantage of Rich-
ard's absence in Ireland, got the parliament to depose
him, and next year caused him to be murdered. Having
their flocks is very appropriately delineated ; the shepherd's boy,
blowing the double flutes to his dancing dog, and the fighting ranis,
seem but ill to accord with the subject but, as the painter has placed
them without the stable, perhaps the inconsistency may be overlooked
There are several paintings on the right side of the altar : they appeal
to be figures of different kings and queens, tolerably well drawn, and
in good proportion, and strongly mark the durability of the colouring
of that day. On the north side of the chapel there are paintings o*
men in armour ; beneath two of them are the names of Mercure and
Eustace. In short, the whole of the architecture and enrichments,
colours and gilding, are extremely fresh and well preserved. It is
remarkable, that the colours are decorated with a sort of patera, and
several of the mouldings are filled up with ornaments so minute, that
those of the spandrels and ground entablature could hardly have been
perceived from the chapel.
The blockings and frieze of the entablature over the windows of the
chapel, contain, some of them, leaves and flowers, others perfect masks,
and others shields, with the arms of Edward the Confessor, Geneville,
Mandeville, and Bruyere, — the arms of Castile and Leon, and ancient
France, — the arms of the kingdom of the West Saxons — vine leaves
and grapes, supported by a figure issuing out of a cloud — and shields
with the arms of Strabolgi, earls of Athol, in Scotland, and barons oi
Chilham in Kent, together with the shields of several other kings and
barons.
The artist was, doubtless, desirous that the whole work should
have the same attention, and that one uniform blaze of magnificence
and splendour should shine around, making this chapel the ne plus
ultra of the arts, worth}* the saint whose name it bears, and of its
founder Edward III., the great patron of ancient architecture.
•Several curious fragments of the paintings lately discovered on the
walls of this chapel have been presented to the Society of Antiqua-
ries ; of which body a committee was appointed to superintend the
execution of drawings of all curious remains that have been brought
to light by the late alterations in this celebrated old building.
\* Since the above description was written, this beautiful speci-
men of ancient masonry has been entirely destroyed by a devastating
fire, which occurred on the lGth of October, 1834.
OF MASONRY.
117
supplanted his cousin, he mounted the throne by the
name of Henry IV., and appointed Thomas Fitz-AUen,
Earl of Surrey, Grand Master. After the famous victory
of Shrewsbury, he founded Battle-abbey and Fotheringay ;
and in this reign the Guildhall of London was built.
The king died in 1413, and Henry V. succeeded to
the crown; when Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of
Canterbury, obtained the direction of the Fraternity,
under whose auspices Lodges and communications were
frequent.
Henry VI., a minor, succeeding to the throne in 1422,
the parliament endeavoured to disturb the Masons, by
passing the following act to prohibit their chapters and
conventions :
3 Hen. VI., cap. 1., a.d. 1425.
Masons shall not confederate in Chapters or Congregations.
"Whereas, by the yearly congregations and confeder-
acies ma$e by the Masons in their general assemblies, the
good course and effect of the statutes of labourers be
openly violated and broken, in subversion of the law, and
to the great damage of all the commons ; our sovereign
Lord the King, willing in this case to provide a remedy,
by the advice and consent aforesaid, and, at the special
request of the Commons, hath ordained and established
that such chapters and congregations shall not be here-
after holden ; and if any such be made, they that cause
such chapters and congregations to be assembled and
holden, if they thereof be convict, shall be judged for
felons: and that the other Masons that come to such
chapters or congregations be punished by imprisonment
of their bodies, and make fine and ransome at the king's
will." 15
15 Judge Coke gives the following opinion on this statute :
" All the statutes concerning labourers before this act, and where-
unto this act doth refer, are repealed by the statute of 5 Eliz ; , cap. 4,
about a.d. 1562 ; whereby the cause and end of making this act is
taken away, and consequently the act is become of no force ; cessante
ratione iegis, cessat ipsa lex'; and the indictment of felony upon the
statute must contain, That those chapters and congregations are to
the violating and breaking of the good course and effect of the statutes
of labourers ; which now cannot be so alleged, because these statutes
118
ILLUSTRATIONS
This act was never put in force, nor the Fraternity
deterred from assembling, as usual, under Archbishop
Chicheley, who still continued to preside over them. 11
Notwithstanding this rigorous edict, the effect of pre-
judice and malevolence in an arbitrary set of men,
Lodges were formed in different parts of the kingdom,
and tranquillity and felicity reigned among the Fraternity.
As the attempt of parliament to suppress the Lodges
and communications of Masons renders the transactions
of this period worthy attention, it may not be improper
to state the circumstances which are supposed to have
given rise to this harsh edict.
The Duke of Bedford, at that time Regent of the king-
dom, being in France, the regal power was vested in his
brother Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 17 who was styled
Protector and guardian of the kingdom. The care of the
young king's person and education was entrusted to
be repealed. Therefore this would be put out of the charge of jus-
tices of the peace." — Institutes, Part III., fol. 10.
It is plain, from the above opinion, that the above act, though never
expressly repealed, can have no force at present. The Masons may rest
very quiet, continue to hold their assemblies, and propagate their tenets,
as long as a conformity to their professed principles entitles them
to the sanction of government. Masonry is too well known in this
country, to raise &nf suspicion in the legislature. The greatest per-
sonages have presided over the. Society ; and under their auspicious
government, at different times, an acquisition of patrons, both great
and noble, has been made. It would therefore be absurd to imagine,
that any legal attempt will ever be made to disturb the peace
and harmony of a Society so truly respectable, and so highly
honoured.
16 The Latin Register of William Molart, prior of Canterbury, in
manuscript, page 88, entitled, " Liberatio generalis Domini Guliehni
Prioris Ecclesiae Christi Cantuariensis, erga Festum Natalis Domini,
1429," informs us, that in the year 1429, during the minority of this
prince, a respectable Lodge was held at Canterbury, under the
patronage of Henry Chicheley, the archbishop; at which were
present Thomas Stapylton, the Master ; John Morris, custos de la
lodge latkomorum, or warden of the Lodge of Masons ; with fifteen
fellow-crafts, and three entered apprentices ; all of whom are particu-
larly named.
17 This prince is said to have received a more learned education
than was usual in his age, to have founded one of the first public
libraries in England, and to have been a gfreat patron of learned men.
If the records of the Society may be relied on, we have reason to
believe that he was particularly attached to the Masons ; having been
admitted into their Order, and assisted at the initiation of King Henry
in 1442
OF MASONRY.
119
Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, the duke's uncle.
The bishop was a prelate of great capacity and experience,
but of an intriguing and dangerous character. As he
aspired to the sole government of affairs, he had continual
disputes with Iris nephew, the protector, and gained fre-
quent advantages over the vehement and impolitic temper
of that prince. Invested with power, he soon began to
show his pride and haughtiness, and wanted not fol-
lowers and agents to augment his influence. 18
The animosity between the uncle and nephew daily
increased, and the authority of parliament was obliged
to interpose. On the last day of April, 14^5, the par-
liament met at Westminster. The servants and fol-
lowers of the peers coming thither armed with clubs and
staves, occasioned its being named the batt parlia-
ment. Several laws were made, and, among the rest,
18 In a parliament held at Westminster, on the 17th of November,
1423, to answer a particular end, it was ordained, " That if any per-
son, committed for grand or petty treason, should wilfully break out
of prison, and escape from the same, it should be deemed petty trea-
son, and his goods be forfeited."* About this time, one William
King, of Womolton, in Yorkshire, servant of Sir Robert Scott,
lieutenant of the Tower, pretended that he had been offered by Sir
John Mortimer, (cousin to the lately deceased Edward Mortimer,
Earl of March, the nearest in blood to the English crown, and then
a prisoner in the Tower,) ten pounds to buy him clothes, with forty
pounds a-year, and to be madr an earl, if he would assist Mortimer in
making his escape ; that Mortimer said, he would raise 40,000
men on his enlargement, and would strike off the heads of the rich
Bishop of Winchester, the Duke of Gloucester, and others. This
fellow undertook to prove upon oath the truth of his assertion. A
short time after, a scheme was formed to cut off Mortimer, and an
opportunity soon offered to carry it into execution. Mortimer being
permitted one day to walk to the Tower wharf, was suddenly pursued,
seized, brought back, accused of breaking out of prison, and of
attempting his escape. He was tried; and the evidence of King
being admitted, was convicted, agreeably to the late statute, and
afterwards beheaded.
The death of Mortimer occasioned great murmuring and discontent
among the people, and threatened a speedy subversion of those in
power. Many hints were thrown out, both in public and private
assemblies, of the fatal consequences which were expected to succeed
this commotion. The v amazing progress it made justly alarmed the
suspicions of the ambitious prelate, who spared no pains to exert his
power on the occasion.
* Wolfe'» Chronicle, published by Stowe.
120
ILLUSTRATIONS
the act for abolishing the Society of Masons; 19 at least,
for preventing their assemblies and congregations. Their
meetings, being secret, attracted the attention of the
aspiring prelate, who determined to suppress them. 20
19 Dr. Anderson, in the first edition of the Book of Constitutions,
in a note, makes the following observation on this act :
44 This act was made in ignorant times, when true learning was a
crime, and geometry condemned for conjuration ; but it cannot dero-
gate from the honour of the ancient Fraternity, who, to be sure,
would never encourage any such confederacy of their working
brethren. By tradition, it is believed, that the parliament were then
too much influenced by the illiterate clergy, who were not accepted
Masons, nor understood architecture (as the clergy of some former
ages), and were generally thought unworthy of this brotherhood.
Thinking they had an indefeasible right to know all secrets, by virtue
of auricular confession, and the Masons never confessing anything
thereof, the said clergy were highly offended ; and at first suspecting
them of wickedness, represented thein as dangerous to the state
during that minority, and soon influenced the parliament to lay hold
of such supposed arguments of the working Masons, for making an
act that might seem to reflect dishonour upon even the whole Frater-
nity, in whose favour several acts had been before and after that
period made."
20 The bishop was diverted from his persecution of the Masons, by
an affair in which he was more nearly concerned. On the morning
of St. Simon and Jude's day, after the lord mayor of London had
returned to the city from Westminster, where he had been taking the
usual charges of his high office, he received a special message, while
seated at dinner, from the Duke of Gloucester, requiring his imme-
diate attendance. He immediately repaired to the palace; and being
introduced into the presence, the duke commanded his lordship to see
that the city was properly watched the following night, as he expected
his uncle would endeavour to make himself master of it by force, unless
some effectual means were adopted to stop his progress. This com-
mand was strictly obeyed ; and, at nine o'clock the next morning, the
Bishop of Winchester, with his servants and followers, attempting to
enter the city by the bridge, were prevented by the vigilance of the
citizens, who repelled them by force. This unexpected repulse en-
raged the haughty prelate, who immediately collected a numerous
body of archers, and other men-at-arms, and commanded them to
assault the gate with shot. The citizens directly shut up their shops,
and crowded to the bridge in great numbers, when a general massacre
would certainly have ensued, had it not been for the timely interposi-
tion and prudent administration of the mayor and aldermen, who hap-
pily stopt all violent measures, and prevented a great effusion of blood
The Archbishop of Canterbury, and Peter, Duke of Coimbra,
eldest son of the King of Portugal, with several others, endeavoured
to appease the fury of the two contending parties, and, if possible, to
bring about a reconciliation between them ; but to no purpose, as
neither party would yield. They rode eight or ten times backward
OF MASONRY.
121
The sovereign authority being vested in the Duke of
Gloucester, as Protector of the realm, the execution of
the laws, and all that related to the civil magistrate,
and forward, using every scheme they could devise to prevent further
extremities ; at last they succeeded in their mediation, and brought
the parties to a conformity ; when it was agreed, that all hostile pro
feedings should drop on both sides, and the matter be referred to the
award of the Duke of Bedford ; on which peace was restored, and
the city remained in quiet.
The bishop lost no time in transmitting his case to the Duke of
Bedford ; and, in order to gloss it over with the best colours, he wrote
the following letter :
44 Right high and mighty prince, and my right noble, and after
one leiuest [earthly] lord ; I recommend me unto your grace with all
my heart. And as you desire the welfare of the King our sovereign
lord, and of his realms of England and France, your own weal
[health] , with ali yours haste you hither ; For, by my troth, if you
tarry long, we shall put this laud in jeopardy [adventure] with a field ;
such a brother you have here ; God make him a good man. For
your wisdom well knoweth that the profit of France standeth in the
welfare of England, &c. The blessed Trinity keep you. Written
in great haste at London, on Allhalloweneven, the 31st of October,
1425. By your servant, to my lives end,
" Henry Winchester."
This letter had the desired effect, and hastened the return of the
Duke of Bedford to London, where he arrived on the 10th of Janu-
ary, 1425-6. On the 21st of February he held a great council at St.
Alban's, adjourned it to the 15th of March at Northampton, and to
the 25th of June at Leicester. Batts and staves being now pro-
hibited, the followers of the members of parliament attended with
stones hi a sling and plummets of lead. The Duke of Bedford em-
ployed the authority of parliament to reconcile the differences which
had broken out between his brother and the Bishop of Winchester ;
and obliged these rivals to promise, before that assembly, that they
would bury all quarrels in oblivion. Thus the long wished-for peace
between these two great personages was, to all appearances, accom-
plished.
During the discussion of this matter before parliament, the Duke
of Gloucester, exhibited the following charge, among five others,
against the Bishop of Winchester : 44 That he had, in his letter to the
Duke of Bedford in France, plainly declared his malicious purpose of*
assembling the people, and stirring up a rebellion in the nation, con- •
trary to the king's peace."
The bishop's answer to this accusation was, 44 That he never had
any intention to disturb the state of the nation, or raise a rebel-
lion; but that he sent to the Duke of Bedford to solicit his speedy
return to England, to settle all those differences which were so pre-
judicial to the peace of the kingdom : That, though he had indeed
written in the letter, That if he tarried^ we should put the land in
adventure by a field: such a brother you have here; he did not mean
it of any design of his own, but considering the seditious assemblies
122
ILLUSTRATIONS
centred in him; a fortunate circumstance for the Masons
at this critical juncture. The Duke, knowing them to
be innocent pf the accusations which the Bishop of Win-
chester haid laid against them, took them under his pro-
tection, and transferred the charge of rebellion, sedition,
and treason, from them to the bishop and his followers;
who, he asserted, were the first violaters of the public
peace, and the most rigorous promoters of civil discord.
The bishop, sensible that his conduct could not be
justified by the laws of the land, prevailed on the king,
through the intercession of the parliament, whose favour
his riches had obtained, to grant letters of pardon for all
offences committed by him, contrary to the statute of
provisors, and other acts of praemunire; and five years
afterwards procured another pardon, under the great seal,
for all crimes whatever, from the creation of the world
to the 26th of July, 1437.
Notwithstanding these precautions of the cardinal, the
Duke of Gloucester drew up, in 1442, fresh articles of
impeachment against him, and presented them in person
to the king; earnestly entreating that judgment might
be passed upon him, according to his crimes. The king
referred the matter to his council, which was at that time
composed principally of ecclesiastics, who extended their
favour to the cardinal, and made such slow progress in
the business, that the duke, wearied out with their
tedious delays and fraudulent evasions, dropped the
prosecution, and the cardinal escaped.
Nothing could now remove the inveteracy of the car-
of Masons, carpenters, tylers, and plasterers : who, being distasted
by the late act of parliament against the excessive wages of those
trades, had given out many seditious speeches and menaces against
certain great men, which tended much to rebellion :• That the Duke
of Gloucester did not use his endeavour, as he ought to have done in
his place, to suppress such unlawful assemblies ; so that he feared
the king, and his good subjects, must have made a field to withstand
them ; to prevent which, he chiefly desired the Duke of Bedford to
come over."
As the Masons are unjustly suspected of having given rise to the
above civil commotions, I thought it necessary to insert the foregoing
particulars, in order to clear them from this false charge. Most of
the circumstances here mentioned are extracted from Wolfe's Chron-
icle, published by Stowe.
* The above particulars are extracted from one of Elias Ashmole's MSS. on the subject
of Freemasonry.
OF MASOSKlS^ f ^ 123
dinal against the duke; he resolved to destroy a man
whose popularity might become dangerous, and whose
resentment he had reason to dread. The duke having
always proved a strenuous friend to the public, and, by
the authority of his birth and station, having hitherto
prevented absolute power from being vested in the king's
person, Winchester was enabled to gain many partisans,
who were easily brought to concur in the ruin of the
prince. 21
To accomplish this purpose, the bishop and his party
concerted a plan to murder the duke. A parliament was
summoned to meet at St. Edmondsbury in 1447, where
they expected he would be entirely at their mercy.
Having appeared on the second day of the sessions, he
was accused of treason, and thrown into prison ; where
he was found the next day, cruelly murdered. It was
pretended that his death was natural; but though his
body, which was exposed to public view, bore no marks
of outward injury, there was little doubt of his having
fallen a sacrifice to the vengeance of his enemies. After
this dreadful catastrophe, five of his servants were tried
for aiding him in his treasons, and condemned to be
hanged, drawn and quartered. They were hanged accord-
ingly, cut down alive, stripped naked, and marked with
a knife to be quartered; when the Marquis of Suffolk,
through a mean and pitiful affectation of popularity,
produced their pardon, and saved their lives; the most
barbarous kind of mercy that can possibly be imagined!
21 The bishop planned the following scheme, at this time, to irritate
the Duke of Gloucester: his duchess, the daughter of Reginald Lord
Cobhain, had been accused of the crime of witchcraft; and it was
pretended that a waxen figure of the king was found in her possess-
ion, which she, and her associates, Sir Roger Bolingbroke, a priest,
and one Margery Jordan of Eye, melted, in a magical manner, before
a slow fire, with an intention of making Henry's force and vigour
waste away by like insensible degrees. The accusation was well cal-
culated to" affect the weak and credulous mind of the king, and gain
belief in an ignorant age. The duchess was brought to trial, with
her confederates, and the prisoners were pronounced guilty : the
duchess was condemned to do public penance in London for three
days, and to suffer perpetual imprisonment; the others were executed.
The protector, provoked at such repeated insults offered to his
duchess, made a noble and stout resistance to these most abominable
and shameful proceedings; but it unfortunately ended in his own
destruction.
124
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Duke of Gloucester's death was universally la-
mented throughout the kingdom. He had long obtained,
and deserved, the surname of good. He was a lover of
his country, the friend of merit, the protector of Masons,
the patron qf the learned, and the encourager of every
useful art. His inveterate persecutor, the hypocritical
bishop, stung with remorse, scarcely survived him two
months; when, after a long life spent in falsehood and
politics, he sunk into oblivion, and ended his days in
misery. 22
After the death of the cardinal, the Masons continued
to hold their Lodges without danger of interruption.
Henry established various seats of learning, which he
enriched with ample endowments, and distinguished by
peculiar immunities; thus inviting his subjects to rise
above ignorance and barbarism, and reform their turbu-
lent and licentious manners. In 1442, he was initiated
into Masonry, and, from that time, spared no pains to
obtain a complete knowledge of the Art. He perused
the Ancient Charges, revised the constitutions, and, with
the consent of his council, honoured them with his sanc-
tion. 23
Encouraged by the example of the sovereign, and
allured by an ambition to excel, many lords- and gentle-
men of the court were initiated into Masonry, and pur-
83 The wickedness of the cardinal's life, and his mean, base, and
unmanly death, will ever be a bar against any vindication of his
memory, for the good which he did while alive, or which the money
he had amassed could do after his death. When in his last moments
he was heard to utter these mean expressions: " Why should I die,
.who am possessed of so much wealth ? If the whole kingdom could
save my life. I am able by my policy to preserve it or by my money
to purchase it. Will not death be bribed, and money do everything ?"
The inimitable Shakspeare, after giving a most horrible picture of
despair, and a tortured conscience, in the person of the cardinal,
introduces King Henry to him with these sharp and piercing words:
u Lord Cardinal, if thou think'st on heaven's bliss,
Lift up thjr hand, make signal of that hope.
He dies, and makes no sign*"
Hen. VL, Act 3.
" The memory of the wicked shall rot, but the unjustly persecuted
shall be had in everlasting remembrance."
33 A record in the reign of Edward IV. runs thus: " The company
of Masons, being otherwise termed Freemasons, of auntient staunding
and good reckoninge, by means of affable and kind meetyngs dyverse
tymes. and as a lovinge brutherhode use to doe, did frequent this
OF MASONRY.
sued the Art with diligence and assiduity. 24 The king,
in person, presided over the Lodges, and nominated
Will iam Wanefleet, Bishop of Winchester, Grand Mas-
ter; who built, at his own expense, Magdalene College,
Oxford, and several pious houses. Eton College, near
Windsor, and King's College, Cambridge, were founded
in this reign, and finished under the direction of Wane-
fleet. Henry also founded Christ's College, Cambridge ;
and his queen, Margaret of Anjou, Queen's College in
the same university. In short, during the life of this
prince, the arts flourished, and many sagacious statesmen,
consummate orators, and admired writers, were support-
ed by royal munificence.
SECT. IV. .
History of Masonry in the South of England, from 1471 to
1567.
Masonry continued to flourish in England till the
peace of the kingdom was interrupted by the civil wars
between the two royal houses of York and Lancaster ;
mutual assembly in the tyme of Henry VI., in the twelfth } r eare of his
most gracious reign, a.d. 1434." The same record says farther, " That
the charges and laws of the Freemasons have been seen and perused
by our late soveraign King Henry VI., and by the lords of his m>st
honourable council, who have allowed them, and declared, That they
be right good, and reasonable to be holden, as they have been drawn
out and collected from the records of auntient tymes." &c, &c.
From this record it appears, that before the troubles which hap-
pened in the reign of this unfortunate prince, Freemasons were held
in high estimation.
24 While these transactions were carrying on in England, the Masons
were countenanced and protected in Scotland, by King James I.
After his return from captivity, he became the patron of the learned,
and a zealous encourager of Masonry. The Scottish records relate,
that he honoured the Lodges with his royal presence; that he settled
a yearly revenue of four pounds Scots (an English noble), to be paid
by every Master-mason in Scotland, to a Grand Master, chosen by the
Grand Lodge, and approved by the crown, one nobly born, or an emi-
nent clergyman, who had his deputies in cities "and counties ; and
every new brother, at -entrance, paid him also a fee. His office empow-
ered him to regulate in the Fraternity what should not come under
the cognizance of law-courts. To him appealed both Mason and lord,
or the builder and founder, when at variance, in order to prevent law-
pleas j and, in his absence, they appealed to his Deputy or Grand
Warden, that resided next to the Dremises.
ILLUSTRATIONS
during which it fell into an almost total neglect, that
continued till 1471, when it again revived under the
auspices of Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Sarum, who
had been appointed Grand Master by Edward IV., and
honoured with the title of Chancellor of the Garter, for
repairing the castle and chapel of Windsor.
During the short reigns of Edward V. and Richard III.,
Masonry was on the decline; but on the accession of
Henry VII., a.d. 1485, it rose again into esteem, under
the patronage of the Master and Fellows of the order of
St. John at Rhodes (now Malta), who assembled their
Grand Lodge in 1500, and chose Henry their protector.
Under the auspices of this prince, the Fraternity once
more revived their assemblies, and Masonry resumed its
pristine splendour.
On the 24th of Jufie, 1502, a Lodge of Master Masons
was formed in the palace, at which the king presided in
person' as grand Master; who, having appointed John
Islip, abbot of Westminster, and Sir Reginald Bray,
knight of the garter, his wardens for the occasion, pro-
ceeded, in ample form, to the east end of Westminster
Abbey, where he laid the foundation-stone of that rich
master-piece of Gothic architecture, known by the name
of Henry the Seventh's Chapel. 25 This chapel is sup-
ported by fourteen Gothic buttresses, all beautifully
ornamented, and projecting from the building in different
angles ; it is enlightened by a double range of windows,
which throw the light into such a happy disposition, as
36 This chapel was erected by William Bolton, prior of St. Bartholo-
mew's, who is denominated the " Master of the work," in the will of
King Henry VII. Leland styles it the miracle of the world, orbis
miraculum ; and Britton (Arch. Ant., vol. 5, p. 178,) adds, "However
extravagant that eulogiiim may appear, there is probably no other
edifice on the globe in which such profound geometrical skill has been
displayed, mingled with such luxuriancy of ornament and such
aspiring lightness of design. It would seem, indeed, as though the
architect had intended to give to stone the character of embroidery,
and enclose his walls in the meshes of lace-work. The buttress
towers are crested by ornamental domes, and enriched with niches
and elegant tracery ; the parapets are gracefully wrought with pierced
work; the cross springers are perforated into airy forms; and the
very cornices are charged, even to profusion, with armorial cogni-
zances, and knotted foliage. The interior is yet more embellished ; and,
at the same time, altogether unparalleled for its surrounding ranges
of rich statuary, and the gorgeous elegance and peculiarly scientific
*r>n«trnf*tirvn nf its vn.iilt.iner _' J Knimn
OP MASONRY.
127
at once to please the eye, and afford a kind of solemn
gloom. These buttresses extend to the roof, and are
made to strengthen ii oy being crowned with Gothic
arches. The entrance is from the east end of the abbey,
by a flight of black marble steps, under a noble arch,
leading to the body of the chapel. The gates are of
brass. The stalls on each side are of oak, as are also the
seats, and the pavement is black and white marble. The
cape-stone of this building was celebrated in 1507.
Under the direction of Sir Reginald Bray, the palace
of Richmond was also built, and many other stately
works. Brazen-nose College, Oxford, -and Jesus and St.
John's Colleges, Cambridge, were likewise finished in
this reign.
Henry VIII. succeeded his father in 1509, and ap
pointed Cardinal Wolsey Grand Master. This prelate
built Hampton Court, Whitehall, Christ-church College*
Oxford, and several other noble edifices ; all of which,
upon his disgrace, were forfeited to the crown, a.d. 1530.
Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, succeeded the cardinal
in the office of Grand Master ; and employed the Fraternity
in building St. James's Palace, Christ's Hospital, and
Greenwich Castle. In 1534, the king and parliament
threw off' allegiance to the pope of Rome ; and the king
being declared supreme head of the church, no less than
926 pious houses were suppressed; many of which were
afterwards converted into stately mansions for the nobility
and gentry. Under the direction of John Touchet, Lord
Audley, who, on Cromwell's being beheaded in 1540,
had succeeded to the office of Grand Master, the Frater-
nity were employed in building Magdalene College, Cam-
bridge, and several other structures.
Edward VI., a minor, succeeded to the throne in 1547,
and his guardian and regent, Edward Seymour, Duke of
Somerset, undertook the management of the Masons, and
built Somerset-house, in the Strand; which, on his being
beheaded, was forfeited to the crown in 1552. John
Poynet, Bishop of Winchester, then became the patron
of the Fraternity, and presided over the Lodges till the
death of the king, in 1553.
The Masons remained without any nominal patron' till
the reign of Elizabeth, when Sir Thomas Sackville
accepted the office of Grand Master. Lodges were held
128
ILLUSTRATIONS
during this period, in different parts of England; but
the General or Grand Lodge assembled in York, where
the Fraternity were numerous and respectable.
The following circumstance is recorded of Elizabeth:
Hearing that the Masons were in possession of secrets
which they would not reveal, and being jealous of all
secret assemblies, she sent an armed force to York, with
intent to break up their annual Grand Lodge. 28 This
design, however^ was happily frustrated by the interpo-
sition of Sir Thomas Sackville, who took care to initiate
some of the chief officers whom she had sent on this
duty. They joined in communication with the Masons,
and made so favourable a: report to the queen on their
return, that she countermanded her orders, and never
afterwards attempted to disturb the meetings of the
Fraternity.
Sir Thomas Sackville held the office of Grand Master
till 1567, when he resigned in favour of Francis Russell,
Earl of Bedford, and Sir Thomas Gresham, 27 an eminent
28 This confirms the observations in a former note, on the existence
of the Grand Lodge at York, p. 108. et seq.
87 Sir Thomas Gresham proposed to erect a building, at his own
expense, in the city of London, for the service of commerce, if the
citizens would purchase a proper spot for that purpose. His proposal
being accepted, and some houses between Cornhill and Threadneedle-
street, which had been purchased on that account, having been pulled
down, on the 7th of June, 1566, the foundation-stone of the intended
building was laid. The work was carried on with such expedition,
that the whole was finished in November, 1567. The plan of this
edifice was formed upon that of the Exchange at Antwerp} being,
like it, an oblong square, with a portico, supported by pillars of
marble, ten on the north and south sides, and seven on the east and
west; under which stood the shops, each seven. feet and a half long,
and five feet broad; in all, 120; twenty-five on each side east and
west, thirty -four and a half north, and thirty-five and a half south;
each of which paid Sir Thomas £4 10.5 a year on an average. There
were, likewise, other shops fitted up in the vaults below; but the
dampness and darkness rendered them so inconvenient, that the vaults
were soon let out to other uses. Upon the roof stood, at each corner,
upon a pedestal, a grasshopper, which was the crest of Sir Thomas's
Anns, This edifice, on its being first erected, was called simply the
Bourse ; but, on the 23d of January, 1570, the queen, attended by a
great number of her nobles, came from her palace of Somerset-house
in the Strand, and, passing through Threadneedle-street, dined with
Sir Thomas at his house in Bishopsgate-street ; and, after dinner, her
Majesty returned through Cornhill, entered the Bourse on the south
side, and having viewed every part of the building, particularly the
crallnrv nrViipVi <s YtunHarl ni«rtnn^ ill a vrrVinlo ofrnMnro nn^ •n-Vii^'k n~na
OP MASONRY.
129
merchant, distinguished by his abilities, and great success
in trade. To the former, the care of the Brethren in the
northern part of the kingdom was assigned, while the
latter was appointed to superintend the meetings in the
south, where the society had considerably increased, in
consequence of the honourable report which had been
made to the queen. Notwithstanding this new appoint-
ment of a Grand Master for the south, the General
Assembly continued to meet in the city of York, as
heretofore, where all the records were kept ; and to this
assembly appeals were made on every important occasion.
SECT. V.
Progress of Masonry in the South of England, from the
Reign of Elizabeth to the Fire of London, in 1666.
The queen, being assured that the Fraternity were
composed of skilful architects and lovers of the arts, and
that state affairs were points in which they never inter-
fered, was perfectly reconciled to their assemblies, and
Masonry made a great progress during her reign. Several
Lodges were held in different parts of the kingdom, par-
ticularly in London and its environs, where the Brethren
increased considerably, and many great works were
carried on under the auspices of Sir Thomas Gresham,
from whom the Fraternity received every encouragement.
Charles Howard, Earl of Effingham, succeeded Sir
Thomas in the office of Grand Master, and continued to
preside over the Lodges in the south, till the year 1588;
when George Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, was chosen,
who remained in that office till the death of the queen, in
1603.
On the demise of Elizabeth, the crowns of England
and Scotland were united in her successor, James VI. of
Scotland, who was proclaimed King of England, Scot-
furnished with shops, filled with all sorts of the finest wares in the
city, she caused the edifice to be proclaimed, in her presence, by a
herald and trumpet, "The Royal Exchange;" and, on this occasion, it
is said. Sir Thomas appeared publicly in the character of Grand
Master. The original building stood till the fire in London, in 16G6.
when it was destroyed, and a magnificent building erected in its place,
which, also, was burnt to the ground on the 10th January, 1838.
ILLUSTRATIONS
land, and Ireland, on the 25th of March, 1603. At this
period, Masonry flourished in both kingdoms, and Lodges
were convened under the royal patronage. Several gen-
tlemen of line taste, who had returned from their travels,
'full of laudable emulation to revive the old Roman and
Grecian Masonry, brought home fragments of old columns,
curious drawings, and books of architecture. Among
the number was the celebrated Inigo Jones, son of Inigo
Jones, a citizen of London, who was put apprentice to a
joiner, and had a natural taste for the art of designing.
Being first renowned for his skill in landscape painting,
he w r as patronised by the learned William Herbert, after-
wards Earl of Pembroke. Having made the tour of
Italy at his lordship's expense, and improved under some
of the best disciples of the famous Andrea Palladio, on
his return to England, he laid aside the pencil, and, con-
fining his study to architecture, became the Vitruvius of
Britain and the rival of Palladio.
This celebrated artist was appointed general surveyor
to King James I., under whose auspices the science of
Masonry flourished. He was nominated Grand Master of
England, and was deputised by his sovereign to preside
over the Lodges. During his administration, several
learned men were initiated into the Order, and the
society considerably increased in consequence and repu-
tation. Ingenious artists daily resorted to England,
where they met with great encouragement; Lodges
were instituted as seminaries of instruction in the sciences
and polite arts, after the model of the Italian schools
the Communications of the Fraternity were established,
and the annual festivals regularly observed.
Many curious and magnificent structures were finished
under the direction of this accomplished architect; and,
among the rest, he was employed, by command of his
sovereign, to plan a new palace at Whitehall, worthy the
residence of the kings of England, which he accordingly
executed; but, for want of a parliamentary fund, no more
of the plan than the present Banqueting-house 28 was fin-
28 This building is said to contain the finest single room of its ex-
tent since the days of Augustus, and was intended for the reception
of ambassadors, and other audiences of state. The whole is a regu-
lar and stately building, of three stories; the lowest has a rustic wall,
nrffli i vi oil unnQi<a irn n f\ r\ i»r ts nnfl Vvit i 4- c «-»+V» 1i «-» »-w i-vi 1 n onmrno nr> n
OF MASONRY.
131
ished. In 1607, the foundation-stone of this elegant piece
of true Masonry was laid by King James, in presence of
Grand Master Jones, and his Wardens, William Herbert,
Earl of Pembroke, and Nicholas Stone, Esq., Master-
masons of England, who were attended by many brother
clothed in form, and other eminent persons, who had been
invited on the occasion. The ceremony was conducted
with great pomp and splendour, and a purse of broad
pieces of gold laid upon the stone, to enable the Masons
to regale.
Inigo Jones continued in the office of Grand Master
till 1618, when he was succeeded by the Earl of Pem-
broke, under whose auspices many eminent, wealthy, and
learned men were initiated, and the mysteries of the Order
held in high estimation.
On the death of King James, in 1625, Charles ascended
the throne. The Earl of Pembroke presided over the
Fraternity till 1630, when he resigned in favour of Henry
Danvers, Earl of Danby; who was succeeded, in 1633,
by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, the progenitor of
the Norfolk family. In 1635, Francis Russell, Earl of
Bedford, accepted the government of the Society; but
Inigo Jones having, with indefatigable assiduity, continued
to patronize the Lodges during his lordship's administra-
oasis for the Orders. Upon this is raised the Ionic, with columns and
pilasters ; and between the columns are well-proportioned windows,
with arched and pointed pediments : over these, is placed the proper
entablature ; on which is raised a second scries of the Corinthian
order, consisting of columns and pilasters, like the other, column be-
ing placed over column, and pilaster over pilaster. From the capitals
are carried festoons, which meet with masks and other ornaments in
the middle. This series is also crowned with its proper entablature,
on which is raised the balustrade, with Attic pedestals between, which
crown the work. The whole is finely proportioned, and happily exe-
cuted. The projection of the columns from the wall has a fine effect
in the entablatures ; which, being brought forward in the same propor-
tion, yields that happy diversity of light and shade so essential to true
architecture. The internal decorations are also striking. The ceil-
ing of the grand room, in particular, which is now used as a chapel,
is richly painted by the celebrated Sir Peter Paul Rubens, who was
ambassador in England in the time of Charles I. The subject is, the
entrance, inauguration, and coronation of King James, represented
by Pagan emblems ; and it is justly esteemed one of the most capital
performances of this eminent master. It has been pronounced one ot
the finest ceilings in the world.
132
ILLUSTRATIONS
tion, he was re-elected the following year and continued
in office till his death, in 1646. 29
89 That Lodges continued regularly to assemble at this time, appears
from the Diary of the learned antiquary Elias Ashmole, where he
says: — "I was made a Freemason at Warrington, Lancashire, with
Colonel Henry Mainwaring, of Kerthingham, in Cheshire, by Mr.
Kichard Penket, the Warden, and the Fellow Crafts, (all of whom
are specified,) on 16th October, 1646.*' In another place of his diary
he says: " On March the 10th, 1682, about 5 hor. post merid., I re-
ceived a summons to appear at a Lodge, to be held the next day, at
Masons' Hall in London — March 11. Accordingly I went, and about
noon was admitted into the fellowship of Free-masons, Sir William
Wilson, Knt., Captain Richard Borthwick, Mr. William Woodman,
Mr. William Gray, Mr. Samuel Taylour, and Mr. William Wise. I
was the senior fellow among them, it being thirty-fivo years since I
was admitted. There were present, beside myself, the fellows after
named ; Mr. Thomas Wise, Master of the Masons' Company this
present year, Mr. Thomas Shorthose, and seven more old Freema-
sons. We all dined at the Half-moon Tavern, Cheapside, at a noble
dinner prepared at the charge of the new accepted Masons."
An old record of the Society describes a coat of arms much the
same with that of the London company of freemen Masons: whence
it is generally believed that this company is a branch of that ancient
Fraternity ; and in former times, no man, it also appears, was made
free of that company, until he was initiated in some lodge of free
and accepted Masons, as a necessary qualification. This practice
still prevails in Scotland among the Operative Masons.
The writer of Mr. Ashmole's Life, who was not a Mason, before his
History of Berkshire, p. 6, gives the following account of Masonry :
11 He (Mr. Ashmole) was elected a brother of the company of Free-
masons ; a favour esteemed so singular by the Members, that kings
themselves have not disdained to enter themselves of this Society.
From these are derived the adopted Masons, accepted Masons, or Free-
masons ; who are known to one another all over the world, by certain
signals and watch words known to them alone. They have several
Lodges in different countries for their reception ; and, when any of
them fall into decay, the Brotherhood is to relieve them. The
manner of their adoption or admission is very formal and solemn, and
with the administration of an oath of secrecy, which has had better
fate than all other oaths, and has ever been most religiously observed :
nor has the world been yet able, by the inadvertency, surprise, or
folly of any of its members, to dive into this mystery, or make the
least discovery."
In some of Mr. Ashmole's manuscripts, there are many valuable
collections relating to the history of the Freemasons, as may be
gathered from the letters of Dr. Knipe, of Christ-church, Oxford, to
the publisher of Ashmole's Life ; the following extracts from which
will authenticate and illustrate many facts in this history :
u As to the ancient Society of Free-masons, concerning whom you
are desirous of knowing what may be known with certainty, I shall
OF MASONRY.
The taste of this celebrated architect was displayed in
many curious and elegant structures, both in London and
the country; particularly in designing the magnificent
row of Great Queen-street, and the west side of Lincoln's
Inn Fields, with Lindsey-house in the centre ; the late
Chirurgeons'-hall and theatre, now Barbers'-hall, in Monk-
well-street ; Shaftesbury-house, late the London Lying-
in-Hospital for Married Women, in Aldersgate-street;
Bedford-house, in Bloomsbury-square, which is now taken
down to make room for the new buildings in the improve-
ment of the Duke of Bedford's town estate; Berkeley
House, Piccadilly, lately burnt, and rebuilt, now in the
possession of the Duke of Devonshire ; and York-stairs,
on the bank of the Thames, &c. Beside these, he
cuted his intended design, our Fraternity had been as much obliged
to him as the Brethren of the most noble Order of the Garter. I
would not have you surprised at this expression, or think it at all too
assuming. The Sovereigns of that Order have not disdained our fel-
lowship, and there have been times when Emperors were also Free-
masons. What, from Mr. Ashmole's collection, I could gather was,
that the report of our Society ta*Jng rise from a bull granted by the
pope in the reign of Henry VI. to some Italian architects, to travel
over all Europe to erect chapels, was ill-founded. Such a bull there
was, and those architects were Masons ; but this bull, in the opinion
of the learned Mr. Ashmole, was confirmative only, and did not by
any means create our Fraternity, or even establish them in this king-
dom. But as to the time and manner of that establishment, some-
thing I shall relate from the same collections.
" St. Alban. the proto-martyr, established Masonry here, and from
his time it flourished, more or less, according as the world went, down to
the days of King Athelstane who, for the sake of his brother Edwin,
granted the Masons a charter. Under our Norman princes they fre-
quently received extraordinary marks of royal favour. There is no
doubt to be made, that the skill of Masons, which was always tran-
scendently great, even in the most barbarous times ; their wonderful
kindness and attachment to each other, how different soever in con-
dition; and their inviolable fidelity in keeping .religiously their se-
crets ; must have exposed them, in ignorant, troublesome, and super-
stitious times, to a vast variety of adventures, according to the dif-
ferent state of parties, and other alterations in government. By the
way, it may be noted, that the Masons were always loyal, which ex-
posed them to great severities when power wore the appearance of
justice, and those who committed treason punished true men as trai-
tors. Thus, in the 3rd year of Honry VI., an act passed to abolish
the society of Masons, and to hinder, under grievous penalties, the
holding Chapters, Lodges, or other regular assemblies ; yet this act
was afterwards [virtually] repealed ; and even before that, King Henry
134
ILLUSTRATIONS
designed Gunnersbury-house, near Brentford; Wilton-
house, in Wiltshire ; Castle- Abbey, in Northamptonshire ,
Stoke-park ; part of the quadrangle at St. John's, Oxford;
Charlton-house, and Cobham-hall, in Kent ; Coles-hill, in
Berkshire ; and the Grange, in Hampshire.
The breaking out of the civil wars obstructed the
progress of Masonry in England for some time ; but after
the Restoration it began to revive under the patronage
of Charles II., who had been received into the Order
during his exile. 30
On the 27th December, 1663, a general assembly was
held, at which Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Alban's, was
elected Grand Master; who appointed Sir John Denham,
Knt., his deputy, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) Christopher
Wren, 31 and John Webb, his wardens. Several useful
regulations 32 were made at this assembly, for the better
30 Some Lodges, in the reign of Charles II., were constituted by
leave of the several noble Grand Masters, and many gentlemen and
famous scholars requested at this time to be admitted among the
Fraternity.
31 He was the only son of Dr. Christopher Wren, dean of Windsor,
and was born in 1632. His genius for arts and sciences appeared
early. At the age of thirteen, he invented a new astronomical instru-
ment, by the name of Pan-organum, and wrote a treatise on the origin
of rivers. He invented a new pneumatic engine, and a peculiar instru-
ment of use in gnomonics, to solve this problem, viz. : t: On a known
plane, in a known elevation, to describe such lines with the expedite
turning of rundles to certain divisions, as by the shadow the style
may show the equal hours of the day." In 1646, at the age of four-
teen, he was admitted a gentleman commoner in Wadham-college,
Oxon, where he greatly improved under the instructions and friend-
ship of Dr, John Wilkins and Dr. Seth Ward, who were gentlemen of
great learning, and afterwards promoted by King Charles II. to the
mitre. His other numerous juvenile productions in mathematics prove
him to be a scholar of the highest eminence. He assisted Dr. Scar-
borough in anatomical preparations, arid experiments upon the muscles
of the human body ; whence are dated the first introduction of geo-
metrical and mechanical speculations in anatomy. He wrote dis-
courses on the longitude ; on the variations of the magnetical needle ;
de re nautica veterum ; how to find the velocity of a ship in sailing ;
of the improvement in galleys ; and how to recover wrecks. Beside
these, he treated on the convenient way of using artillery on ship-
board ; how to build on deep water ; how to build a mole into the sea,
without Puzzolan dust, or cisterns ; and of the improvement of river
navigation, by the joining of rivers. In short, the works of this
excellent genius appear to be rather the united efforts of a whole
century than the production of one man.
32 Among other regulations made at this assembly were the following ;
1. That no person, of what degree soever, be made or accepted a
OF MASONRY.
136
government of the Lodges, and the greatest harmony
prevailed among the brethren at their various meet-
ings.
Thomas Savage, Earl of Rivers, having succeeded the
Earl of St. Alban's in the office of Grand Master in June,
1.666, Sir Christopher Wren was appointed deputy under
his lordship ; in which office he distinguished himself
more than any of his predecessors in promoting the pros-
perity of the few Lodges that occasionally met at this
time, particularly the old Lodge of St. Paul's, 33 now the
Lodge of Antiquity, which he patronized upwards of
eighteen years. The honours which this celebrated
character afterwards received in the Society, are evident
proofs of the attachment of the Fraternity towards
him.
Freemason unless in a regular Lodge, whereof one to be a Master or a
Warden in that limit or division where such Lodge is kept, and ano-
ther to be a craftsman in the trade of Freemasonry.
2. That no person hereafter shall be accepted a Freemason 3 but
such as are of able body, honest parentage, good reputation, and an
observer of the laws of the land.
3. That no person, hereafter, who shall be accepted a Freemason
shall be admitted into any Lodge or assembly, until he has brought a
certificate of the time and place of his acceptation from the Lodge that
accepted him, unto the Master of that limit or division where such
Lodge is kept. And the said Master shall enrol the same in a roll of
parchment to be kept for that purpose, and shall give an account of
all such acceptations at ever}?- general ^assembly.
4. That every person who is now a Freemason, shall bring to the
Master a note of the time of his acceptation, to the end the same may
be enrolled in such priority of place as the Brother deserves ; and
that the whole company and fellows may the better know each other.
5. That, for the future, the said Fraternity of Freemasons shall be
regulated and governed by one Grand Master, and as many Wardens
as the said Society shall think fit to appoint at everj' annual general
assembly.
6. That no person shall be accepted, unless he be twenty-one years
old or more.
Several records of the Society, of this and the preceding reign, were
lost at the Revolution : and not a few were too hastily burnt in our
own times by some scrupulous brothers, from a fear of making dis-
coveries prejudicial to the interests of the Order.
83 It appears from the records of the Lodge of Antiquity, that Mr.
Wren at this time attended the meetings regularly : and that, during
his presidency, he presented to that Lodge three mahogany candlesticks
which are still preserved, and highly prized, as a memento of the esteem
of the honourable donor.
1 .% ILLUSTRATIONS
SECT. VI.
The History of Masonry in England from the Fire of Lon-
don 34 to the Accession of George I.
The year 1666 afforded a singular and awful occasion
for the utmost exertion of Masonic abilities. The city
of London, which had been visited in the preceding year
by the plague, to whose ravages, it is computed, above
100,000 of its inhabitants fell a sacrifice, 35 had scarcely
recovered from the alarm of that dreadful contagion,
when a general conflagration reduced the greatest part
of the city within the walls to ashes. This dreadful
fire broke out on the 2d of September, at the house of a
baker in Pudding-lane, a wooden building, pitched on
the outside, as were also all the rest of the houses in that
narrow lane. The house being filled with faggots and
brushwood, soon added to the rapidity of the flames,
which raged with such fury as to spread four ways at
once.
Jonas Moore and Ralph Gatrix, who were appointed
surveyors on this occasion to examine the ruins, reported,
that the fire over-ran 373 acres within the walls, and
burnt 13,000 houses, 89 parish churches, besides chapels,
leaving only 11 parishes standing. The Royal Exchange,
Custom-house, Guildhall, Blackwall-hall, St. Paul's cathe-
dral, Bridewell, the two compters, fifty-two city com-
panies' halls, and three city gates, were all demolished.
The damage was computed at 10,000,000/. sterling.*
After so sudden and extensive a calamity, it became
34 For many of the particulars contained in this section, I am
indebted to j\Ir. Noorthouck's edition of the Book of Constitutions,
published in 1784 ; which, much to the honour of that gentleman, is
executed in a masterly manner, and interspersed with several judicious
remarks.
33 The streets were at this time narrow, crooked, and incommodious ;
the houses built chiefly of wood, close, dark, and ill-contrived ; with
several stories projecting beyond each other as they rose, over the
contracted streets. Thus the free circulation of air was obstructed,
the people breathed a stagnant and unwholesome element, replete with
foul effluvia, sufficient of itself to generate putrid disorders. From
this circumstance, the inhabitants were continually exposed to ccn
tagicus disorders, and the buildings to the ravages of fire.
* e Anderson's History of Commerce, vol. ii.. p. 130.
OP MASONRY,
necessary to adopt some regulations to guard against
any such catastrophe in future. It was therefore deter-
mined, that in all the new buildings to be erected, stone
and brick should be substituted in the room of timber.
The King and the Grand Master immediately ordered
Deputy Wren to draw up the plan of a new city, with
broad and regular streets. He was also appointed sur-
veyor-general and principal architect for rebuilding the
city, the cathedral of St. Paul, and all the parochial
churches enacted by parliament, in lieu of those thai
were destroyed, with other public structures. This gen-
tleman, conceiving the charge too important for a single
person, selected Mr. Robert Hook, professor of Geometry
in Gresham college, to assist him ; who was immediately
employed in measuring, adjusting, and setting out the
ground of the private streets to the several proprietors.
Dr. Wren's model and plan were laid before the King
and the House of Commons, and the practicability of the
whole scheme, without the infringement of property,
clearly demonstrated : it unfortunately happened, how-
ever, that the greater part of the citizens were absolutely
averse to alter their old possessions, and to recede from
building their houses again on the old foundations. Many
were unwilling to give up their properties, into the hands
of public trustees, till they should receive an equivalent
of more advantage; while others expressed distrust.
All means were tried to convince the citizens that, by
removing all the church-yards, gardens, &c, to the out-
skirts of the city, sufficient room would be given to aug-
ment the streets, and properly to dispose of the churches,
halls, and other public buildings, to the perfect satisfac-
tion of every proprietor; but the representation of all
these improvements had no weight. The citizens chose
to have their old city again, under all its disadvantages,
rather than a new one, the principles of which they were
unwilling to understand, and considered as innovations.
Thus an opportunity was lost, of making the new city
the most magnificent, as well as the most commodious
for health and trade, of any in Europe. The architect,
cramped in the execution of his plan, was obliged to
abridge his scheme, and exert his utmost labour, skill,
and ingenuity, to model the city in the manner in which
it has since appeared.
138
ILLUSTRATIONS
On the 23rd of October, 1667, the King, in person,
levelled in form the foundation-stone of the new Royal
Exchange, now allowed to be the finest in Europe; and
on the 28th of September, 1669, it was opened by the
lord mayor and aldermen. Round the inside of the
square, above the arcades, and between the windows, are
the statues of the sovereigns of England. In the centre
Of the square is erected the King's statue to the life, in a
Caesarean habit of white marble, executed in a masterly
manner by Mr. Gibbons, then Grand Warden of the
society.
In 1668, the custom-house for the port of London,
situated on the south side of Thames-street, was built,
adorned with an upper and lower order of architecture.
In the latter are stone columns and an entablement of
the Tuscan order; and in the former, are pilasters, enta-
blature, and five pediments of the Ionic order. The
wings are elevated on columns, forming piazzas; and the
length of the building is 189 feet; its breadth in the
middle, 27 ; and at the west end, 60 feet. 57
This year also, Deputy Wren, and his Warden Webb,
finished the Theatrvm Sheldortium at Oxford, designed
and executed at the private expense of Gilbert Sheldon,
Archbishop of Canterbury, an excellent architect, and
able designer. On the 9th of July, 1669, the cape-stone
of this elegant building was celebrated with joy and
festivity by the craftsmen, and an elegant oration deli-
vered on the occasion by Dr. South.
Deputy Wren, at the same time, built, at the expense
of the university, that other master-pie^e of architecture,
the pretty museum, near this theatre.
In 1671, Dr. Wren began to build that great fluted
column called the Monument, in memory of the burning
^nd rebuilding of the city of London. This stupendous
pillar was finished in 1677. 38
37 This building was destroyed by fire a few years ago, and an
elegant structure erected in its stead, — Editor.
88 It is 24 feet higher than Trajan's pillar at Rome, and built ol
Portland stone, of the Doric order. Its altitude, from the ground, is
202 feet ; the greatest diameter of the shaft or body of the column. 15
feet; the ground plinth, or bottom of the pedestal, 28 feet square j
and the pedestal, 40 feet high. Over the capital is an iron balcony,
encompassing a cone 32 feet high, supporting a blazing urn of gilt
brass. Within is a targe staircase of black marble, containing 345
OP MASONRY.
139
The rebuilding of the city of London was vigorously
prosecuted, and the restoration of St. Paul's cathedral
claimed particular attention. Dr. Wren drew several
designs, to discover what would be * most acceptable to
steps, each step ten inches and a half broad, and six inches thick.
The west side of the pedestal is adorned with curious emblems, by the
masterly hand of Mr. Cibber, father to the late poet-laureate, Colley
Cibber; in which eleven principal figures are done in alto, and the rest
in basso relievo* That to which the eye is particularly directed, is
a female, representing the City of London, sitting in a languishing
posture, on a heap of ruins Behind her, is Time, gradually raising
her up ; and at her side, a woman, representing Providence, gently
touching her with one hand, while, with a winged sceptre in the other,
she directs her to regard two goddesses in the clouds; one with a
cornucopia, denoting Plenty; the other, with a palm branch, the
emblem of Peace. At her feet is a bee-hive, to show that, by industry
and application, the greatest misfortunes may be overcome. Behind
Time, are the Citizens, exulting at his endeavours to restore her ; and
beneath, in the midst of the ruins, is a dragon^ the supporter of the
city arms, who endeavours to preserve them with his paw. At the
north end, is a view of the City in flames, the inhabitants in con-
sternation, with their arms extended upward, crying for assistance.
Opposite the city, on an elevated pavement, stands the King, in a
Roman habit, with a laurel on his head, and a truncheon in his hand ;
who, on approaching her, commands three of his attendants to descend
to her relief. The first represents the Sciences, with a winged head,
and circle of naked boys dancing thereon, and holding Nature in her
hand, with her numerous breasts, ready to give assistance to all. The
second is Architecture, with a plan in one hand, and a square and pair
of compasses in the other. The third is Liberty, waving a hat in the
air, and showing her joy at the pleasing prospect of the City's speedy
recovery. Behind the king, stands his brother the Duke of York,
with a garland in one hand, to crown the rising city, and a sword in
the other for her defence. The two figures behind them are Justice
and Fortitude ; the former with a ct>ronet, and the latter with a reined
lion ; while, under the pavement, in a vault, appears Envy gnawing a
heart. In the upper part of the background, the re-construction of
the city is represented by scaffolds and unfinished houses, with builders
at work on them. The north and south sides of the pedestal have
each a Latin inscription, one describing the desolation of the city, the
other its restoration. The east side of the pedestal has an inscription,
expressing the time in which the pillar was begun, continued, and
brought to perfection. In one line, continued round the base, are
these words : — " This pillar was set up in perpetual remembrance of
the most dreadful burning of this Protestant city, begun and carried
on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction in the beginning
of September, in the year of our Lord 1660, in order to the carrying
on their horrid plot for extirpating the Protestant religion, and old
English liberty, and introducing Popery and slavery. 33 On the Duke
of York's accession to the crown, this inscription was erased j but
was again restored soon after the Revolution.
140
ILLUSTRATIONS
the general taste; and, finding persons of all degrees
declare for magnificence and grandeur, he formed a design
according to the very best style of Greek and Roman
architecture, and caused a large model of it to be made
in wood ; but, the bishops deciding that it was not suffi-
ciently in the cathedral style, the surveyor was ordered
to amend it, and he then produced the scheme of the
present structure, which was honoured with the King's
approbation. The original model, however, which was
only of the Corinthian order, like St. Peter's at Rome,
is still kept in an apartment of the cathedral, as a real
"curiosity.
In 1673, the foundation-stone of this magnificent
cathedral, designed by Deputy Wren, was laid in solemn
form by the King, 39 attended by Grand Master Rivers,
his architects and craftsmen, in the presence of the
nobility and gentry, the lord mayor and aldermen, the
bishops and clergy, &c. During the whole time this
structure was building, Dr. Wren acted as master of the
work, and surveyor, and was ably assisted by his wardens,
Mr. Edward Strong and his son.
St. Paul's cathedral is planned in the form of a long
cross ; the walls are wrought in rustic, and strengthened,
as well as adorned, by two rows of coupled pilasters, one
over the other; the lower Corinthian, and the upper
Composite. The spaces between the arches of the win-
dows, and the architecture of the lower order, as well as
those above, are filled with a variety of enrichments.
The west front is graced with a most magnificent por-
tico, a noble, pediment, and two stately turrets. There
is a grand flight of steps of black marble that extend the
whole length of the portico, which consists of twelve
lofty Corinthian columns below, and eight of the Com-
posite order above; these are all coupled and fluted.
The upper series support a noble pediment, crowned
with its acroteria; and in this pediment is an elegant
representation in bas-relief of the conversion of St. Paul,
executed by Mr. Bird, an artist whose name, on account
of this piece alone, is w T orthy of being transmitted to
39 The mallet with which the king levelled this foundation-stone
was delivered by Sir Christopher Wren to the old Lodge of St. Paul,
now the Lodgo of Antiquity where it is still preserved as a great
curiosity.
OF MASONRY.
141
posterity. The figures are well executed ; the magnificent
figure of St. Paul, on the apex of the pediment, with St.
Peter on his right, and St. James on his left, produce a
fine effect. The four Evangelists, with their proper
emblems, on the front of the towers, are judiciously dis-
posed, and skilfully finished ; St. Matthew is distinguished
by an angel ; St. Mark, by a lion ; St. Luke, by an ox ;
and St. John, by an eagle.
To the north portico, there is an ascent by twelve cir-
cular steps of black marble, and its dome is supported
by six grand Corinthian columns. Upon the dome is a
w T ell-proportioned urn, finely ornamented with festoons ;
over the urn is a pediment, supported by pilasters in the
wall, in the face of which are carved the royal arms, with
the regalia supported by angels. Statues of five of the
apostles are placed on the top, at proper distances.
The south portico answers to the north, and, like
that, is supported by six noble Corinthian columns ; but
as the ground is considerably lower on this side of the
church than the other, the ascent is by a flight of
twenty-five steps. This portico has also a pediment
above, in which is a phoenix rising out of the flames,
with the motto, resurgam, 40 underneath it, as an emblem
of rebuilding the church. On this side of the building
are likewise five statues, which correspond with those
on the apex of the north pediment.
At the east end of the church is a sweep, or circular
projection, for the altar, finely ornamented with the
orders, and with sculpture ; particularly a noble piece
in honourof King William III.
The dome, w 7 hich rises in the centre of the whole, is
superlatively grand. Twenty feet above the roof of the
church is a circular range of thirty-two columns, with
niches placed exactly against others within. These are
<0 A curious accident is said to have given rise to this device, which
was particularly observed by the architect as a favourable omen.
When Dr. Wren was marking out the dimensions of the building, and
had fixed on the centre of the great dome, a common labourer was
ordered to bring him a, flat stone from among the rubbish, to leave as
a direction to the masons. The stone which the man brought hap-
pened to be a piece of a gravestone, with nothing remaining of the
inscription but this single word, in large capitals, RESURGAM ; and
this circumstance left an impression on Dr. Wren's mind, that could
never afterwards be erased.
ILLUSTRATIONS
terminated by their entablature, which supports a hand-
some gallery, adorned with a balustrade. Above these
columns is a range of pilasters, with windows between ;
and from the entablature of these, the diameter decreases
very considerably; and two feet above that, it is again
contracted. From this part the external sweep of the
dome begins, and the arches meet at 52 feet above. On
the summit of the dome is an elegant balcony, and from
its centre rises the lantern, adorned with Corinthian
columns. The whole is terminated by a ball, on which
stands a cross, both of which are elegantly gilt.
This noble fabric is surrounded, at a proper distance,
by a dwarf-stone wall, on which is placed the most
magnificent balustrade of cast iron perhaps in the uni-
verse, four feet six inches in height, exclusive of the wall.
In this enlcosure are seven beautiful iron gates, which,
together with the balustres, in number about 2500,
weigh 200 tons and 85 pounds.
In the centre of the area of the grand west front, on
a pedestal of excellent workmanship, stands a statue
of Queen Anne, formed of white marble, with proper
decorations. -The figures on the base represent Britannia,
with her spear; Gallia, with the crown in her lap;
Hibernia, with her harp; and America, with her bow.
These, and the colossal statues with which the church
is adorned, were executed by the ingenious Mr. Hill.
A strict regard to the situation of this cathedral, due
east and west, has given it an oblique appearance with
respect to Ludgate-street in front; so that the great
front gate in the surrounding iron rails, being made to
regard the street in front, rather than the church to
which it belongs, the statue of the Queen Anne, which
is exactly in the middle of the west front, is thrown
on one side the straight approach from ther gate to the
church, and gives an idea of the whole edifice being
awry.
Under the grand portico, at the west end, are three
doors, ornamented at the top with bas-relief. The
middle door, which is by far the largest, is cased with
white marble, and over it is a fine piece of basso-relievo,
in which St. Paul is represented preaching to the Bereans.
On entering the door, the mind is struck by the extent
of the vista. An arcade, supported by lofty and massy
OF MASONRY.
143
pillars on each hand, divides the church into the body
and two aisles; and the view is, terminated by the altar
at the extremity of v the choir; subject, nevertheless, to
the intervention of the organ standing across, which
forms a heavy obstruction. The pillars are adorned with
columns and pilasters of the Corinthian and Composite
orders; and the arches of the roof are enriched with
shields, festoons, chaplets, and other ornaments. In the
aisle, on one hand, is the consistory; and, opposite, on
the other, the morning-prayer chapel. These have very
beautiful screens of carved wainscot, which are much
admired.
Over the centre, where the great aisles cross each
othes, is the grand cupola, or dome, the vast concave of
which inspires a pleasing awe. Under its centre is fixed,
in the floor, a brass plate, round which the pavement
is beautifully variegated; but the figures into which
it is formed can nowhere be so well seen as. from the
whispering-gallery above. Here the spectator has at
once a full view of the organ, richly ornamented with
carved work, and the entrance to the choir directly under
it. The two aisles on the side of the choir, as well as
the choir itself, are inclosed with veiy fine iron rails
and gates.
The altar-piece is adorned with four noble fluted
.pilasters, painted and veined with gold, in imitation of
lapis lazuli, and their capitals are double gilt. In the
intercolumniations below are nine marble panels, and
above are six windows, in the two series. The floor of
the whole church is paved with marble ; and within the
rails of the altar with porphyry, polished, and laid in
several geometrical figures.
In the great cupola, which is 108 feet in diameter, the
architect seems to have imitated the Pantheon at Rome,
excepting that the upper order is there only umbratile,
and distinguished by different coloured marbles; while,
in St. Paul's, it is extant out of the wall. The Pantheon
is no higher within than its diameter; St. Peter's is two
diameters; the former shows its concave too low, the
latter to high ; St. Paul's is proportioned between both,
and therefore shows its concave every way, and is very
lightsome by the windows of the upper order. These
strike down the light through the great colonnade that
144
ILLUSTRATIONS
encircles the dome without, and serve for the abutment,
which is brick of the thickness of two bricks ; but as it
rises every way five feet high, it has a course of excellent
brick of 18 inches long, banding through the' whole
thickness; and, to make it still more secure, it is sur-
rounded with a vast chain of iron, strongly linked together
at every ten feet. The chain is let into a channel, cut
into the bandage of Portland stone, and defended from
the weather by filling the groove with lead. The
concave was turned upon a centre, which was judged
necessary to keep the work true ;. but the centre was
laid without any standards below for support. Every
story of the scaffolding being circular, and the ends of all
the ledgers meeting at so many rings, and truly wrought,
it supported itself.
As the old church of St. Paul had a lofty spire, Dr.
Wren was obliged to give his building an altitude that
might secure it from suffering by the comparison. To
do this, he made the dome without much higher than
within, by raising a strong brick cone over the internal
cupola, so constructed as to support an elegant stone
lantern on the apex. This brick cone is supported by a
cupola, formed of timber, and covered with lead : between
which and the cone are easy stairs up to the lantern.
Here the spectator may view contrivances that are truly
astonishing. The outward cupola is only ribbed, which*
the architect thought less Gothic than to stick it full of
such little lights as are in the cupola of St. Peter's, that
could not without difficulty be mended, and, if neglected,
might soon jdamage the timbers. As the architect was
sensible that paintings are liable to decay, he intended
to have beautified the inside of the cupola with mosaic
work, which, without the least fading of colours, would
be as durable as the building itself; but in this he was
over-ruled, though he had undertaken to procure four of
the most eminent artists in that profession from Italy,
for the purpose. This part, therefore, is now decorated
by the pencil of Sir James Thornhill, who has represented
the principal passages of St. Paul's life, in eight compart-
ments. * These paintings are all seen to advantage by
means of a circular opening, through which the light is
transmitted with admirable effect from the lantern above ;
but they are now cracked, and sadly decayed.
'JF MASONRY.
Divine service was performed in the choir of this
cathedral, for the first time, on the thanksgiving day for
the peace of Ryswick, Dec. 2, 1697 ; 41 and the last stone
on the top of the lantern laid by Mr. Christopher Wren,
the son of the architect, in 17 10. 42
While the cathedral of St. Paul's was carrying on as a
national undertaking, the citizens did not neglect theii
own immediate concerns, but restored such of their halls
and gates as had been destroyed. In April, 1675, was
laid the foundation-stone of the late Bethlehem-hospital
for lunatics, in Moorfields. This was a magnificent build-
ing, 540 feet long, and 40 broad, besides the two wings,
which were not added until several years afterwards.
The middle and ends of the edifice projected a little, and
were adorned with pilasters, entablatures, foliages, &c,
which, rising above the rest of the building, had each a
flat roof, with a handsome balustrade of stone. In the
centre was an elegant turret, adorned with a clock, gilt
ball, and vane. The whole building was brick and
stone, inclosed by a handsome wall, 680 feet long, of the
same materials. In the centre of the w T all was a large
pair of iron gates ; and on the piers on which these were
hung, were two images, in a reclining posture, one repre-
senting raving, the other melancholy, madness. The expres-
sion of these figures is admirable; and they were the
workmanship of Mr. Cibber, the father of the laureat
before mentioned. This building is now destroyed. 43
The College of Physicians also, about this time, dis-
covered some taste in erecting their college in Warwick-
lane, which, though little known, is esteemed by good
judges a delicate building.
41 Howell's Medulla Hist. Ang.
42 This noble fabric, lofty enough to be discerned at sea eastward,
and at Windsor to the west, was begun and completed in the space
of thirty-five years, by one architect, the great Sir Christopher
Wren ; one principal mason, Mr. Strong ; and under one bishop of
London, Dr. Henry Compton; whereas, St. Peter's at Rome was
155 years in building, under twelve successive architects, assisted
by the police and interest of the Roman see, and attended by the
best artists in sculpture, statuary, painting, and mosaic work.
The various parts of this superb edifice I have been thus particular
in describing, as it reflects honour on the ingenious architect who
built it, and as there is not an instance on record of any work of equal
magnitude having ever been completed by one man.
43 A new edifice, for the same purpose, has been erected in Sti
146
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Fraternity were now fully employed; and by
them the following parish churches, which had been
consumed by the great fire, were gradually rebuilt, or
repaired :
Allhallows, Bread-street, finished 1694; and the steeple completed
1697.
Allhallows the Great, Thames-street, 1683.
Allhallows, Lombard-street, 1694.
St. Alban, Wood-street, 1685.
St. Anne and Agnes, St. Anne's-lane, Aldersgate-Btreet, 1680.
St. Andrew's, Wardrobe, Puddledock-hill, 1692.
St. Andrew's, Holborn, 1687.
St. Anthony's, Watling-steet, 1682.
St. Augustin's, Watling-street, 1683; and the steeple finished 1695.
St. Bartholomew's, Royal Exchange, 1679.
St. Benedict's, Gracechurch-street. 1685.
St. Benedict's, Threadneedle-street, 1673.
St. Bennet's, Paul's Wharf, Thames-street, 1683.
St. Bride's, Fleet-street, 1680; and farther adorned in 1699.
Christ-church, Newgate-street, 1687.
St. Christopher's, Threadneedle-street, (since taken down to make
room for the Bank,) repaired in 1696.
St. Clement Danes, in the Strand, taken down 1680, and rebuilt by
Sir Christopher Wren, 1682.
St. Clement's, East Cheap, St. Clement's-lane, 1686.
St. Dionis Back, Lime-street, 1674.
St. Dunstan's in the East, Towd-^treet, repaired in 1698.
St. Edmond's the King, Lombard-street, rebuilt in 1674.
St. George, Botolph-lane, 1674.
St. James, Garlick-hill, 1683.
St. James, Westminster, 1675.
St. Lawrence Jewry, Cateaton-street, 1677.
St. Magnus, London-bridge, 1676 ; and the steeple in 1705.
St. Margaret, Lothbury, 1690.
St. Margaret Pattens, Little Tower-street, 1687.
St. Martin's, Ludgate, 1684.
St. Mary Abchurch, Abchurch-lane, 1686.
St. Mary's at hill, St. Mary's-hill, 1672.
St. Mary's, Aldermary, Bow-lane, 1672.
St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish-street, 1685.
St. Mary Somerset, Queenhithe, Thames-street, 1683.
St. Mary-le-bow, Cheapside, 1683. This church was built on the
wall of a very ancient one in the early time of the Roman colony ;
the roof is arched, and supported with ten Corinthian columns ;
but the principal ornament is the steeple, which is deemed an ad-
mirable piece of architecture, not to be paralleled by that of any
other parochial church. It rises from the ground a square tower,
plain at bottom, and is carried up to a considerable height in this
shape, but with more ornament as it advances. The prancipal de-
coration of the lower part is the door-case ; a lofty, noble arch,
faced with a bold and well-wrought rustic, raised on a plain
solid course from the foundation. Within the arch is a portal of
OF MASONRY.
147
the Doric order, with well-proportioned columns; the frieze is
ornamented with triglyphs, and with sculpture in the metopes.
There are some other slight ornaments in this part, which is termi-
nated by an elegant cornice, over which rises a plain course, from
which the dial projects. Above this, in each face, there is an
arched window, with Ionic pilasters at the sides. . The entablature
of the order is well wrought : it has a swelling frieze, and supports
on the cornice an elegant balustrade, with Attic pillars over Ionic
columns. These sustain elegant scrolls, on which are placed urns
with flames, and from this part the steeple rises circular. There
is a plain course to the height of half, the scrolls, and upon this is
raised an elegant circular series of Corinthian columns. These
support a second balustrade with scrolls ; and above there is placed
another series of columns of the Composite order; while, from the
entablature, rises a set of scrolls supporting the spire, which is
placed on balls, and terminated by a globe, on which is fixed a vane.
Mary Woolnoth's, Lombard- street, repaired in 1677.
St. Mary, Aldermanbury, rebuilt 1677.
St. Matthew, Friday- street, 1685.
St. Michael, Basinghall-street, 1679.
St. Michael Royal, College-hill, 1694.
St. Michael, Queenhithe, Trinity-lane, 1677.
St. Michael, Wood-street, 1675.
St. Michael, Crooked-lane, 1688.
St. Michael, Cornhill, 1672.
St. Mildred, Bread-street, 1683.
St. Mildred, Poultry, 1676.
St. Nicholas, Cole-abbey, Old Fish-street, 1677.
St. Olave's, Old Jewrv, 1673.
St. Peter's, Cornhill, 1681.
St. Sepulchre's, Snow-hill, 1671.
St. Stephen's, Coleman-street, 1676.
St. Stephen's, Walbrook, behind the Mansion-house, 1676. Many
encomiums have been bestowed on this church, for its interior
beauties. The dome is finely proportioned to the church, and
divided into small compartments, decorated with great elegance,
and crowned with a lantern : the roof is also divided into compart-
ments, and supported by noble Corinthian columns raised on their
pedestals. This church has three aisles and a cross aisle, is 75
feet long, 36 broad, 34 high and 58 to the lantern. It is famous
all over Europe, and justly reputed the master-piece of Sir Christo-
pher Wren. There is not a beauty, of which the plan would admit,
that is not to be found here in its greatest perfection.
St. Swithin's, Cannon- street, 1673.
St. Vedast, Foster-lane, 1697.
While* these churches, and other public buildings,
were going forward, under the direction of Sir Christo-
pher Wren, King Charles did not confine his improve-
ments to England alone, but commanded Sir William
Bruce, Bart., Grand Master of Scotland, to rebuild the
palace of Holyrood House, at Edinburgh, which was ac-
148
ILLUSTRATIONS
cordingly executed by that architect in the best Augustan
style.
During the prosecution of the great works above de-
scribed, the private business of the Society was not
neglected: Lodges were held at different places, and
many new ones constituted, to which the best architects
resorted.
In 1674, the Earl of Rivers resigned the office of Grand
Master, and was succeeded by George Villiers, Duke of
Buckingham. He left the care of the Brethren to his
wardens, and Sir Christopher Wren, who still continued
to act as deputy. In 1679, the duke resigned in favour
of Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington. Though this
nobleman was too deeply engaged in state affairs to
attend to the duties of Masonry, the Lodges continued
to meet regularly under his sanction, and many respecta-
ble gentlemen joined the Fraternity.
On the death of the king, in 1685, James II. succeed-
ed to the throne, during whose reign the Fraternity were
much neglected. The Earl of Arlington dying this year,
the Lodges met in communication, and elected Sir Chris-
topher Wren Grand Master, who appointed Mr. Gabriel
Cibber and Mr. Edward Strong 44 his wardens. Masonry
continued in a declining state for many years, and a few
Lodges only occasionally met in different places.
At the Revolution, the Society was so much reduced
in the South of England, that no more than seven regu-
lar Lodges met in London and its suburbs, of which two
only were worthy of notice; the old Lodge of St. Paul's,
over which Sir Christopher had presided during the
building of that structure ; and a Lodge at St. Thomas's
Hospital, Southwark, over which Sir Robert Clayton,
then Lord Mayor of London, presided during the re-
building of that hospital. 45
King William, having" been privately initiated into
Masonry in 1695, approved the choice of Sir Christopher
Wren as Grand Master, and honoured the Lodges with
his royal sanction, particularly one at Hampton Court, at
44 Both of these gentlemen were members of the old Lodge of St.
Paul, with Sir Christopher Wren, and bore a principal share in all the
improvements which took place after the fire of London ; the latter,
in particular, displayed his abilities in the cathedral of St. Paul.
" See tho Book of Constitutions. 1738, pp. 106, 107.
OF MASONRY t
149
which, it is said, his majesty frequently presided during
the building of the new part of that palace. Kensington
Palace was built during this reign, under the direction of
Sir Christopher; as were also Chelsea Hospital, and the
Palace of Greenwich, the latter of which had been re-
cently converted into an hospital for seamen, and finished
after the design of Inigo Jones.
At a general assembly and feast of the Masons, in 1697,
jnany noble and eminent Brethren were present, and
among the rest, Charles Duke of Richmond and Lenox,
who was at that time Master of the Lodge at Chichester.
His Grace was proposed and elected Grand Master for
the following year ; and having engaged Sir Christopher
Wren to act as his deputy, he appointed Edward Strong,
senior, and Edward Strong, junior, his wardens. His
Grace continued in office only one year, and was suc-
ceeded by Sir Christopher, who continued at the head of
the Fraternity till the death of the King in 1702.
During the following reign, Masonry made no consider-
able progress. Sir Christopher's age and infirmities
drawing off his attention from the duties of his office,
the Lodges decreased, and the annual festivals were en-
tirely neglected 46 . The old Lodge of St. Paul, and a
few others, continued to meet regularly, but consisted of
few members 47 . To increase their numbers, a proposi-
tion was made, and afterwards agreed to, that the
PRIVILEGES OF MASONRY SHOULD NO LONGER BE RESTRICT-
ED TO OPERATIVE MASONS, BUT EXTEND TO MEN OF VARI-
OUS PROFESSIONS, PROVIDED THEY WERE REGULARLY AP-
PROVED and initiated into the order. In consequence
of this resolution, many new regulations took place, and
the Society once more rose into notice and esteem.
SECT. VII.
History of the Revival of Masonry in the South of England.
On the accession of George I. the Masons in London
and its environs, finding themselves deprived of Sir
Christopher Wren, and their annual meetings disconti-
nued, resolved to cement themselves under a new Grand
46 Book, of Constitutions, 1738, p. 106.
iT Ibid,
150 ILLUSTRATIONS
Master, and to revive the communications and annual
festivals of the Society. With this view, the Lodges at
the Goose and Gridiron, in St. Paul's Church-yard- — the
Crown, in Parker's-lane, near Drury-lane — the Apple-
tree Tavern, in Charles-street, Covent-Garden, and the
Rummer and Grapes Tavern, in Channel-row, Westmin-
ster, (the only four Lodges in being in the Soutli of
England at that time,) with some other old Brethren,
met at the Apple-tree Tavern, above-mentioned, in Feb-
ruary, 1717; and, having voted the oldest Master-mason
then present into the chair, constituted themselves a
Grand Lodge, p*o tempore, in due form. At this meeting
it was resolved to revive the Quarterly Communications
of the Fraternity, and to hold the next annual assembly
and feast on the 24th of June, at the Goose and Gridiron,
in St. Paul's Church-yard (in compliment to the oldest
Lodge, which then met there), for the purpose of elect-
ing a Grand Master among themselves, till they should
have the honour of a noble brother at their head. Ac-
cordingly, on St. John the Baptist's day, 1717, in the
third year of the reign of King George I., the assembly
and feast were held at the said house ; when the oldest
Master-mason, and the Master of a Lodge, having taken
the chair, a list of proper candidates for the office "of
Grand Master was produced; and the names being sepa-
rately proposed, the Brethren, by a great majority of
hands, elected Mr. Anthony Sayer Grand Master of Ma-
sons for the ensuing year, who was forthwith invested
by the said oldest Master, installed by the Master of the
oldest Lodge, and duly congratulated by the assembly,
who paid him homage. The Grand Master then entered
on the duties of his office* appointed his Wardens, and
commanded the Brethren of the four Lodges to meet
him and his Wardens quarterly in communication ; en-
joining them, at the same time, to recommend to all the
Fraternity a punctual attendance on the next annual
assembly and feast.
Amongst a variety of regulations which were pro-
posed and agreed to at this meeting, was the following :
' That the privilege of assembling as Masons, which had
been hitherto unlimited 48 , should be vested in certain
A sufficient number of Masons, met together within a certain
OF MASONRY.
151
Lodges or Assemblies of Masons convened in certain
places ; and that every Lodge to be hereafter convened,
except the four old Lodges at this time existing, should
be legally authorized to act by a warrant from the Grand
Master for the time being, granted to certain individuals
by petition, with the consent and approbation of the
Grand Lodge in communication ; and that without such
warrant no Lodge should be hereafter deemed regular or
constitutional." In consequence of this regulation, seve-
ral new Lodges were soon after convened in different
parts of London and its environs, and the Masters and
"Wardens of these Lodges were commanded to attend the
meetings of the Grand Lodge, make a regular report of
their proceedings, and transmit to the Grand Master,
from time to time, a copy of any by-laws they might
form for their own government ; that no laws established
among them might be contrary to, or subversive of, the
general regulations, by which the Fraternity had v been
long governed, and which had been sanctioned by the
four Lodges when convened as a Grand Lodge in 1717.
In compliment to the Brethren of the four old Lodges,
by whom the Grand Lodge was first formed, it was
resolved, "That every privilege which they collectively
enjoyed by virtue of their immemorial rights, they should
still continue to enjoy; and that no law, rule, or regula-
tion, to be hereafter made or passed in the Grand Lodge,
should ever deprive them of such privilege, or encroach
on any landmark which was at that time established as
the standard of masonic government." This resolution
being confirmed, the old Masons in the Metropolis, agree-
ably to the resolutions of the Brethren at large, vested
all their inherent privileges, as individuals, in the fourfold
Lodges, in trust that they would never suffer the old
charges and ancient landmarks to be infringed. The four
old lodges then agreed to extend their patronage to every
lodge which should hereafter be constituted by the Grand
Lodge, according to the new regulations of the Society ;
district, with the consent of the sheriff or chief magistrate of the
place, were empowered, at this time, to make Masons, and practise
the rites of Masonry, without warrant of Constitution. The privilege
was inherent in themselves as individuals ; and this privilege is still
enjoyed by the two old Lodges now extant, which act by immemorial
constitution.
152
ILLUSTRATIONS
and while such lodges acted in conformity to the ancient
Constitution of the Order, to admit their Masters and
Wardens and to share with them all the privileges of the
Grand Lodge, excepting precedence of rank.
Matters being thus amicably adjusted, the Brethren of
the four old lodges considered their attendance on the
future Communications of the Society as unnecessary; and
therefore, like the other lodges, trusted implicitly to their
Master and Wardens, resting satisfied that no measure of
importance would be adopted without their approbation.
The officers of the old lodges, however, soon began to
discover, that the new lodges, being equally represented
with them at the Communications, might, in process of
time, so far outnumber the old ones, as to have it in their
power, by a majority, to encroach on, or even subvert,
the privileges of the original Masons of England, which
had been centred in the four old lodges, with the concur-
rence of the Brethren at large, therefore, they very
wisely formed a code of laws for the future government
of the Society; to which was annexed a conditional
clause, 43 which the Grand Master for the time being, his
successors, and the Master of every lodge to be hereafter
constituted, were bound to preserve inviolate in all time
coming. To commemorate this circumstance, it has
49 The conditional clause runs thus : — " Every annual Grand Lodge
has an inherent power and authority to make new regulations, or to alter
these, for the real benefit of this ancient Fraternity ; provided always,
THAT THE OLD LAND-MARKS BE CAREFULLY PRESERVED I and that Such
alterations and new regulations be proposed and agreed to, at the third
quarterly communication preceding the annual grand feast; and that,
they be offered also to the perusal of all the Brethren before dinner
in witing, even of the youngest apprentice ; the approbation and con-
sent of the majority of all the Brethren present being absolutely
necessary to make the same binding and obligatory."
This remarkable clause, with thirty-eight regulations preceding it,
all of which are printed in the first edition of the Book of Constitu-
tions, were approved and confirmed by one hundred and fifty brethren,
at an annual assembly and feast, held at Stationers'-hall. on St. John
the Baptist's day, 1721,* and in their presence subscribed by the
Masters and Wardens of the four old lodges on the one part ; and by
Philip, Duke of Wharton, then Grand Master, Theophilus Desaguliers,
M.D. and F.R.S., Deputy Grand Master, Joshua Timson and William
Hawkins, Grand Wardens, and the Masters and Wardens of sixteen
lodges, which had been constituted between 1717 and 1721, on the
other part.
• See the first edition of the Book of Constitutions, p. 68.
OF MASONRY.\^ ^ G? /*63
been customary, since that time, for the Master of the
oldest lodge to attend every Grand Installation: and
taking precedence of all present, the Grand Master only
excepted, to deliver the book of the original Consti-
tutions to the newly installed Grand Master, on his
engaging to support the ancient charges and general
regulations.
By this prudent precaution of our ancient Brethren,
the original Constitutions were established as the basis
of all future masonic jurisdiction in the south of England ;
and th? ancient land-marks, as they are emphatically
styled, or the bounderies set up as checks to innovation,
were carefully secured against the attacks of future
invaders. The four old lodges, in consequence of the
above compact, in which they considered themselves as a
distinct party, continued to act by their original authori-
ty; and, so far from surrendering any of their rights,
had them frequently ratified and confirmed by the whole
Fraternity in Grand Lodge assembled, who always
acknowledged their independent and immemorial power
to practise the rites of Masonry. No regulations of the
Society which might hereafter take place could, therefore,
operate with respect to those lodges, if such regulations
were contrary to, or subversive of, the original Constitu-
tions, by which only they were governed: and while
their proceedings were conformable to those Constitu-
tions, no power known in Masonry could legally deprive
them of any right or privilege which they had ever
enjoyed.
iTne necessity of fixing the original Constitutions, as
the standard by which all future laws in the Society are
to be regulated, was so clearly understood and defined
by the whole Fraternity at this time, that it was estab-
lished as an unerring rule, at every installation, public
and private, for many years afterwards, to make the
Grand Master, and the Masters and Wardens of every
lodge, engage to support the original Constitutions; to
the observance of which, also, every Mason was bound
at his initiation. Whoever acknowledges the universality
of "Masonry to be its highest glory, must admit the pro-
priety of this conduct; for were no standard fixed for
the government of the Society, Masonry might be exposed
tQ perpetual variations, which would effectually destroy
154 ILLUSTRATIONS
all the good effects that have hitherto resulted from its
universality and extended progress. 50
During the administration of Mr. Sayer, the Society
made little progress. Several Brethren joined the old
lodges; but there appear to have been only two new
lodges constituted under his auspices.
Mr. Sayer was succeeded, in 1718, by George Payne
60 When the earlier editions of this book were printed, the a«thoi
was not sufficiently acquainted with this part of the history of Ma-
sonry in England. The above particulars have been carefullj^extracted
from old records and authentic manuscripts, and are, in many points,
confirmed by the old books of the Lodge of Antiquity, as well as the
first and second editions of the Book of Constitutions.
The following account of the four old lodges may prove acceptable
to many readers.
1. The old Lodge of St. Paul, now named the Lodge of Antiquity,
formerly held at the Goose and Gridiron, in St. Paul's Church-yard, is
still extant (in 1820,) and regularly meets at the Freemasons' Tavern,
in Great Queen-afreet, Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, on the fourth Wednesday
of January, February, March, May, June, October, and November,
every year. The lodge is in a very flourishing state, and possesses
some valuable records and curious ancient relics.
2. The old Lodge, No. 2, formerly held at the Crown, in Parker's-
lane, Drury-lane, has been extinct above fifty years, by the death of
its members.
3. The old Lodge, No. 3, formerly held at the Apple-tree Tavern, in
Charles-street. Covent-garden, has been dissolved many years. By
the list of Lodges inserted in the Book of Constitutions, printed in
1738, it appears that in February, 1722-3, this lodge was removed to
the Queen's Head, in Knave's Acre, on account of some difference
among its members, and that the members who met there came under
a new Constitution ; though, says the book of Constitutions, they
warded it not, and ranked as No. 10 in the list. Thus they inconsider-
ately renounced their former rank under an immemorial Constitution.
4. The Lodge No. 4, formerly held at the Rummer and Grapes Tavern,
in Channel Row, Westminster, was thence removed to the Horn
Tavern, in New Palace Yard, where it continued to meet regularly, till
within these few years; when, finding themselves in a declining state,
the members agreed to incorporate with a new and flourishing lodge,
under the constitution of the Grand Lodge, intitled Hie Somerset-
house Lodge, which immediately assumed their rank.
It is a question that will admit of some discussion, whether any of
the above old lodges can, while they exist as lodges, surrender their
rights, as those rights seem to have been granted by the old Masons
of the Metropolis to them in trust; and any individual member of the
lour old lodges might object to the surrender, and in that case they
never could be given up. The four old lodges always preserved their
original power of making, passing, and raising Masons, being termed
Masters' Lodges; while the other lbdges, for many years afterwards,
had no such power; it having been the custom to pass and raise the
Masons made bv them at the Grand Lodge only.
OF MASONRY.
165
Esq. ; who was very assiduous in recommending a strict
observance of the Communications. He collected many
very valuable manuscripts on the subject of Masonry;
and, being determined to spare no pains to ma*ke himself
acquainted with the original government of the Craft,
he earnestly desired that the Brethren would bring to
the Grand Lodge any old writings or records concerning
the Fraternity, to show the usages of ancient times. In
consequence of this general intimation, several old copies
of the Gothic Constitutions were produced, arranged,
and digested.
On the 24th of June, 1719, another assembly and.
feast was held at the Goose and Gridiron before-men-
tioned; when Dr.- Desaguliers was unanimously elected
Grand Master. At this feast, the old, regular, and
peculiar toasts or healths of the Freemasons were intro-
duced ; and from this time we may date the rise of Free-
masonry on its present plan in the south of England.
The lodges, which had considerably increased by the
vigilance of the Grand Master, were visited by many old
Masons, who had long neglected the Craft; several
noblemen were initiated, and a number of new lodges
constituted.
At an assembly and feast, held at the Goose and Grid-
iron, on the 24th June, 1720, George Payne. Esq., was
re-elected Grand Master, and under his mild and vigilant
administration the lodges continued to flourish.
This year, at some of the private lodges, to the irre-
parable loss of the Fraternity, several valuable manu-
scripts, concerning the lodges, regulations, charges,
secrets, and usages of Masons (particularly one written
by Mr. Nicholas Stone, the warden under Inigo Jones,)
were too hastily burnt by some scrupulous Brethren, who
were alarmed at the intended publication of the masonic
Constitutions.
At a Quarterly Communication, held this year at the
Goose and Gridiron, on the festival of St. John the
Evangelist, it was agreed, That, in future, the new
Grand Master should be named and proposed to the
Grand Lodge some time before the feast; 51 and, if
51 By au old record of the Lodge of Antiquity, it appears, that the
new Grand Master was always proposed, and presented for approba-
tion in that lodge, before his election in the Grand Lodge.
156
ILLUSTRATIONS
approved, and present, he shall be saluted as Grand
Master elect; and that every Grand Master when he is
installed, shall have the sole power of appointing his
deputy and wardens, according to ancient custom.
At a Grand Lodge held in ample form on Lady-day,
1721, Brother Payne proposed for his successor, John,
Duke of Montagu, at that time Master of a lodge. His
Grace, being present, received the compliments of the
Grand Lodge. The Brethren expressed great joy at the
prospect of being once more patronized by the nobility;
and unanimously agreed, that the next assembly and
feast should be held at Stationers'-hall ; and that a proper
number of stewards should be appointed to provide the
entertainment. Mr. Josiah Villenau, an upholder in the
Borough, however, generously undertook the whole
management of the business, and received the thanks of
the Society for his attention.
While Masonry was spreading its influence over the
Southern part of the kingdom, it was not neglected in
the North. The General Assembly, or Grand Lodge, at
York, continued regularly to meet as heretofore. In
1705, under the direction of Sir George Tempest, Bart.,
then Grand Master, several Lodges met, and many worthy
Brethren were initiated in York and its neighbourhood.
Sir Qeorge being succeeded by the Right Hon. Robert
Benson, lord mayor of York, many meetings of the Fra-
ternity were held at different times in that city; and the
grand feast during his mastership is said to have been
very brilliant. Sir William Robinson, Bart., succeeded
Mr. Benson in the office of Grand Master, and the Fra-
ternity seem to have considerably increased in the North'
under his auspices. He was succeeded by Sir Walter
Hawkesworth, Bart., who governed the Society with
great credit. At the- expiration of his mastership, Sir
Master; and from the time of his election in 1714 to
1725, the Grand Lodge continued regularly to assemble
in York, under the direction of Charles Fairfax, Esq.,
Sir Walter Hawkesworth, Bart., Edward Bell, Esq.,
Charles Bathurst, Esq., Edward Thomson, Esq., M.P.,
John Johnson, M.D., and John Marsden, Esq.; all of
whom, in rotation, during the above period, regularly
filled the office of Grand Master in the North of England
George Tempest was
Grand
OF MASONRY. 167
From this account, which is authenticated by the
books of the Grand Lodge in York, it appears, that the
revival of Masonry in the South of England did not
interfere with the proceediugs of the Fraternity in the
North. For a series of years, the most perfect harmony
subsisted between the two Grand Lodges, and private
Lodges flourished in both parts of the kingdom under
their separate jurisdiction. The only distinction which
the Grand Lodge in the North appears to have retained
after the revival of Masonry in the South, is in the title
which they claim, viz., The Grand Lodge of all England;
while the Grand Lodge in the South passes only under
the denomination of The Grand Lodge of England. The
latter, on account of its situation, being encouraged by
some of the principal nobility, soon acquired consequence
and reputation, while the former, restricted to fewer,
though not less respectable, members, seemed gradually
to decline. Till within these few years, however, the
authority of the Grand Lodge in York has never been
challenged; on the contrary, every Mason in the king-
dom has always held it in the highest veneration, and
considered himself bound by the charges which originally
sprung from that assembly. To be ranked as descendants
of the original York Masons, was the glory and boast of
the Brethren in almost every country where Masonry
has been regularly established; and from the prevalence
and universality of the idea, that in the city of York
Masonry was first authorized by charter, the Masons
of England have received tribute from the first states in
Europe. 52
52 It is much to be regretted, that any separate interests should
have destroyed the social intercourse of Masons ; but it is no less
remarkable than true, that the Brethren in the North and those in
the South are now, in a manner, unknown to each other. Notwith-
standing the pitch of eminence and splendour at which the Grand
Lodge in London has arrived,- neither the Lodges of Scotland nor
Ireland court its correspondence. This unfortunate circumstance has
been attributed to the introduction of a few modern innovations among
the Lodges in the South. To remove this prejudice, the Grand Lodge
resolved to resume the original practices of the Society, and instituted
a Lodge of Promulgation, for the more regular diffusion of the Art.
They also established a friendly intercourse with the Grand Lodge of
Scotland. As to the coolness which has subsisted between the Grand
Lodge in York and the Grand Lodge in London, another reason is
assigned. A few Brethren at York having, on some trivial occasion
168
ILLUSTRATIONS
SECT. VIII.
History of Masonry from its Revival in the South of England,
till the death of King George I.
The reputation of the Society being now established,
many noblemen and gentlemen of the first rank desired
to be received into the Lodges, which increased con-
siderably during the administration of Mr. Payne. The
duties of Masonry were found to be a pleasing relaxation
from the fatigue of business; and in the Lodge, uninflu-
enced by politics or party, a happy union was effected
among the most respectable characters in the kingdom.
On the 24th of June, 1721, Grand Master Payne and
his' Wardens, with the former grand officers, and the
Masters and Wardens of twelve Lodges, met the Grand
Master elect at the Queen's Anns Tavern, in St. Paul's
Church-yard, 53 where the Grand Lodge was opened in
ample form. Having confirmed the proceedings of the
last Grand Lodge, several gentlemen were initiated into
Masonry, at the request of the Duke of Montagu ; and,
among the rest, Philip Lord Stanhope, afterwards Earl
of Chesterfield. From the Queen's Arms, the Grand
Lodge marched in procession, in their clothing, to Sta-
tioners'-hall, in Ludgate-street, where they were joyfully
received by one hundred and fifty Brethren, properly
clothed. The Grand Master, having made the first pro-
cession round the hall, took an affectionate leave of his
Brethren ; and being returned to his place, the Duke of
Montagu was proclaimed his successor for the ensuing
year. The general regulations which had been compiled
seceded from their ancient Lodge, they applied to London for a war-
rant of constitution ; and, without inquiry into the merits of the case,
their application was honoured. Instead of being recommended tc
the Mother Lodge to be restored to favour, these Brethren were en-
couraged in their revolt; and permitted, under the banner of the
Grand Lodge in London, to open a new Lodge in the city of York
itself. This unguarded act justly offended the Grand Lodge of York,
and occasioned a breach, which time, and a proper attention to the
rules of the Order, only can repair.
58 The old Lodge of St. Paul's, now the Lodge of Antiquity, having
been removed thither.
OF MASONRY.
159
by Mr. Payne in 1721, 54 and compared with the ancient
records and immemorial usages of the Fraternity, were
read, and met with general approbation ; after which Dr.
Desaguliers delivered an elegant oration on Masonry.
Soon after his election, the Grand Master gave con-
vincing proofs of his zeal and attention, by commanding
Dr. Desaguliers and James Anderson, A.M., men of*
genius and education, to revise, arrange, and digest the
Gothic Constitutions, old charges, and general regula-
tions. This task they faithfully executed; and at the
ensuing Grand Lodge, held at the Queen's Anns, St.
Paul's Church-yard, on the 27th of December, 1721,
being the festival of St. John the Evangelist, the same
was presented for approbation. A committee of fourteen
learned Brothers was appointed to examine the manu-
script, and make their report. On this occasion several
very instructive lectures were delivered, and much useful
information given by a few old Masons.
At a Grand Lodge held at the Fountain Tavern in the
Strand, in ample form, on the 25th of March, 1722, the
committee reported, that they had perused the manu-
script, containing the history, charges, regulations, &c,
of Masonry ; and, after some amendments, had approved
thereof. The Grand Lodge ordered the whole to be
prepared for the press, and printed with all possible
expedition. This order was strictly obeyed, and within
less than two years, the Book of Constitutions appeared
in print, under the following title : "The Book of Con-
stitutions of the Free-Masons; containing the History,
Charges, Regulations, &c, of that Most Ancient and
Right Worshipful Fraternity. For the use of the
Lodges." London, 1723. *
In January, 1722-3, the Duke of Montagu resigned the
office of Grand Master in favour of the Duke of Wharton,
who was very ambitious to attain it. His resignation pro-
ceeded from the motive of reconciling the Brethren to
this nobleman, who had incurred their displeasure, by
having convehed, in opposition to the resolutions of the
Grand Lodge on the 25th of March, an irregular assembly
of Masons at Stationers'-hall, on the festival of St. John
the Baptist, in order to get himself elected Grand Mas-
54 See the Book of Constitutions, printed in 1723.
100
ILLUSTRATIONS
ter. The Duke of Wharton, sensible of the impropriety
of his conduct, publicly acknowledged his error; and,
promising in future a strict conformity and obedience to
the resolutions of the Society, he was, with the general
consent of the Brethren, approved as Grand Master elect
for the ensuing year. His grace was regularly invested
and installed on the 17th of January, 1722-3, by the
Duke of Montagu, and congratulated by upwards of
twenty-five Lodges, who were present in the Grand
Lodge on that occasion. The diligence and attention of
the Duke of Wharton, to the duties of his new office, soon
recovered and established his reputation in the Society;
and, under his patronage, Masonry made a considerable
progress in the South of England. During his presi-
dency, the office of Grand Secretary was first established,
and William Cowper, Esq., appointed, who executed the
duties of that department several years.
The Duke of Buccleugh succeeded the Duke of
Wharton in 1723. Being absent on the annual festival,
he was installed by proxy at Merchant-tailors'-hall, in
no less attached to Masonry than his predecessor.
In the following year his grace was succeeded by the
Duke of Richmond, under whose administration the
Committee of Charity 55 w r as instituted. 56 Lord Paisley,
65 Now called the Lodge of Benevolence. — Editor.
66 The Duke of Buccleugh first proposed the scheme of raising a
general fund for distressed Masons. Lord Paisley, Dr. Desaguliers,
Colonel Houghton, and a few other brethren, supported the Duke's
proposition; and the Grand Lodge appointed a committee to consider
of the most effectual means of carrying the scheme into execution.
The report of the committee was transmitted to the Lodges, and
afterwards approved by the Grand Lodge. The disposal of the charity
was first vested in seven Brethren ; but this number being found too
small, nine more were added. It was afterwards resolved, that twelve
Masters of contributing Lodges, in rotation, with the grand officers,
should form the Committee ; and, by another regulation since made, it
has been determined, that all Past and Present Grand Officers, with
the Masters of all regular Lodges which shall have contributed within
twelve months to the charity, shall be members of the Committee.
The Committee meets four times in the year, by virtue of a sum-
mons from the Grand Master or his Deputy. The petitions of the
Brethren who apply for charity are considered at these meetings; and
if the petitioner be found a deserving object, he is immediate^ relieved
with live pounds: if the circumstances of his case are of a peculiar
nature, his petition is referred to the next communication, where he is
This nobleman was
OF MASONRY,
161
afterwards Earl of Abercorn, having been active in pro-
moting this new establishment, was elected Grand Master
in the end of the year 1725. Being in the country at
the time, his lordship was installed by proxy. During
his absence, Dr. Desaguliers, who had been appointed
his Deputy, was very attentive to the duties of his office,
by visiting the Lodges, and diligently promoting Masonry.
On his lordship's return to town, the Earl of Inchiquin
was proposed to succeed him, and was elected in Febru-
ary, 1726. The Society now flourished in town and
country ; and under the patronage of this nobleman the
Art was propagated with considerable success. This
period was rendered remarkable, by the Brethren of
Wales first uniting under the banner of the Grand Lodge
in London. In Wales are found some venerable remains
of ancient Masonry, and many stately ruins of castles,
executed in the Gothic style, which evidently demon-
strate, that in former times, the Fraternity must have met
with great encouragement in that part of the island.
Soon after this union, the office of Provincial Grand
Master 57 was instituted, and the first deputation granted
relieved with any sum the Committee may have specified, not exceed-
ing twenty guineas at one time. By these means the distressedhave
always found ready relief from this general charity, which is solely'
supported by the voluntary contributions of different Lodges out of
their private funds, without being burdensome on any member of the
Society.
Thus the Committee of Charity has been established among the
Free and Accepted Masons in London ; and though the sums annually
expended to relieve distressed Brethren have, for several years past,
amounted to many thousand pounds, there still remains a considera-
ble sum in reserve, which is continually accumulating by fresh contri-
butions.
All complaints and informations are considered at the Committee
of Charity ; from which a report is made to the next Grand Lodge,
where it is generally approved.
57 A Provincial Grand Master is the immediate representative of the
Grand Master in the District over which he is limited to preside; and,
being invested with the power and honour of a Deputy Grand Master
in his province, may constitute Lodges therein, if the consent of the
Masters and Wardens of three Lodges already constituted within his
district has been obtained, and the Grand Lodge in London has not
disapproved thereof. He wears the clothing of a Grand Officer, and
ranks, in all public assemblies, immediately after Past Deputy Grand
Masters. He must, in person, or by deputy, attend the quarterly
meeting of the Masters and Wardens of the Lodges in his district, and
transmit to the Grand Lodge, once in every year, the proceedings of
162
ILLUSTRATIONS
by Earl Inchiquin, on the 10th of May, 1727, to Hugh
Warburton, Esq., for North Wales; and on the 24th of
June following, to Sir Edward Mansell, Bart., for South
Wales. The Lodges in the country now began to in-
crease, and deputations were granted to several gentle-
men, to hold the office of Provincial Grand Master in
different parts of England, as well as in some places
abroad where Lodges had been constituted by English
Masons; and, during the Earl of Inchiquin's mastership,
a warrant was issued for opening a new Lodge at Gibral-
tar.
Among the noble edifices which were finished during
the presidency of this nobleman, was that excellent
structure, the church of St. Martin in the Fields; the
foundation-stone of which, it being a royal parish church,
was laid, in the king's name, on the 29th of March, 1721,
by Brother Gibb, the architect, in presence of the Lord
Almoner, the surveyor-general, and a large company of
the Brethren.
SECT. IX.
History of Masonry in England during the Reign of King
George II.
The first Grand Lodge after the accession of George II.
to the throne, was held at the Devil Tavern, Temple-bar,
on the 24th of June, 1727 ; at which were present, the
Earl of Inchiquin, Grand Master, his officers, and the
Masters and Wardens of forty Lodges. At this meeting,
it was resolved to extend the privilege of voting in Grand
those meetings, with a regular state of the Lodges under his jurisdic-
tion. The provincial Regalia is as follows: P. G. M. : the compasses
and square, with a five-pointed star in the centre. D. P. G. ilf., the
square. All other P. G. Officers^ Jewels of the same description as
those worn by the officers of the Grand Lodge. The Jewels of the
P. G. M. and other P. G. Officers, are to be placed within a circle, on
which the name of the province is to be engraven. All Past Officers,
the jewel of their respective offices on a blue enamelled oval medal.
All these jewels to be gold or gilt; and the collars to be garter blue,
four inches broad. The aprons, a white lambskin, 14 to 16 inches
wide, 12 to 14 deep, lined with garter blue ; edging 2 inches wide,
ornamented with gold, and blue strings, and may have the emblems of
their offices in gold or blue in the centre. (Const, of Regalia.) —
Editor.
OF MASONRY.
Lodge to past Grand Wardens; 58 that privilege having
been heretofore restricted to Past Grand Masters, by a
resolution of 21st November, 1724; and to Past Depu-
ties, by another resolution of 28th February, 1726.
The Grand Master, having been obliged to take a
journey into Ireland before the expiration of his office,
his lordship transmitted a letter to William Cowper,
Esq., his Deputy, requesting him to convene a Grand
Lodge for the purpose of nominating Lord Colerane
Grand Master for the ensuing year. A Grand Lodge was
accordingly convened on the 19th of December, 1727;
when his lordship was regularly proposed Grand Master
elect, and, being unanimously approved, on the 27th of
the same month, was duly invested with the ensigns of
his high office at a grand feast at Mercers'-hall, in the
presence of a numerous company of the Brethren. His
lordship attended two Communications during his Master-
ship, and seemed to pay considerable attention to the
duties of his office. He constituted several new Lodges,
and granted a deputation to hold a Lodge in St. Bernard-
street, Madrid. At the last Grand Lodge under his lord-
ship's auspices, Dr. Desaguliers moved, that the ancient
office of Stewards might be revived, to assist the Grand
Wardens in preparing the feast ; when it was agreed that
their appointment should be annual, and the number
restricted to twelve.
Lord Kingston succeeded Lord Colerane, and was
invested with the ensigns of his high office on the 27th
of December, 1728, at a grand feast held at Mercers'-hall.
His lordship's zeal and attachment to the Fraternity were
very conspicuous, not only by his regular attendance on
the Communications, but by a generous present to the
Grand Lodge, of a curious pedestal, a rich cushion, with
gold knobs and fringes, a velvet bag, and a new jewel
set in gold for the use of the Secretary. During his
lordship's administration, the Society flourished at home
58 This privilege was certainly a peculiar favour; for the Grand
Lodge, by the old Constitutions, could consist only of the Masters
i and Wardens of fegular Lodges, with the Grand Master and his
Wardens at their head ; and it had been customary even for these
Officers, at their annual election, and on other particular occasions, to
withdraw, and leave the Masters and Wardens of the Lodges to con-
sult together, that no undue influence miorht warn their ODinion.
164
ILLUSTRATIONS
and abroad. Many Lodges were constituted; and, among
the rest, a deputation was granted to George Pomfret,
Esq., authorizing him to open a new Lodge at Bengal.
This gentleman first introduced Masonry into the English
settlements in India, where it has since made such rapid
progress, that, within these few years, upwards of fifty
Lodges have been constituted there, eleven of which are
now held in Bengal. The annual remittances to" the
charity and public funds of the Society, from this and
the other factories of the East India Company, amount
to a considerable sum.
At a Grand Lodge held at the Devil Tavern, on the
27th of December, 1729, Nathaniel Blackerby, Esq., the
Deputy Grand Master, being in the chair, in the absence
of Lord Kingston, produced a letter from his lordship,
authorizing him to propose the Duke of Norfolk to be
Grand Master for the ensuing year. This nomination
meeting with general consent, the usual compliments
were paid to his Grace, who, being present, was saluted
Grand Master elect; and, at an assembly and feast at
Merchant-tailors'-hall, on the 29th of January following,
he was duly invested and installed, according to ancient
form, in the presence of a numerous and brilliant
company of Masons. His absence in Italy, soon after
his election, prevented him from attending more than
one Communication during his Mastership; but the busi-
ness of the Society was diligently executed by Mr.
Blackerby, his Deputy, on whom the whole manage-
ment devolved. Among other signal proofs of his
Grace's attachment to the Society, he transmitted from
Venice to England the following noble presents for the
use of the Grand Lodge: 1. Twenty pounds to the
charity. 2. A large folio book of the finest writing
paper, for the records of the Grand Lodge, richly bound
in Turkey, and gilt, with a curious frontispiece in vellum,
containing the arms of Norfolk, amply displayed, and a
Latin inscription of the family titles, with the arms of
Masonry elegantly emblazoned. 3. A sword of state
for the Grand Master; being the old trusty sword of
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, which was next
worn by his brave successor in war, Bernard, Duke of
Saxe-Weimar, with both their names on the blade, and
further enriched with the arms of Norfolk, in silver, on
OF MASONRY.
166
the scabbard. For these presents his Grace was voted
the public thanks of the Society.
It is not surprising that Masonry should flourish under
so respectable a banner. His Grace appoined a Pro-
vincial Grand Master over the Lodges in the Circle of
Lower Saxony, and established by deputation a Pro-
vincial Grand Lodge at New Jersey, in America. A
provincial patent was also made out, under his auspices,
for Bengal. From this period we may date the com-
mencement of the consequence and reputation of the
Society in Europe; as daily applications were made for
constituting new Lodges, and the most respectable
characters of the age desired their names to be enrolled
in our records.
The Duke of Norfolk was succeeded by Lord Lovel,
afterwards Earl of Leicester, who was installed at
Mercers'-hall, on the 29th of March, 1731. His lordship,
being at the time much indisposed with an ague, was
obliged to withdraw soon after his installation. Lord
Colerane, however, acted as proxy during the feast. On
the 14th of May, the first Grand Lodge, after Lord Lovel' s
election, was held at the Rose Tavern in Mary-le-bone ;
when it was voted, that in future all Past Grand Masters •
and their Deputies shall be admitted Members of the
Quarterly Committee of Charity, and that every Com-
mittee shall have power to vote five pounds for the
relief of any distressed Mason ; but no larger sum, without
the consent of the Grand Lodge in Communication being
first had and obtained. This resolution is still in force. 59
, During the presidency of Lord Lovel, the nobility
made a point of honouring the Grand Lodge with their
presence. The Dukes of Norfolk and Richmond, the
Earl of Inchiquin, and Lords Colerane and Montagu,
with several other persons of distinction, generally
attended ; and, though the subscriptions from their Lodges
were inconsiderable, the Society was enabled to relieve
many worthy objects with small sums. As an encourage-
ment to gentlemen to accept the office of Steward, it
was ordered, that in future each Steward should have
the privilege of nominating his successor at every annual
grand feast.
60 See the note m pp. 160, 161.
166
ILLUSTRATIONS
The most remarkable event of Lord Lovel's adminis-
tration was, the initiation of Francis, Duke of Lorraine,
Grand Duke of Tuscany, afterwards Emperor of Germany.
By virtue of a deputation from his Lordship, a Lodge
was held at the Hague, where his Highness was received
into the First Two Degrees of the Order. At this Lodge,
Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, then ambassador
there, presided ; Strickland, Esq., acted as Deputy,
and Mr. Benjamin Hadley, with a Dutch Brother, as
Wardens. His Highness coming to England the same
year, was advanced to the third Degree, at an occasional
Lodge convened for the purpose, at Houghton-hall, in
Norfolk, the seat of Sir Robert Walpole; as was als(»
Thomas Pelham, Duke of Newcastle.
The Society being now in a very flourishing state,
deputations were granted from England for establishing
Lodges in Russia and Spain.
Lord Viscount Montagu was installed Grand Master
at an assembly and feast at Merchant-tailors'-hall, on
the 19th of April, 1732. Among the distinguished per-
sonages present on that occasion were, the Dukes of
Montagu and Richmond; the Earl of Strathmore; and
Lords Colerane, Teynham, and Carpenter; Sir Francis
Drake and Sir William Keith, Barts., and above four
hundred other Brethren. At this meeting it was first
proposed to have a country feast, and agreed that the
Brethren should dine together at Hampstead on the 24th
of June, for which purpose cards of invitation were sent
to several of the nobility. On the day appointed, the
Grand Master and his Officers, the Dukes of Norfolk and
Richmond, the Earl of Strathmore, Lords Carpenter and
Teynham, and above a hundred other Brethren, met at
the Spikes, at Hampstead, where an elegant dinner was
provided. Soon after dinner, the Grand Master resigned
the chair to Lord Teynham, and from that time till the
expiration of his office never attended another meeting
of the Society. His lordship granted a deputation for
constituting a Lodge at Valenciennes, in French Flanders,
and another for opening a new Lodge at the Hotel , de
Bussy, in Paris. Several other Lodges were also con-
stituted under his lordship's auspices; 60 but the Society
60 " Freemasons' Lodges in America date their origin from this
OF MASONRY.
167
was particularly indebted to Thomas Batson, Esq., the
Deputy Grand Master, who was very attentive to the
duties of his office, and carefully superintended the gov-
ernment of the Craft.
The Earl of Strathmore succeeded Lord Montagu in
the office of Grand Master, and, being in Scotland at the
time, was installed by proxy at an assembly at Mercers'-
hall on the 7th of June, 1733. On the 13th of December
a Grand Lodge was held at the Devil Tavern, at which
his Lordship and his officers, the Earl of Crawford, Sir
Robert. Mansel, a number of Past Grand Officers, and the
Masters and Wardens of fifty-three Lodges, were present.
Several regulations were confirmed at this meeting
respecting the Committee of Charity; and it was deter-
mined that all complaints in future, to be brought before
the Grand Lodge, should be previously examined by the
Committee, and thence referred to the next Communi-
cation.
The history of the Society at this period affords few
remarkable instances to record. Some considerable do-
nations were collected, and distributed among distressed
Masons, to encourage the settlement of a new colony,
which had been just established at Georgia, in America.
Lord Strathmore showed every attention to the duties
of his office, and regularly attended the meetings of the
Grand Lodge : under his auspices the Society flourished,
at home and abroad, and many handsome presents were
received from the East Indies. Eleven German Masons
applied for authority to open a new Lodge at Hamburgh,
under the patronage of the Grand Lodge of England,
for which purpose his lordship was pleased to grant a
period. Upon the application of a number of Brethren, residing in
Boston, a warrant was granted by Lord Viscount Montagu, Grand
Master of Masons in England, dated the 30th of April, 1733, appoint-
ing the R. W. Henry Price Grand Master in North America, with full
power and authority to appoint his Deputy, and other Masonic officers
necessary for forming a Grand Lodge ; and also to constitute lodges
of Free and Accepted Masons* as often as occasion should require.
In consequence of this commission, the Grand Master opened a Grand
Lodge at Boston, on the 30th of July. 1733, in due form, and appointed
Andrew Belcher, D. G. M.. and Thomas Kenelly and John Quann,
Grand Wardens. The Grand Lodge being thus organized under the
designation of St. John's Grand Lodge, proceeded to grant warrants for
instituting regular lodges in various parts of America, &c." (Webb's
Monitor, d. 288.")— Editor.
168
ILLUSTRATIONS
deputation; and soon after, several other Lodges were
constituted in Holland under the English banner.
The Earl of Strathmore was succeeded by the Earl of
Crawford, who was installed at Mercers'-hall on the 30th
of March, 1734. Public affairs attracting his lordship's
attention, the Communications during his administration
were neglected. After eleven months' vacation, however,
a Grand Lodge was convened, at which his lordship
attended, and apologised for his long absence. To atone
for past omission, he commanded two Communications to
be held in little more than six weeks. The Dukes of
Richmond and Buccleugh, the Earl of Balcarras, Lord
Weymouth, and other eminent persons, honoured the
Grand Lodge with their presence during the Earl of
Crawford's presidency.
The most remarkable proceedings of the Society, at
this period, related to a new edition of the Book of Con-
stitutions, which Brother James Anderson was ordered
to prepare for the press: and which made its appearance
in January, 1738, considerably enlarged and improved.
Among the new regulations which took place under
the administration of Lord Crawford, was the following:
That if any Lodge within the bills of mortality shall
cease to meet during twelve calendar months, the said
Lodge shall be erased from the list ; and, if reinstated,
shall lose its former rank. Some additional privileges
were granted to the Stewards, in consequence of an
application for that purpose; and, to encourage gentle-
men to serve the office, it was agreed that, in future, all
Grand Officers, the Grand Master excepted, shall be
elected out of that body. A few resolutions also passed,
respecting illegal conventions of Masons, at which it was
reported many persons had been initiated into Masonry
on small and unworthy considerations.
The Earl of Crawford seems to have made another
encroachment on the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge in
the city of York, by constituting two Lodges within their
district; and by granting, without their consent, three
deputations, one for Lancashire, a second for Durham,
and a third for Northumberland. This circumstance the
Grand Lodge in York highly resented, and ever after
seems to have viewed the proceedings of the Brethren in
the South with a iealous eve, as all friendlv intercourse
OF MASONRY.
169
ceased, and the York Masons, from that moment, con-
sidered their interest distinct from the Masons under the
Grand Lodge in London. 61
Lord Weymouth succeeded the Earl of Crawford iu
the office of Grand Master, and was installed at Mercers'-
liall on the 17th of April, 1735, in presence of the Dukes
of Richmond and Athol; the Earls of Crawford, Win-
chelsea, Balcarras, r Wemys, and Loudon ; the Marquis of
Beaumont; Lords Cathcart and Vere Bertie; Sir Cecil
Wray and Sir Edward Mansel, Barts., and a splendid
company of other Brethren. Several Lodges" were con-
stituted during Lord Weymouth's presidency : and, among
the rest, the Stewards' Lodge. His lordship granted a
deputation to hold a Lodge at the seat of the Duke of
Richmond, at Aubigny, in France; and, under his
patronage, Masonry extended considerably in foreign
countries. He also issued warrants to open a new Lodge
at Lisbon, and another at Savannah, in Georgia; and, by
his special appointment, provincial patents were made
out for South America and Gambay in West Africa.
Lord Weymouth never honoured liny of the Commu-
nications with his presence during his presidency ; but
his omission was the less noticed, on account of the vigi-
lance and attention of his Deputy, John Ward, Esq.,
afterwards Lord Viscount Dudley and Ward, who applied
with the utmost diligence to promote the interest and
prosperity of the Society.
One circumstance occurred while Lord Weymouth
was Grand Master, of which it may be necessary to take
notice. The twelve Stewards, with Sir Robert Lawley,
Master of the Stewards' Lodge, at their head, appeared,
for the first time, in their new badges at a Grand Lodge
held at the Devil Tavern on the 11th of December, 1735.
61 In confirmation of the above fact, I shall here insert a paragraph,
copied from the Book of Constitutions, published in 1738. After
inserting a list of Provincial Grand Masters appointed for different
places abroad, it is thus expressed : " AH these foreign Lodges are
under the patronage of our Grand Master of England ; but the old
Lodge at York city, and the Lodges of Scotland, 'Ireland, France, and
Italy, affecting independency, are under their own Grand .Masters ;
'though they have the same constitutions, charges, regulations, &c, for
substance, with their Brethren of England, and are equally zealous for
the Augustan style, and the secrets of the ancient and honourable
Fraternity." Book 'of Constitutions, 1738. p. 196.
170
ILLUSTRATIONS
On this occasion they were not permitted to vote as
individuals: but, it being afterwards proposed that they
should enjoy this privilege, and that the Stewards' Lodge
should in future be represented in Grand Lodge by twelve
members, many Lodges objected to the measure as an
encroachment on the privilege of every other Lodge
which had been previously constituted. When the mo-
tion was put for confirmation, such a disturbance ensued
that the Grand Lodge was obliged to be closed before the
sentiments of the Brethren could be collected on the
subject. Of late years the punctilio has been waved,
ana the twelve Stewards are now permitted to vote in
every Communication as individuals. 62
The Earl of Loudon succeeded Lord Weymouth, and
was installed Grand Master at Fishmongers'-hall on the
15th of April, 1736. The Duke of Richmond ; the Earls
of Albemarle and Crawford; Lords llarcourt, Erskine,
and Southwell ; Mr. Antis, garter king-at-arms, Mr. Brady,
lion king-at-arms, and a numerous company of other
Brethren, were present on this occasion. His lordship
constituted several Lodges, and granted three provincial
deputations during its presidency, viz., one for New Eng-
land, another for South Carolina, and a third for Cape
Coast Castle, in Africa.
The Earl of Darnley was elected Grand Master, and
duly installed at Fishmongers'-hall on the 28th of April,
1757, in presence of the Duke of Richmond, the Earls
68 It was not till the year 1770 that this privilege was strictly war-
ranted ; when, at a Grand Lodge, on the 7th of February, at the Crown
and Anchor Tavern, in the Strand, the following resolution passed :
" As the right of the Members of the Stewards' Lodge in general to
attend the Committee of ClJarity appears doubtful, no mention of such
right being made in the laws of the Society, the Grand Lodge are of
opinion, That they have no general right to attend ; but it is hereby
resolved. That the Stewards' Lodge be allowed the privilege of sending
a number of Brethren, equal to any other four Lodges, to every future
Committee of Charity ; and that, as the Master of each private Lodge
only has the right to attend, to make a proper distinction between
the Stewards' Lodge and the other Lodges, that the Master and three
other Members of that Lodge be permitted to attend at every suc-
ceeding Committee on behalf of the said Lodge." This resolution,
however, was declared not to be intended to deprive any Lodge, which
had previously been constituted, of 4ts regular rank and precedence.
Notwithstanding this express provision, a privilege has been lately
granted to the Stewards' Lodge, of taking precedence of all the other
Lodges, the two oldest not excepted.
r
OF MASONRY*
171
of Crawford and Wemys, Lord Gray, and many other
respectable Brethren. The most remarkable event of
his lordship's administration was, the initiation of the
late Frederic Prince of Wales, his late Majesty's father,
at an occasional Lodge, convened for the purpose, at the
palace of Kew, over which Dr. Desaguliers presided as
Master. Lord Baltimore, Col. Lumley, the Hon. Major
Madden, and several other Brethren, were present. His
Royal Highness was advanced to the Second Degree at
the same Lodge ; and, at another Lodge, convened at the
same place soon after, was raised to the Degree of a
Master Mason.
There cannot be a better proof of the flourishing state
of the Society at this time, than by adverting to the
respectable appearance of the Brethren in Grand Lodge,
at which the Grand Master never failed to attend.
Upwards 4 of sixty Lodges were represented at every •
Communication during Lord Darnley's administration ;
•and more provincial patents were issued by Him than by
any of his predecessors. Deputations were granted for
Montserrat, Geneva, the Circle of Upper Saxony, the
Coast of Africa, New York, and the Islands of America. 63
The Marquis of Carnarvon, afterwards Duke of Chandos,
succeeded Lord Darnley in the office of Grand Master,
and was duly invested and installed at an assembly and
feast held at Fishmongers'-hall on the 27th of April,
1738. 64 At this assembly, the Duke of Richmond, the
63 At this time the authority granted by patent to a Provincial Grand
Master was limited to one year from his first public appearance in
that character within his province ; and if, at the expiration of that
period, a new election by the Lodges under his jurisdiction did not
take place, subject to the approbation of the Grand Master, the patent,
was no longer valid. Hence we find, within the course of a few years,
different appointments to the same station ; but the office is now per-
manent, and the sole appointment of the Grand Master.
64 "In the year 1738, a formidable bull was thundered from the
Conclave, not only against Freemasons themselves, but against all
those who promoted or favoured their cause — who gave them the
smallest countenance or advice — or who were, in any respect, connected
with a set of men, who, in the opinion of his Holiness, were enemies
to the tranquillity of the state, and hostile to the spiritual interest
of souls. Notwithstanding the severity of this bull, which threatens
excommunication to every offender, no particular charge, either of a
moral or political nature, is brought against a single individual of the
order. It was merely stated, that the Fraternity had spread far and
wide, and were daily increasing; that they admitted men of every
172
ILLUSTRATIONS
Earls of Inchiquin, Loudon and Kintore; Lords Cole-
rane, and Gray, and a numerous company of other
Brethren, were present. The Marquis showed 'every
attention to the Society during his presidency, and, in
testimony of his esteem, presented to the Grand Lodge
' a gold jewel for the use of the Secretary ; the device, two
cross pens in a knot; the knot and points of the pens
being curiously enamelled. Two deputations for the
office of Provincial Grand Master were granted by his
lordship, one for the Caribbee Islands, and the other for
the West Riding of Yorkshire. This latter appointment
was considered as a third encroachment on the jurisdiction
of the. Grand Lodge at York, and so widened the original
breach between the Brethren in the North and the South
of England, that from henceforward all correspondence
between the Grand Lodges totally ceased.
On the 15th of August, 173S, Frederic the Great, after-
wards King of Prussia, was initiated into Masonry in a
Lodge at Brunswick, under the Scots constitution, being
at that time Prince Royal. So highly did he approve of
the institution, that, on his accession to the throne, he
commanded a Grand Lodge to be formed at Berlin, 65 and
for that purpose obtained a patent from Edinburgh. In
religion into their society, and that they bound their members by an
oath, to preserve, with inviolable secresy, the mysteries of their order.
These circumstances, indeed, were sufficient grounds for exciting the
church of Rome to oppose a system so contrary to their superstitious
and contracted views in religion and government. This bull was fol-
lowed by an edict, dated 14th January, 1739, containing sentiments
equally bigoted, and enactments equally severe. The servitude of the
galleys, the tortures of the rack, and a fine of 1,000 crowns in gold,
were threatened to persons of every description, who were daring
enough to breathe the infectious air of a masonic assembly." (Lawrie,
p. 122.) — Editor.
65 His Majesty's attachment to the Society soon induced him to
establish several new regulations for the advantage of the Fraternity ;
and, among others, he ordained, 1. That no person should be made a
Mason, unless his character was unimpeachable, and his manner of
living and profession respectable. 2. That every member should
pay 25 rix-dollars (or Al. 3s.) for the First Degree ; 50 rix-dollars (or
81. 6s.) on his being passed into the Second Degree; and 100 rix-
dollars on his being raised a Master Mason. 3. That he should
remain at least three months in each Degree ; and that every sum
received should be divided by the Grand Treasurer into three parts;
one to defray the expenses of the Lodge ; another to be applied to
the relief of distressed Brethren ; and the third to be allotted to the
poor in general.
OF MASONRY.
173
this Lodge many of the German princes were" initiated,
who afterwards filled the office of Grand Master, with
much honour to themselves, and advantage to the Craft.
Thus was Masonry regularly established in Prussia, and
under that sanction it has flourished ever since.
No other remarkable occurrence is recorded to have
happened during the administration of the Marquis of
Carnarvon, except a proposition for establishing a plan to
appropriate a portion of the charity to place out the sons
of Masons apprentices; which, after a long debate in
Grand Lodge, was rejected. 66
Some disagreeable altercations arose in the Society
about this period. A number of dissatisfied Brethren,
having separated .themselves from the regular Lodges,
held meetings in different places, for the purpose of initia-
ting persons into Masonry, contrary to the laws of the
Grand Lodge. These seceding Brethren, taking advan-
tage of the breach which had been made in the friendly
intercourse between the Grand Lodges of London and
York, on being censured for their conduct, immediately
assumed at their irregular meetings, without authority,
the character of # York Masons. Measures were adopted
to check them, which stopped their progress for some
time; but, taking advantage of the general murmur spread
abroad on account of some innovations that had been
introduced, and which seemed to authorize an omission
of, and a variation in, the ancient ceremonies, they rose
again into notice. This imprudent measure of the regu-
lar Lodges offended many old Masons; but, through the
mediation of John Ward, Esq., afterwards Lord Viscount
Dudley and Ward, matters were accommodated, and the
Brethren seemingly reconciled. This, however, proved
only a temporary suspension of hostilities ; for the flame
soon broke out anew, and gave rise to commotions, which
afterwards materially interrupted the peace of the So-
ciety.
Lord Raymond succeeded the Marquis of Carnarvon in
May, 1739 ; and, under his lordship's auspices, the Lodges
were numerous and respectable. Notwithstanding the
flourishing, state of the Society, however,* irregularities
66 Of late years, however, an institution has been established for
174
ILLUSTRATIONS
continued to prevail; and several worthy Brethren, still
adverse to the encroachments on the established system
of the institution, seemed to be highly disgusted at the
proceedings of the regular Lodges. Complaints were
preferred at every succeeding Committee, and the Com-
munications were fully employed in adjusting differences
and reconciling animosities. More secessions taking place,
it became necessary to pass votes of censure on the most
refractory, and enact laws to discourage irregular associa-
tions of the Fraternity. This brought the power of the
Grand Lodge in question ; and, in opposition to the laws
which had been established in that assembly, Lodges
were formed without any legal warrant, and persous
initiated into Masonry for* small and unworthy considera-
tions. To disappoint the views of these deluded Breth-
ren, and to distinguish the persons initiated by them, the
Grand Lodge readily acquiesced in the imprudent measures
which the regular Masons had adopted, measures which
even the urgency of the case could not warrant. Though
this had the intended effect, it gave rise to a new subter-
fuge. The Brethren who had seceded from the regular
Lodges immediately announced independency, and as-
sumed the appellation of ancient Masons. "They propagated
an opinion, that the ancient tenets and practices of Mason-
ry were preserved by them: and that the regular Lodges,
being composed of modern Masons, had adopted new plnis,
and were not to be considered as acting under the old
establishment. To counteract the regulations of the
Grand Lodge, they instituted a new Grand Lodge in
London, professedly on the ancient system ; and, contrary
to their duty as Masons, under that assumed banner con-
stituted several new Lodges, in opposition to the regular
established authority. These irregular proceedings they
pretend to justify under the feigned sanction of the Ancient
York Constitution; and many gentlemen of reputation,
being deceived by this artifice, were introduced among
them, so that. their Lodges daily increased. Without
authority from the Grand Lodge in York, or from any
other established power in Masonry, these refractory
Brethren persevered in the measures they had adopted,
formed committees, held Communications, and even
appointed annual feasts. Under the false appellation of
OF MASONRY.
175
Scotch and Irish Masons ; who, placing implicit confi-
dence in the representations made to them, heartily joined
in condemning the measures of the regular Lodges in
London, as tending, in their opinion, to introduce novel-
ties into the Society, and to subvert the original plan of
the institution. The irregular Masons in London having
thus acquired a nominal establishment, noblemen of both
kingdoms, unacquainted with the origin of the separation,
honoured them with their patronage, and some respecta-
ble names and Lodges were added to their list.
During the presidency of Lord Raymond, no considera-
ble addition was made to the list of Lodges, nor were the
Communications often honoured with the company of the
nobility. His lordship granted only one deputation for
a Provincial Grand Master during his presidency ; viz., for
Savoy and Piedmont.
The Earl of Kintore succeeded Lord Raymond in April,
1740; and, in imitation of his predecessor, continued to
discourage irregularities. His lordship appointed several
provincials, particularly one for Russia; one for Ham-
burgh and the Circle of Lower Saxony ; one for the West
Riding of York, in the room of William Horton, Esq.,
deceased; -and one for the island of Barbadoes.
The Earl of Morton was elected on the 19th of March
following, and installed with great solemnity the same
day at Haberdashers'-hall, in presence of a respectable
company of the nobility, foreign ambassadors, and others.
Several seasonable laws were passed during his lordship's
mastership, and some regulations made concerning pro-
cessions and other ceremonies. His lordship presented
a staff of office to the Treasurer, of neat workmanship,
blue and tipt with gold ; and the Grand Lodge resolved,
that this officer should be annually elected, and, with the
Secretary and Sword-bearer, be permitted to rank in
future as a member of the Grand Lodge. A large corne-
lian seal, with the arms of Masonry, set in gold, was
presented to the Society, at this time, by brother William
Vaughan, the Senior Grand Warden, who was appointed
by his lordship Provincial Grand Master for North
Wales.
Lord Ward succeeded the Earl of Morton in April, 1742.
His lordship being well acquainted with the nature and
~f ~ a~ i : J
176
ILLUSTRATIONS
from the Secretary in a private Lodge to that of G rand
Master, lost no time in applying effectual remedies to
reconcile the animosities which prevailed ; he recommend-
ed to his officers vigilance and care in their different depart-
ments; and, by his own conduct, set a noble example
how the dignity of the Society ought to be supported.
Many Lodges, which w T ere in a declining state, by his
advice coalesced with others in better circumstances;
some, which had been negligent in their attendance on
the Communications, after proper admonitions, were
restored to favour; and others, which persevered in the
contumacy, were erased from the list. Thus his lord-
ship manifested a sincere regard for the interest of the
Society, while his lenity and forbearance were universally
admired.
The unanimity and harmony of the Lodges seemed to
be perfectly restored under his lordship's administration.
The Freemasons at Antigua built a large hail in that
island for their meetings, and applied to the Grand Lodge
for liberty to be styled' the Great Lodge of St. John's,
in Antigua, which favour was granted to them in April,
1744.
Lord Ward continued two years at the head of the
Fraternity; during which time he constituted many
Lodges, and appointed several Provincial Grand Masters,
viz. : one for Lancaster, one for North America, and three
for the island of Jamaica. He was succeeded by the Earl
of Strathmore ; during whose administration, he being
absent the whole time, the care and management of the
Society, devolved on the other Grand Officers, who care-
fully studied the general good of the Fraternity. His
lordship appointed a Provincial Grand Master for the
island of Bermuda.
Lord Cranstoun was elected Grand Master in April,
1745, and presided over the Fraternity with great repu-
tation two years. Uudet* his auspices Masonry flourished,
several new Lodges were constituted, and one Provincial
Grand Master was appointed for Cape Breton and Louis-
bourg. By a resolution of the Grand Lodge at this time
it was ordered, that public processions on feast-days should
be discontinued*; occasioned by some mock processions,
which a few disgusted Brethren had formed, in order to
burlesnne those rmblir, armflarfl,nr.p,s.
OF MASONRY.
177
Lord Byron succeeded Lord Cranstoun, and was install-
ed at Drapers'-hall on the 80th of April, 1747. The laws
of the Committee of Charity were, by his lordship's order,
revised, printed, and distributed among the Lodges ; and
a handsome contribution to the general charity was
received from the Lodge at Gibraltar. During five years
that his lordship presided over the Fraternity, no diligence
was spared to preserve the privileges of the Order invio-
late, to redress grievances, and to relieve distress. When
business required his lordship's attendance in the country,
Fotherly Baker, Esq., his Deputy, and Secretary Revis,
were particularly attentive to the business of the Society.
The former was distinguished by his knowledge of the
laws and regulations: the latter, by his long and faithful
services. 4 .Under the auspices of Lord Byron, provincial
patents were issued for Denmark and Norway, Pennsyl-
vania, Minorca, and New York.
On the 20th of March. 1752, Lord Carysfort accepted
the office of Grand Master. The good effects of his lord-
ship's application to the real interests of the Fraternity
soon became visible, by the great increase of the public
fund. No Grand Officer ever took more pains to pre-
serve, or was more attentive to recommend, order and
decorum. He -was ready, on every occasion, to visit the
Lodges in person, and to promote harmony among the
members, Dr, Manningham, his Deputy, was no less
vigilant in the execution of his duty: he constantly
visited the Lodges in his lordship's absence, and used
every endeavour to cement union ajnong the Brethren.
The whole proceedings of this active officer were con-
ducted with prudence; and his candour and affability
gained him universal esteem. The Grand Master's attach-
ment to the Society was so obvious, that the Brethren,
in testimony of their gratitude for his lordship's great
services, re-elected him on the 3rd of April, 1753; and
during his presidency, provincial patents were issued for
Gibraltar, the Bahama Islands, New York, Gtfernsey,
Jersey, Alderney, Sark", and Mann; also for Cornwall
and the counties of Worcester, Gloucester, Salop, Mon-
mouth, and Hereford.
At this time the Society in Scotland appears to have
been in a very flourishing state. Under the auspices
9*
178
ILLUSTRATIONS
of George Drummond, Esq., the Grand Master of the
Masons in that kingdom, the Lodges had considerably
increased in numbers. This gentleman had thrice
served the office of Lord Provost of Edinburgh; and,
being at the head of the senate in that city, he was
anxious to promote every scheme which could add to
the consequence and splendour of the metropolis of his
native country. With this view he planned, and after-
wards completed, that elegant range of buildings called
the New Exchange of Edinburgh, the foundation-
stone of which he laid on the 13th of September, 1753,
as Grand Master. An event so remarkable in the annals
of Masonry justly merits attention, and cannot fail to
render an account of a ceremony so splendid, and con-
ducted with so much regularity, interesting to every
Brother who has the honour of the Society at heart.
Early in the morning of the day appointed for the
celebration of this ceremony, a magnificent triumphal
arch, in the true Augustan style, was opened to public
view: it was erected at the entrance leading towards
the place where the foundation-stone of the intended
building was to be laid. In the niches between the
columns on each side of the entrance were two figures,
representing Geometry and Architecture, each as large
as life. On the frieze of the entablature, which was of
the Corinthian order, were the following words: Quod
felix faustumque sit ; that it may be happy and prosper-
ous. On the middle panel of the attic base, placed over
the entablature, wag represented the Genius of Edin-
burgh, in a curule chair, under a canopy; on her right
hand stood a group of figures representing the lord
provost, magistrates, and council, in their robes; on her
left was another group, representing the nobleman and
gentlemen employed in the direction of the intended
structure. In front was placed the Grand Master, otter-
ing a plan of the Exchange, attended by several of his
Brethren properly clothed. The w T hole was decorated
with laurels, bays, and other ever-greens, interspersed
with festoons of flowers.
At three o'clock in the afternoon, the several Lodges,
with their Masters at their head, met at Mary's chapel,
in Niddry's Wind ; and at half-past three, the procession
OF MASONRY.
179
began to move from the chapel in the following order,
the city guard covering the rear:
1. Operative Masons not belonging to any Lodge present.
2. A band of French horns.
3. The Lodges present, arranged as follows :
The Military Lodge belonging to General Johnson's regiment.
The Thistle Lodge.
The Scots' Lodge in Oanongate.
Holyrood-house Lodge.
Vernon Kilwinning Lodge.
Canongate from Leith Lodge.
Dalkeith Lodge.
Lodge of Journeymen Masons,
Oanongate and Leith, Leith and Oanongate Lodge.
Leith Kilwinning Lodge.
Canongate Kilwinning Lodge.
Mary's Chapel Lodge.
All the Brethren properly clothed, and the Masters and Wardens in *
the jewels of their respective Lodges, with their badges of
dignity, formed the last rank of each Lodge.
4. Gentlemen Masons belonging to foreign Lodges.
5. A band of Hautboys.
6. The Golden Compasses, carried by an Operative Mason.
7. Three Grand Stewards, with rods.
8. The Grand Secretary, Grand Treasurer, and Grand Clerk.
9. Three Grand Stewards, with rods.
10. The Golden Square, Level, and Plumb, carried by three Operative
Masons.
11. A band of French horns.
12. Three Grand Stewards, with rods.
13. The Grand Wardens.
14. The Cornucopia, and Golden Mallet, carried by an officer of the
Grand Lodge, and an Operative Mason.
15. The Grand Master, supported by a Past Grand Master, and the
present Substitute.
The procession was closed with a body of Operative
Masons;* and the whole Brethren, amounting exactly to
672, walked uncovered.
At the. head of Niddry's Wind the cavalcade was
received by 150 of the military, and a company of grena-
diers, drawn up in two lines, under arms, who escorted
the procession; one half of the grenadiers marching in
front, and the other half in the rear, with bayonets fixed.
As the procession passed the city guard, a company was
drawn out, with the proper officers at their head, who
saluted the Grand Master with military honours, drums
beating, and music playing. When the procession
180
ILLUSTRATIONS
reached the Parliament Close, the troops formed a line,
as did also the Masons within that line. The Grand
Master and the officers of the Grand Lodge then made a
stop at the north-west corner of the Close, and dis-
patched a message to the Council-house, to acquaint the
magistrates that the Brethren were ready, to receive
them; on which the lord provost, magistrates, and
council, in their robes, preceded by the city officers, with
the sword and mace, accompanied by several of the
* gentlemen in the direction of the intended buildings,
proceeded through the lines formed by the soldiers and
the Masons ; when the Grand Master, properly supported
as before, preceded by" his officers, and having his jewels
borne before him, marched to the place where the cere-
mony was. to be performed, and passed through the
triumphal arch erected for the occasion, the Lodges
following according to seniority. On the west side of
the place where the stone was to be laid, was erected a
theatre, covered with tapestry and decked with flowers,
for the lord provost, magistrates, council, and attendants ;
on the east was erected another theatre for the Grand
Master and his officers, on which was set a chair for the
Grand Master. Before the chair was a table covered
with tapestry, on which were placed two silver vessels,
filled with wine and oil; the golden jewels; and the
cornucopia, which had been carried in the procession.
The Masters, Wardens, and Brethren of the several
Lodges were then arranged in galleries properly fitted
up for the occasion.
The ceremony of laying the stone now commenced.
By order of the Substitute Grand Master, the stone was
slung into a tackle, and, after three regular stops, let
down gradually to the ground ; during which the Masonic
anthem was sung, accompanied by the music, all the
Brethren joining in the chorus. The Grand Master,
supported as before, preceded by his officers, and the
operative Masons carrying the jewels, then descended
from the theatre to the spot where the stone lay, and
passed through a line formed by the officers of the Grand
Lodge. The Substitute Grand Master deposited in the
stone, in cavities made for the purpose, three medals
with the following devices : On one side were the effigies
OF MASONRY.
181
of the Grand Master, in profile, vested with the ribbon
officially worn by him ; and in front, a view of the Royal
Infirmary, with the following inscription :
G. Drummond, Architect. Scot.
Svmmvs Magis Edin. ter Cos.
George Drummond, of the Society of Free- Masons in Scotland
Grand Master, thrice Provost of Edinburgh. On the reverse was a
perspective view of the Exchange, on which was inscribed in the
circle, verbi exornand^k ctvivmqve commoditati, For adorning the
City, and the conveniency of its inhabitants ; and underneath,
Fori novi Edinbvrgensis'
Posito Lapide priwo
Ordo per Scotiam architectonicus
Excudi JUSSIT,
xiii. septembris 1753. •
The first stone of the New Exchange of Edinburgh being laid, the
brotherhood of Masons through Scotland ordered this to be struck,
13th September, J 753.
The other medals contained the effigies as above; and
on the reverse the Masons' Arms, inclosed within the
collar of St. Andrew, with the following inscription:
In the Lord is all our trust.
The former Grand Master and the Substitute retiring,
two Operative Masons came in their place, and assisted
the Grand Master to turn over the stone, and lay it in its
proper bed, with the inscription 67 undermost.
* 7 The following is the inscription on the stone :
Georgius Drummondus
In architectonica ScoTiiE Kepub.
Curio Maximus
Urbis Edinburgi ter Consul
ApSTANTIBUS FRATRIBUS ArCHITECTONICIS CCC.
Pr^ksentibus MULTIS regni MAGNATIBUS
Senatu etiam populoque Edinensi
Et hominum ordinis cujusque
Magna stipante frequentia
cunctisq.ue plaudentibus
Ad Edinensium commoditatem
Et decus PUBLICUM
^Edificiorum novorum Principium
Lapidem hunc posuit
GULIELMO AlEXANDRO Cos.
Idibus Septembr. A.D. MDCCLIII.
182
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Grand Master then taking his station at the east
of the stone, with the Substitute on the left, and his
Wardens in the west, the Operative who carried the
square delivered it to the Substitute, who presented it
to the Grand Master ; and he, having applied it to that
part of the stone which was square, returned it Back to
the Operative. The Operative who carried the plumb,
then delivered it to the Substitute, who presented it also
to the Grand Master; and he, having applied it to the
edges of the stone, holding it upright, delivered it back
to the Operative. In like manner, the Operative w T ho
carried the level delivered it to the Substitute, and he
presented it to the Grand Master, who applied it above
the stone in several positions, and returned it back to
the Operative. The mallet was then presented to the
Grand Master, who gave three knocks upon the stone,
which was followed by three huzzas from the Brethren.
An anthem was then sung, accompanied by the music;
during which the cornucopia, and the two silver vessels
containing the wine and oil, were brought down to the
stone. The cornucopia was delivered to the Substitute,
and the vessels to the Wardens. The anthem being
concluded, the Substitute presented the cornucopia to
the Grand Master, who turned out the ears of corn upon
the stone. The silver vessels were then delivered by
the Wardens to the Substitute, and by him presented to
the Grand Master, who poured the contents upon the
stone, saying, "May the bountiful hand of Heaven supply
this city with abundance of corn, wine, oil, and all the
JEre Architectonics VMDCCLIII.
Imperiique Georgii II. "Britanniarum Regis
Anno xxvii.
Translated:
George Drummond, of the Society of Free-Masons in Scotland.
Grand Master, thrice Provost of Edinburgh, three hundred brother
Masons attending, in presence of many j)ersons of distinction, the
Magistrates and Citizens of Edinburgh, and of people of every rank
an innumerable Multitude, and all applauding, for the conveniency
of the inhabitants of Edinburgh, and the public ornament, as the be-
f inning of the new Buildings, laid this Stone, William Alexander,
eing Provost, on the 13th September, 175.*J, of the JEra of Masonry^
5753, and of the reign of George II., King of Great Britain, the
OF MASONRY
188
other conveniences of life!" This was succeeded by
three huzzas, after which ah anthem w r as sung. The
Grand Master then repeated these words : " As we have
now laid this foundation-stone, may the Grand Architect
of the universe, of his kind providence, enable us to carry
on and finish the work which we have now begurf ; may
he be a guard to this place, and the city in general; and
may he preserve it from decay and ruin to the latest
posterity." The ceremony was concluded with a short
prayer for the sovereign, the senate of the city, the Fra-
ternity of Masons, and all the people; the music was
resumed, and the Grand Master returned to his chair,
amid the plaudits of the Brethren.
The Grand Master then addressed the lord provost,
magistrates, and council, in an appropriate speech ; in
which he thanked them for the honour which they had
done him in witnessing tlie act of laying the foundation-
stone of the intended structure, and expressed his earnest
wish that they and their successors might be happy
instruments to forward the great and good work which
was now begun, and offered so fair a prospect of success;
and he sincerely hoped, that it might add, not only to
the ornament and advantage of the city of Edinburgh,
but be the means of insuring to them lasting honour,
and transmitting their memories to the latest posterity.
He next addressed the undertakers of the work on the
importance of the trust reposed in them, and recom-
mended diligence and industry to all the workmen who
might be employed under them.
The magistrates then took their leave, and the Breth-
ren resumed the procession to the palace of Holyrood-
house, escorted by the military as before, amidst an
immense crowd of spectators. On arriving at the palace,
the Grand Master, in the name of himself and his Breth-
ren, returned his most grateful acknowledgments to the
commanding officer of the troops for the assistance which
he had given. The Brethren then entered the inner
court of the palace, and formed a square, to receive the
Grand Master and his officers with all due honour; who,
followed by the Lodges according to seniority, proceeded
to the great gallery, where an elegant entertainment was
provided, and the greatest harmony prevailed. At nine
184
ILLUSTRATIONS
Such was the regularity observed throughout the
ceremony of the day, that, notwithstanding the crowds
of people who were collected on the occasion, the whole
was concluded without a single accident. 68
The Marquis of Carnarvon (afterwards Duke of Chan-
dos) succeeded Lord Carysfort in the office of Grand
Master of England, in March, 1754. He began his
administration by ordering the Book of Constitutions to
be reprinted, under the inspection of a committee, con-
sisting of the Grand Officers, and some other respectable
Brethren. The Grand Master's zeal and attention to the
true interests of the Society were .shown on every occa-
sion. He presented to the Grand Lodge a large silver
jewel, gilt, for the use of the Treasurer, being cross keys
in a knot, enamelled with blue; and gave several other
proofs of his attachment.
Soon after the election of the Marquis of Carnarvon,
the Grand Lodge took into consideration a complaint
against certain Brethren, for assembling, without any
legal authority, under the denomination of ancient masons;
and who, as such, considered themselves independent of
the Society, and not subject to the laws of the Grand
Lodge, or to* the control of the Grand Master. Dr. Man
ningham, the Deputy Grand Master, pointed out tht
necessity of discouraging such meetings, as being con-
trary to the laws of the Society, and openly subversive
of the allegiance due to the Grand Master. On this rep-
resentation the Grand Lodge resolved, that the meeting
of any Brethren under the denomination of Masons, other
than as Brethren of the ancient and honourable Society
of Free and Accepted Masons, established upon the uni-
versal system, is inconsistent with the honour and interest
of the Craft, and a high insult on the Grand Master and
the whole body of Masons. In consequence of this reso-
lution fourteen Brethren, who were members of a Lodge
held at the Ben Jonson's head, in Pelham-street, Spital-
fields, were expelled the Society, and that Lodge was
ordered to be erased from the list.
No preceding Grand Master granted so many provincial
cS I have been thus minute in the above detail, not only that an
event of such importance to the Society might be recorded, but that
it might serve as an example worthy of imitation in ceremonies of a
eirnilQi* lrinrl r\n « fi if 111*0 nnnnamn
OF MASONRY.
1S6
deputations as the Marquis of Carnarvon. On the 7th
of October, 1755, his lordship appointed a Provincial
Grand Master for Durham, and soon after a very respect-
able Lodge was constituted at Sunderland under his
lordship's auspices. In less than two years the following
patents were issued by his lordship; 1. for South Caro-
lina; 2. for South Wales; 3. for Antigua; 4. for all North
America, where no former provincial was appointed ; 5.
for Barbadoes, and all other his Majesty's islands to the
windward of Guadaloupe; 6. for St. Eustatius, Cuba,
and St. Martin's, Dutch Caribbee islands in America ; 7.
for Sicily, and the adjacent islands; 8. for all his Majes-
ty's dominions in Germany, with the power to choose
their successors ; and 9. for the County Palatine of Ches-
ter, and the City and County of .Chester. The greater
part of these appointments appear to have been mere
honorary grants in favour of individuals, few of them
having been attended with any real advantage to the
Society.
The Marquis of Carnarvon continued to preside over
the Fraternity till the 18th of May, 1757, when he was
succeeded by Lord Aberdour ; during whose mastership
the Grand Lodge voted, among other charities, the sum
of fifty pounds to be sent to Germany, to be distributed
among such of the soldiers as were Masons in Prince
Ferdinand's army, whether English, Hanoverians, or
Hessians ; and this sum was soon after remitted to Gene-
ral Kingsley for the intended purpose.
These were the principal proceedings of the Fraternity
during the reign of GBorge II., w r ho, on the 25th of Octo-
ber, 1760, expired at his palace at Kensington, in the
77th year of his age, and the 34th of his reign.
This period seems to have been the golden aera of
Masonry in England; the sciences were cultivated and
improved, the royal art was diligently propagated, and
true architecture clearly understood; the Fraternity
were honoured and esteemed ; the Lodges patronized by
exalted characters; and charity, humanity, and benevo-
lence, appeared to be the distinguishing characteristics
of Masons.
180
ILLUSTRATIONS
SECT. X.
History of Masonry in the South of England from tfie
Accession of George III. to the End of the Year 1779.
On the 26th of October, 1760, his late Majesty, George
III., was proclaimed. No prince ever ascended the
throne, whose private virtues and amiable character had
so justly endeared him to his people. To see a native
of England the sovereign of these realms, afforded the
most glorious prospect of fixing our happy constitution
in church and state on the firmest base. Under such a
patron, the polite arts could not fail of meeting with
every encouragement; and to the honour of his Majesty
it is to be observed, that, after his accession to the throne,
by his royal munificence no pains were spared to explore
distant regions in pursuit of useful knowledge, and to
diffuse science throughout every part of his dominions.
Masonry now flourished at home and abroad under the
English Constitution; and Lord Aberdour continued at
the head of the Fraternity five years, during which time
the public festivals and quarterly communications were
regularly held. His lordship equalled any of his prede-
cessors in the number of appointments to the office of
Provincial Grand Master, having granted the following
deputations: 1. for Antigua and the Leeward Caribbee
islands; 3- for the town of Norwich and county of Nor-
folk; 3. for the Bahama islands, in the room of the gov-
ernor deceased; 4. for Hamburgh and Lower Saxony; 5.
for Guadaloupe; 6. for Lancaster; 7. for the province of
Georgia; 8. for Canada; 9. for Andalusia, and places
adjacent; 10. for Bermuda; 1J. for Carolina; 12. for
Musquito shore ; and 13. for East India. The second of
these appointments, viz., for Norwich, is one by which
the Society has been materially benefited. By the dili-
gence and attention of the late Edward Bacon, Esq., to
whom the patent was first granted, the Lodges in Nor-
wich and Norfolk considerably increased, and Masonry
was regularly conducted in that province, under, his
OF MASONRY.
187
Lord Aberdour held the office of Grand Master till the
3rd of May, 1762, when he was succeeded by Earl Fer-
rers, during whose presidency nothing remarkable oc-
curred. The Society seems at this time to have lost much
of its consequence ; the general assemblies and communi-
cations not- having been honoured with the presence of
the nobility as formerly, and many Lodges being erased
from the list for non-attendance on the duties of the Grand
Lodge 69 . By the diligence and attention, however, of the
late General John Salter, then Deputy Grand Master, the
business of the Society was carried on with regularity,
and the fund of charity considerably increased. Provin-
cial patents were made out during Earl Ferrers' presi-
dency ; 1. for Jamaica ; 2. for East India, where no par-
ticular provincial was before appointed ; 3. for Cornwall ;
4. for Armenia ; 5. for Westphalia ; 6." for Bombay ; 7.
for the Dukedom of Brunswick ; 8. for the Grenadas, St.
Vincent, Dominica, Tobago, &c. ; and. 9. for Canada.
From these appointments no considerable emoluments
have resulted to the Society, excepting from the third and
sixth; George Bell for Cornwall; and James Todd for
Bombay. Both these gentlemen were particularly atten-
tive to the duties of their respective offices ; especially
the former, to whom the Society is in a great measure in-
debted for the flourishing state of Masonry in Cornwall.
On the 8th of May, 1 764, at an assembly and feast at
Vintners'-hall, Lord Blaney was elected Grand Master.
Lord Ferrers invested John Revis, Esq., late Deputy
Grand Master, as proxy for his lordship, who continued
in office two years; during which time, he being chiefly
in Ireland, the business of the Society was faithfully exe-
cuted by his Deputy, General Salter, an active and vigi-
lant officer. The scheme of opening a subscription for
the purchase of furniture for the Grand Lodge was agi-
tated about this time, and some money collected for the
purpose ; but the design dropped for want of encour-
agement. A new edition of the Book of Constitutions
was ordered to be printed, under the inspection of acom-
19 After this period, new Constitutions had Deen too easily granted,
and Lodges multiplied beyond proportion. A proper check, however
is now put to this practice ; the legislature having prohibited, by a
la!e Act of Parliament, the constituting of any new Lodges.
188
ILLUSTRATIONS
mittee, with a continuation of the proceedings of the
Society since the publication of the last edition.
During Lord Blaney's presidency, the Dukes of Glou-
cester and Cumberland, his Majesty's brothers, were ini-
tiated into the Order ; the former at an occasional Lodge
assembled at the Horn Tavern, Westminster, on the 10th
of February, 1766, at which his lordship presided in
person ; the latter at an occasional Lodge assembled at
the Thatched House Tavern, in St. James's-street, under
the direction of General Salter.
The following deputations for the office of Provincial
Grand Master were granted by Lord Blaney : 1. for Bar-
badoes; 2. for Upper Saxony ; 3. fo Stockholm ; 4. for
Virginia ; 5. for Bengal ; 6. for Italy ; 7. for the Upper
and Lower Rhine, and the circle of Franconia ; 8. for
Antigua ; 9. for the Electorate of Saxony ; 1 0. for Madras,
and its dependencies; 11. for Hampshire; and 12. for
Montserrat. The fifth, tenth, and eleventh of these ap-
pointments have been faithfully executed. By the inde-
fatigable assiduity of that truly masonsic luminary, the
late Thomas Dunckerley, Esq., in whose favour the
appointment for Hampshire was first made out, Masonry
made considerable progress in that province, as well as
in many other counties rn England. Soon after his ap-
pointment to this office, he accepted the superintendence
of the Lodges in Dorsetshire, Essex, Gloucestershire,
Somersetshire, and Herefordshire 70 . The revival of the
Bengal and Madras appointments has been also attended
with considerable advantage to the Society, as is evident
by the late liberal remittances from the East Indies.
Among several regulations respecting the fees of Con-
stitutions, and other matters, which passed during Lord
Blaney's administration, was the following : That as the
Grand Lodge entertained the highest sense of the honour
conferred on the Society by the initiation of the Dukes of
Gloucester and Cumberland, it was resolved, that each of
their royal highnesses should be presented with an apron,
70 In grateful testimony of the zealous and indefatigable exertions
of this gentlemen, for many years, to promote the honour and interest
of the Society, the Grand Lodge resolved, that he should rank as a
Past Senior .Grand VVarden, and in all processions take place next the
present Senior Grand Warden for the time being. In November,
1795, he died at Portsmouth.
OF MASONRY.
189
hned with blue silk ; and that, in all future processions,
they should rank as Past Grand Masters, next to the Grand
Officers for the time being. The same compliment was
also paid to their royal brother, the late Duke of York,
who was initiated into Masonry abroad, while on his
travels.
The Duke of Beaufort succeeded Lord Blaney in the
office of Grand Master, and was installed by proxy at
Merchant Tailors'-hall on the 27th of April, 1767 ; and
under his patronage the Society flourished.
VLn the beginning of 1768, two letters were received
from the Grand Lodge of France, expressing a desire of
opening a regular correspondence with the Grand Lodge
of England. This was cheerfully agreed to ; and a Book
of Constitutions, with a list of the Lodges under the
Constitution of England, and the form of a deputation,
elegantly bound, were ordered to be sent as a present to
the Grand Lodge of France.
Several regulations for the future government of the
Society were also made oat about this time ; particularly
one respecting the office of Provincial Grand Master. At
a Grand Lodge, held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern in
the Strand, on the 29th of April, 1768, it was resolved,
that ten guineas should be paid to the fund of charity, on
the appointment of every Provincial Grand Master who
had not served the office of Grand Steward.
The most remarkable occurrence during the adminis^
tration of the Duke of Beaufort was, the plan of an in-
corporatipn of the Society by royal charter. At a Grand
Lodge, held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern on the2Sth
of October, 1768, a report was made from the Committee
of Charity, held on the 21st of that month, at the Horn
Tavern in Fleet-street, of the Grand Master's, intentions
to have the Society incorporated if it met with the ap-
probation of the Brethren ; the advantages of the meas-
ure were fully explained, and a plan for carrying it .into
immediate effect was submitted to the consideration of
the Committee. This plan being approved in the Grand
Lodge, thanks were voted to the Grand Master for his
attention to the interests and prosperity of the Society.
The Hon. Charles Dillon,, the Deputy Grand Master, in-
formed the Brethren, that he had submitted to the Com-
mittee a plan for raising a fund to build a hall, and pur-
190
ILLUSTRATIONS
chase jewels, furniture, &c, for the Grand Lodge, inde-
pendent of the general fund of Charity ; a measure which,
he apprehended, would be a proper prelude to the incor-
poration, should it be the wish of the Society to obtain a
charter. This plan being also maturely investigated,
several amendments were made, and the whole referred
to the next Grand Lodge for confirmation. In the mean
time it was resolved, that the plan should be printed, and
transmitted to every Lodge on record 71 . The Duke of
Beaufort, finding that the Society approved of the Incor-
poration, contributed his best endeavours to carry the
design into execution ; at first he was opposed by a few
Brethren, who misconceived his good intentions ; but the
majority of the Society persevering in the measure, a
copy of the intended charter was printed, and ordered to
be dispersed among the Lodges 72 . From the return of
the different Lodges, it appeared that one hundred and
sixty-eight had voted for the incorporation, and only
forty-three against it ; upon which a motion was made in
Grand Lodge, on the2Sth of April, 1769, that the Society
should be incorporated, and it was carried in the affirma-
tive by a great majority.
At a Grand Lodge, held at the Crown and Anchoi
Tavern, on the 27th of October, 1769, it was resolved,
That the sum of 1300/., then standing in the names of
Kowland Berkeley, Esq., the Grand Treasurer, and Mr.
Arthur Beardmore and Mr. Richard Nevison, his sureties,
71 This plan consisted chiefly of certain fees to be paid by tho
Grand Officers annually, by new Lodges at their Constitution and by
Brethren at initiation into Masonry, or admission in Lodges as mem-
bers, &c.
72 Before the Society had come to any determinate resolution on the
business, the members of a respectable Lodge, then held at the Half-
Moon Tavern, Chcapside, entered a caveat in the Attorney-General's
office against the incorporation ; and, this circumstance being reported
to the Grand Lodge, an impeachment was laid against the officers of
that Lodge, for unwarrantably exposing the private resolutions of the
Grand Lodge. On the business being brought before the Grand
Lodge, it was determined, that the members of the said Lodge had
been guilty of a great offence, in presuming to oppose the resolutions
of the Grand Lodge, and frustrate the intentions of the Society. A
motion was therefore made, that the Lodge should be erased from tho
list ; but, on the Master acknowledging the lault, and, in the name of
himself and his Brethren, making a proper apology, the motion was
withdrawn, and the offence forgiven.
OF MASONRY.
191
in the three per cent, bank consolidated annuities, in
trust for the Society, be transferred into the names of the
present Grand Officers ; and, at an extraordinary Grand
Lodge, on the 29th of November following, the Society
was informed, that Mr. Beardmore had refused to join in
the transfer ; upon which it was resolved, that letters
should be sent, in the name of the Society, signed by
the acting Grand Officers, to Lord Blaney, the Past Grand
Master, and to his Deputy and Wardens, to whom the
Grand Treasurer and sureties had given bond, requesting
their concurrence in the resolutions of the Grand Lodge
on the 29th of October last. Mr. Beardmore, however,
dying soon after, the desire of the Grand Lodge was com-
plied with by Mr. Nevison, his executor, and the transfer
regularly made.
The Duke of Beaufort constituted several new Lodges,
and granted the following provincial deputations during
his presidency: 1. for South Carolina; 2. Jamaica; 3.
Barbadoes ; 4. Naples and Sicily ; 5. the Empire of Rus-
sia ; and 6. the Austrian Netherlands. The increase of
foreign Lodges occasioned the institution of a new officer,
a Provincial Grand Master for foreign Lodges in general ;
and his grace accordingly nominated a gentleman for that
office. He also appointed Provincial Grand Masters for
Kent, Suffolk, Lancashire, and Cumberland. Another
new appointment likewise took place during his grace's
administration, viz., the office of General Inspector or
Provincial Grand Master for Lodges within the bills of
mortality ; but, the majority of the Lodges in London
disapproving the appointment, the authority was soon
after withdrawn.
At a Grand Lodge, held at the Crown and Anchor
Tavern, on the 25th of April, 1770, the Provincial Grand
Master for foreign Lodges acquainted the Society, that
he had lately received a letter from Charles Baron de
Boetzelaer, Grand Master of the National Grand Lodge
of the United Provinces of Holland and their dependen-
cies, requesting to be acknowledged as such by the Grand
Lodge of England, whose superiority he confessed; and
promising, that, if the Grand Lodge of England would
agree in future not to constitute any new Lodge within
his jurisdiction, the Grand Lodge of Holland would
192
ILLUSTRATIONS
observe the same restriction with respect to all parts of
the world where Lodges were already established under
the patronage of England. Upon these terms, he re-
quested that a firm and friendly alliance might be estab-
lished between the Officers of both Grand Lodges, an
annual correspondence kept up, and each Grand Lodge
regularly made acquainted once in every year with'thfe
most material transactions of the other. On this report
being made, the Grand Lodge agreed that such an alli-
ance or compact should be entered into, and executed,
agreeably to Baron de Boetzelaer's request.
In 1771, a bill was brought into parliament by the
Hon. Charles Dillon, the Deputy Grand Master, for in-
corporating the Society by act of Parliament ; but, on
the second reading of the bill, it having been opposed
by Mr. Onslow, at the desire of several Brethren who
had petitioned the House against it, Mr. Dillon moved
to postpone the consideration of it, sine die; and thus
the design of an Incorporation fell to the ground.
Lord Petre succeeded the Duke of Beaufort on the
4th of May, 1772; when several regulations were made
for better securing the property belonging to the Socie-
ty. A considerable sum having been subscribed for the
purpose of building a hall, a committee was appointed
to superintend the management of that business. Every
measure was adopted to enforce the laws for raising a
new fund to carry the designs of the Society into execu-
tion, and no pains were spared by the committee to
complete the purpose of their appointment. By their
report to the Grand Lodge on the 27th of April, 1774, it
appeared, that they had contracted for the purchase of a
plot of ground and premises, consisting of two large
commodious dwelling-houses and a large garden, situated
in Great Queen-street, Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, late in the
possession of Philip Carteret Webb, Esq., deceased, the
particulars of which were specified in a plan then
delivered; that the real value appeared to be 3205Z. at
the least, but that 3180Z. was the sum contracted to be
paid for the premises ; that the front-house , might pro-
duce 901. per a?i?mm, and the back-house would furnish
commodious committee-rooms, offices, kitchens, &c. ; and
that the garden w r as sufficiently large to contain a com-
OF MASONRY. 193
plete hall for the use of the Society, the expense of
which was calculated not to exceed 3000/. 73 This report
having met with general approbation, Lord Petre, the
Dukes of Beaufort and Chandos, Earl Ferrers, and Lord
Viscount Dudley and Ward, were appointed Trustees
for the Society; and the conveyance of the premises
which had been purchased was made out in their names.
On the 22nd of February, 1775, 74 the hall-committee
reported to the Grand Lodge, that a plan had been pro-
posed and approved for raising 5000/. to complete the
designs of the Society, by granting annuities for lives,
with benefit of survivorship ; a plan now known under
the name of Tontine. It was accordingly resolved,
That there should be one hundred lives at 50/. each ;
that the whole premises belonging to the Society in
73 Notwithstanding this estimate, it appears by the Grand Trea-
surer's accounts, that in 1792 above 20,000£. had been expended on
this building; and that, exclusive of an annuity of 2502. , on account
of a tontine, there then remained due from the hall-fund to sundry
tradesmen, a considerable debt, the greatest part of which has since
been paid off. The tavern has been rebuilt, and enlarged, within
these few years, which has increased the expense to 30,0002.
74 " At the battle of Bunker's Hill, on the 17th of June, this year,
Masonry in America met with a heavy loss in the death of Grand
Master Warren, who was slain contending for the liberties of his
country. Soon after the evacuation of Boston by the British army,
and previous to any regular communication, the Brethren, influenced
by a pious regard to the memory of the late Grand Master, were in-
duced to search for his body, wliich had been rudely and indiscrimi-
nately buried in the field of slaughter. They accordingly repaired
to the place, and, by direction of a person who was on the ground at
the time of his burial, a spot was found where the earth had been
recently turned up. Upon removing the turf, and opening the grave,
which was on the brow of a hill, and adjacent to a small cluster of
sprigs, the remains were discovered in a mangled condition, but were
easily identified by means of an artificial tooth ; and, being decently
raised, were conveyed to the State-house in Boston ; from whence,
by a large and respectable number of Brethren, with the late grand
officers, attending in procession, they were carried to the stone
chapel, where an animated eulogium was. delivered by Brother Perez
Morton. The body was then deposited in the silent vault, without a
sculptured stone to mark the spot ; but as the whole earth is the
sepulchre of illustrious men, his fame, his glorious actions, are en-
graven on the tablet of universal remembrance, and will survive
marble monuments, or local inscriptions." (Webb's Monitor.) I have
been induced to insert an account of this transaction, as it redounds
so much to the honour and fraternal piety of our American Brethren <
ILLUSTRATIONS
Great Queen-street, with the hall to be built thereon,
should be vested in trustees, as a security to the subscri-
bers, who should be paid 51. per cent, for their money
advanced, the whole interest amounting to 250/. ycr
annum; that this interest should be divided among the
subscribers, and the survivors or survivor of them ; and,
upon the death of the last survivor, the whole to deter-
mine for the benefit of the Society. The Grand Lodge
approving the plan, the subscription immediately com-
menced, and in less than three months it was complete ;
upon which the trustees of the Society conveyed the
estate to the trustees of the Tontine, in pursuance of a
resolution of the Grand Lodge entered into for that
purpose.
On the 1st of May, 1775, the foundation-stone 75 of
the new hall was laid in solemn form, 76 in the presence
T5 Within the foundation-stone was deposited a plate, with the
following inscription :
ANNO REGNI GEORGH TEETH QUINDECIMO,
SALUTIS HUMAN JE MDCCLXXV. MENSIS MAII
DIE PIUMO,
HUNC PRIMUM LAPIDEM,
AUI^2B LATOMORUM,
(ANGLICE, FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS)
POSUERIT
HONORATISSIMUS ROB. EDV. DOM. PETRE, BARO
PETRE, DE WRITTLE,
SUMMITS LATOMORUM ANGLLE MAGISTER ;
ASSIDENTIBUS
VIRO ORNATISSIMO ROWLANDO HOLT, ARMI-
GERO, SUMMI MAGISTRI DEPUTATO ;
VIRIS ORNATISSIMIS
JOH. HATCH ET HEN. DAGGE,
SUMMIS GUBERNATORIBUS ;
PLENOQUE CORAM FRATRUM CONCUkSU ;
QUO ETIAM TEMPORE REGUM, PRINCIPUMQUE
VIRORUM FAVORE,
STUDIOQUE SUSTENTATUM — MAXIMOS PER
1 „. EUROPAM
HONORES OCCUPAVERAT
NOMEN LATOMORUM,
CUI INSUPER NOMINI SUMMUM ANGLLE, CON-
VENTUM, PREESSE FECERAT
UNIVERSA FRATRUM PER ORBEM MULTITUDO,
E COELO DESCENDIT.
TNQ0I XEATTON.
* For the ceremonv observed on this occasion. k«o n. fi7. Arn.
OF MASONRY.
196
of a numerous company of the Brethren. After the
ceremony, the company proceeded in carriages to Lea-
therseller's-hall, where an elegant entertainment was
provided on the occasion; and at this meeting the office
of Grand Chaplain was first instituted.
The building of the hall went on so rapidly, that it
was finished in little more than twelve months. On the
23d of May, 1776, it was opened, and dedicated, 77 in
solemn form, to Masonry, Virtue, and Universal
Charity and Benevolence, in the presence of a bril-
liant assembly of the Brethren. A new Ode, 78 written
and set to music on the occasion, was performed, before
a number of ladies, who honoured the Society with
their company on that day. An Exordium on Masonry,
not less elegant than instructive, was given by the
Grand Secretary, and an excellent oration delivered by
the Grand Chaplain. In commemoration of an event
so pleasing to the Society, it was agreed that the anni-
versary of this ceremony should be ever after regularly
kept.
Thus was completed, under the auspices of a noble-
man, whose amiable character as a man, and zeal as a
Mason, may be equalled, but cannot be surpassed, that
elegant and highly finished room in Great Queen-street,
in which the annual assembly and quarterly Communica-
tions of the Fraternity are held; and to the accomplish-
ment of which many Lodges, as well as private individu-
als, have liberally subscribed. It is to be regretted, that
the finances of the Society will not admit of its being
solely reserved for masonic purposes.
The hall is as elegant and highly finished a room as
the metropolis can show. The entrance into it is from
the Committee-room, through a small gallery, on the
right of which is a commodious flight of steps leading
to the under-croft, or ground apartments, and on the left
a small room appropriated for the reception of wines on
grand festivals: above this is a large music gallery, capa-
ble of containing three hundred spectators, exclusive of
the band of music, supported by pillars and pilasters of
the Composite order. The length of this building within
77 For the ceremony of dedication, see p. 69.
196
ILLUSTRATIONS
the walls is 92 feet ; it is 43 feet broad, and upwards of
60 feet high. At the upper end of the hall there is a
place allotted for the Grand Officers and their, attendants,
when the Grand Lodge meets, which takes up about
one-fourth of the whole length, and which is higher
than the rest by two steps ; at the extremity of which
is a very beautiful alcove of a semicircular form, in
which is fixed a fine organ. On the right and left of this
elevated place are two galleries, supported by beautiful
fluted pillars of the Corinthian order, either for music,
or to aamit ladies to the sight of such ceremonies as the
laws of the Society will permit. The remaining, part
of the hall is for the use of the Grand Stewards, and
Brethren in general, when the Grand Lodge assembles.
The pilasters on each side of the hall are fluted, and
otherwise most beautifully decorated. Between these
pilasters there are places appropriated for the reception
of full-length paintings of the Grand Masters, &c. 79
Above them are places for such historical paintings as
have some affinity to the royal art, or are expressive of
the virtues of Freemasonry. A 1 the other intermediate
spaces are elegantly decorated with the most beautiful
emblematical, symbolical, and hieroglyphical figures and
representations of the mysteries of the royal art.
Round the top of the side-walls runs a small balustrade,
or rather a kind of ornamented iron palisades, capable of
holding a vast number of spectators; above which a
number of semicircular windows are placed, so contrived
as to open and shut with the greatest ease and facility,
to let in fresh air as often as may be required. The
reason why the windows are placed so high is, that no
spectators from the adjacent houses may view the masonic
ceremonies.
The roof of this magnificent hall is, in all probability,
the highest finished piece of workmanship in Europe;
having gained universal applause from all beholders, and
has raised the character of the architect (Richard Cox)
beyond expression. In the centre of this roof a most
splendid sun is represented in burnished gold, surrounded
79 Those at present fixed, are the Priuce of Wales, the Earl of
Moira, the late Dukes of Cumberland and Manchester, the late Lord
Petre, the late Duke of Kent, the Duke of Sussex, and the Duke of
OF MASONRY.
197
by the twelve signs of the Zodiac, with their respective
characters; viz., Aries, T; Taurus, b; Gemini, II;
Cancer, S; Leo, SI; Virgo, ™l; Libra, Scorpio, til;
Sagittarius, t ; Capricorn, VS ; Aquarius, £? ; and Pis-
ces, X. 80
Whenever the Grand Lodge assembles, this hall is
further ornamented with five brilliant and rich cut-glass
chandeliers, the most magnificent of which hangs above
that part of the hall allotted to the Grand Officers ; the
other four are distributed in pairs, at equal distances.
These lustres, with a sufficient number of sconces, in
which only wax lights burn, illuminate the hall with a
great brilliancy. 81
The Brethren of St. John's Lodge in Newcastle, ani-
mated by the example set them in the metropolis, opened
a subscription among themselves for the purpose of
building, in the Low Friar Chair, in that town, a new
hall for their meetings ; and, on the 23rd of September,
1776, the foundation-stone 82 of that building was laid by
80 The Mithratic cavern in Persia, where the Initiations were per-
formed, was adorned in a similar manner, to represent the Mundane
system ; save that the three objects of their idolatrous worship, the
Sun, the Bull, and the Lion, were larger and more conspicuous than
the rest. (Vide Hist. Init., Lect. vi.) The emblematic meaning of
the sun is well known to the enlightened and inquisitive Freemason ;
and as the real sun is situated in the centre of the universe, so is this
emblematic sun fixed in the centre of real Masonry. We all know
that the sun is the fountain of light, the source of the seasons, the
cause of the vicissitudes of day and night, the parent of vegetation,
and the friend of man ; but the scientific Freemason only knows the
reason why the sun is thus placed in the centre of this beautiful halL
81 The tavern is a most commodious suite of rooms; and, under its
present conductor, possesses that large portion of the public favour tc
which his civility, liberality, diligence, and attention, most justly
entitle him.
88 Underneath this stone was placed a copper plate, with the fol-
fowing inscription :
^EDIFICU HVIVS
IV MVTVAM AMICITIAM STABILIENDAM
PRO SVMMI NATVIL3S NVMINIS
ARCHITECT! REGNATORIS VENERATIONE
PRO VERI INVESTIGATIONS
1IORVM SCIENTI^E ARTIVMQ. BONARVM
INGENVO CVLTV
HVMANI GENERIS BENEFICIO
SOLATIVM TEMPESTIVVM PR^EBENDO
CONVENTVI FRATKRNO SACRI
198
ILLUSTRATIONS
Mr. Francis Peacock, then Master of the Lodge. This
edifice was speedily completed, furnished, and dedicated ;
but we learn that it has been since sold, and appropriated
to other purposes.
The flourishing state of the Society in England at-
tracting the attention of the Masons in Germany, they
solicited our friendship and alliance. The Grand Lodge
at Berlin, under the patronage of the Prince of Hesse
Darmstadt, requested a friendly union and correspondence
with their Brethren of England ; which was agreed to,
on the Grand Lodge of Germany engaging to remit an
annual donation to the fund of charity.
The business of the Society having now considerably
increased, it was resolved, that the Grand Secretary
should be permitted in future to employ a deputy, or
assistant, at an annual salary proportioned to his labour.
On' the 14th of February, 1776, the Grand Lodge
resolved, that in future all Past Grand Officers should be
permitted to wear a particular gold jewel, the ground
enamelled blue; and each officer be distinguished by the
jewel which he wore while in office; with this difference,
that such honorary jewel should be fixed within a circle,
or oval ; on the borders of which were to be inscribed
his name, and the year in which he served the office.
This jewel was intended to be worn in Grand Lodge,
pendant to a broad blue riband; and, on other occasions,
to be fixed to the breast by a narrow blue riband. 83
Many regulations respecting the government of the
Fraternity were established during Lord Petre's adminis-
tration. The meetings of irregular Masons again attract-
ing notice, on the 10th of April, 1777, the following
law was enacted : " That the persons who assemble in
London, and elsewhere, in the character of Masons,
calling themselves Ancient Masons, and at present said to
FRANCISCVS PEACOCK PREFECT. HONORAND.
FVNDAMENTA POSVIT
IN CALEND. OCTOB.
AN. SAL. HVM. MDCCLXXVI.
AN. CONSORT. MMMMMDCCLXXVI.
83 How far the introduction of new ornaments is reconcileable to
the original practices of the Society, I will not presume to determine ;
but it is the opinion of many old Masons, that multiplying honorary
distinctions among Masons lessens the value and importance of the
real jewels by which the acting officers of the Lodge are distinguished.
OF MASONRY.
199
be under the patronage of the Duke of Athol, are not to
be countenanced or acknowledged by any regular Lodge
or Mason under the constitution of England : nor shall
any regular Mason be present at any of their conventions,
to give a sanction to their proceedings, under the penalty
of forfeiting the privileges of the Society; nor shall any
person initiated at any of their irregular meetings be
admitted into any lodge without being re-made. 84 That
this censure shall not be extended to any Lodge, or Mason
made, in Scotland or Ireland, under the constitution ot
either of these kingdoms ; or to any Lodge or Mason
made abroad, under the patronage of any foreign Grand
Lodge in alliance with the Grand Lodge of England ;
but that such Lodge and Masons shall be deemed regular
and constitutional."
An Appendix to the Book of Constitutions, containing
all the principal proceedings of the Society since the
publication of the last edition, was ordered to be printed;
also a new annual publication, entitled The Freemason's
Calendar; and the profits arising from the sale of both
were to be regularly brought to account in the charity
fund. To preserve the consequence of the Society, the
following law was also enacted at this time : That the
fees for constitutions, initiations, &c, be advanced ; that
no person be initiated into Masonry in any Lodge under
the constitution of England for a less sum than two
guineas; 85 and that the name, age, addition or profession,
and place of residence, of every person so initiated, and
of every admitted member of a regular Lodge, since the
29th of October, 1768, be registered; under the penalty
of such Mason made, or member admitted, being deprived
of the privileges of the Society.
The Masons in Sunderland having considerably in-
84 This censure only extends to those irregular Lodges in London,
which seceded from the rest of the Fraternity in 1738, and set up an
independent government, in open defiance of the established authority
of the kingdom, and the general rules of the institution. See pp.
173-175. It cannot apply to the Grand Lodge of York city, or any
Lodges under that truly ancient and respectable bauner; as the
independence and regular proceedings of that assembly have been
fully admitted and authenticated by the Grand Lodge in London, in
the Book of Constitutions printed under their sanction in 1738.
85 The usual charitable donation at initiation in many Lodges is
now seldom under five guineas, and more frequently double that sum.
200
ILLUSTRATIONS
creased during his lordship's administration, an elegant
hall was built in that town for their meetings. 86 On the
16th of July, 1778, this hall was dedicated in solemn
form before a numerous company of Brethren; on which
occasion a very animated oration on Masonry was deliv-
ered in the presence of above 120 ladies. On the 19th
of November, 1782, this hall was destroyed by fire, arid
many valuable books and papers were burnt. The zeal
of the brethren, however, induced them the following
year to build another hall, named Phoenix-hall, of which
the foundation-stone was laid in great pomp on the 5th
of April, 1784; and in the following year it was finished,
and dedicated in solemn form.
Lord Petre granted provincial deputations for Madras
and Virginia ; also for Hants, Sussex, and Surrey. During
his lordship's presidency, some Lodges were erased from
the list for nonconformity to the laws, but many new
ones were added; so that, under his banner, the Society
became truly respectable.
On the 1st of May, 1777, Lord Petre was succeeded
by the Duke of Manchester ; during whose administration
the tranquillity of the Society was interrupted by some
private dissensions. An unfortunate dispute having arisen
among the members of the Lodge of Antiquity, on account
of some proceedings of the Brethren of that Lodge on
the festival of St. John the Evangelist, after his grace's
8(5 The following directions, respecting the building of Lodges, are
contained in the book of Helvetian Ceremonies, already often cited,
and, I believe, are strictly attended to in Germany and France ;
"The proper time for beginning to build a Lodge, is from the 15th
of April to the 15th of May. Some think the 1 8th of April is the
most masonic day. Masons should build their Lodge within a court
of high walls; but that not being easily acquired, its windows should
be high from the ground ; the bottoms of the windows should not be
less than five cubits high* measuring from the superficies of the floor
within. The foundation-stone is in the corner of the Ammonites.
The proper height of a Lodge is eighteen cubits; the length and
breadth are not determined. The hall is for the great congregations.
The names of Lodges are sometimes ill chosen. The Apollo, the
Minerva, the Vesta, &c, are heathen names, inspiring ideas of idolatry
and superstition, and can have nothing to do with Masonry. The
names of great Masons of old may be chosen ; and the builders would
do well to find out what great man or bishop built the nearest cathe-
dral, and name the Lodge after him ; for this is certain, that every
cathedral was built by the ancient Society of Free and Accepted
Masons." — Euitor.
OF MASONRY.
201
election, the complaint was introduced into the Grand
Lodge, where it occupied the attention of every committee
and communication for twelve months. It originated
from the Master, Wardens, and some of the members, in
consequence of a resolution of the Lodge, having attended
divine service at, St. Dunstan's church in Fleet street,
in the clothing of the Order, and walked back to the
Mitre Tavern in their regalia, not having obtained a dis-
pensation for the purpose. The Grand Lodge determined
the measure to be a violation of the general regulations
respecting public processions ; 87 and various opinions being
formed, several Brethren were highly dissatisfied.
Another circumstance tended still further to -widen
this breach. The Lodge of Antiquity having expelled
three of its members for misbehaviour, the Grand Lodge
interfered, and, as was thought, without proper investi-
gation, ordered them to be reinstated. With this order
the Lodge refused to comply, the members conceiving
themselves competent and sole judges in the choice of
their own private members. The privileges of the Lodge
of Antiquity, 88 acting by immemorial constitution, began
to be set up, in opposition to the supposed uncontrol-
lable authority of the Grand Lodge established by them-
selves in 1717; and in the investigation of this point,
the original cause of the dispute was totally forgotten.
Matters were now carried to the extreme on both sides,
resolutions precipitately entered into, and edicts inad-
vertently issued; memorials and remonstrances were
presented in vain, and at last a rupture ensued. The
Lodge of Antiquity, on one hand, supported its imme-
morial privileges ; appointed committees to examine
records ; applied to the old Lodge in York city, and to
the Lodges in Scotland and Ireland, for advice; entered
a protest against, and peremptorily refused to comply
with, the resolutions of the Grand Lodge; discontinued
the attendance of the Master and Wardens at the com-
mittees, of charity and quarterly, communications as its
representatives; published a manifesto in its vindication ;
notified its separation from the Grand Lodge; and avowed
87 For an explanation of the nature of public processions at funerals,
. see pp. 72-74.
88 For an account of this Lodge and its privileges, see pp. 157 to
202
ILLUSTRATIONS
an alliance with the Grand Lodge of all England held in
the city of York, and every Lodge and Mason who wished
to act in conformity to the original constitutions. The
Grand Lodge, on the other hand, enforced its edicts, and
extended protection to the few Brethren whose cause it
had espoused, by permitting them to assemble as a regu-
lar Lodge without any warrant, under the denomination
of the Lodge of Antiquity itself, and suffering them to
appear by their representatives at the Grand Lodge as
the real Lodge of Antiquity, from which they had been
excluded, and which still continued to act by its own
immemorial constitution; anathemas were issued, and
several worthy Brethren expelled the Society, for refus-
ing to surrender the property of the Lodge to persons
who had been regularly expelled from it; while printed
letters were circulated, with the Grand Treasurer's
accounts, derogatory to the dignity of the Society. This
produced a schism, which subsisted for the space of ten
years.
To justify the proceedings of the Grand Lodge, the
following resolution of the Committee of Charity, held
in February, 1779, was printed and dispersed among the
Lodges : —
"Resolved, That every private Lodge derives its authori-
ty from the Grand Lodge, and that no authority but the
Grand Lodge can withdraw or take away that power.
That though the majority of a Lodge may determine to
quit the Society, the constitution, or power of assembling,
remains with, and is vested in, the rest of the members
who may be desirous of continuing their allegiance; and
that if all the members withdraw themselves, the con-
stitution is extinct, and the authority reverts to the Grand
Lodge."
This resolution, it was argued, might operate with
respect to any Lodge which derived its constitution from
the Grand Lodge, but could not apply to one which
derived its authority from another channel, long before
the establishment of the Grand Lodge, and which
authority had never been superseded, but repeatedly
admitted and acknowledged. Had it appeared upon
record, that, after the establishment of the Grand Lodge,
this original authority had been surrendered, forfeited,
1 .1 /• ~ A.. /^U.«~J T ~ J 4-\.
OF MASONRY.
203
Lodge of Antiquity must have admitted the resolution
of the Grand Lodge in its full force; but as no such
circumstance appeared on record, the members of the
Lodge of Antiquity were justified in considering their
immemorial constitution sacred, while they chose to exist
as a Lodge, and act in obedience to the ancient consti-
tutions.
Considering the subject in this point of view, it evi-
dently appears, that the resolutions of the Grand Lodge
could have no effect on the Lodge of Antiquity, after the
publication of the manifesto which avowed its separation;
nor while the members of that Lodge continued to meet
regularly as heretofore, and to promote the laudable
purposes of Masonry on their old independent foundation.
The Lodge of Antiquity, it was asserted, could not be
dissolved while the majority of its members kept together,
and acted in conformity to the original constitutions;
and no edict of the Grand Lodge, or its committees, could
deprive the members of that Lodge of a right which had
been admitted to be vested in themselves, collectively,
from time immemorial, a right which had not been
derived from, or ever ceded to, any Grand Lodge what-
ever.
To understand more clearly the nature of that consti-
tution by which the Lodge of Antiquity is upheld, we
must have recourse to the usages and customs which
prevailed among Masons at the end of the 17th and
beginning of the 18th century. The Fraternity then
had a discretionary power to meet as Masons, in certain
numbers, according to their degrees, with the approba-
tion of the master of the work where any public build-
ing was carrying on, as often as they found it necessary
so to do; and when so met, to receive into the Order
brothers and fellows, and practice the rights of Masonry
The idea of investing Masters and Wardens of Lodges in
Grand Lodge assembled, or the Grand Master himself,
with a power to grant warrants of constitution to certain
Brethren to meet as Masons at certain houses, on the
observance of certain conditions, had then no existence,
The Fraternity were under no such restrictions. The
Ancient Charges were the only standard for the regula-
tion of conduct, and no law was known in the Society
which those charges did not inculcate. To the award
ILLUSTRATIONS
of the Fraternity at large, in general meeting assembled,
once or twice in a year, all Brethren were subject, and
the authority of the Grand Master never extended beyond
the bounds of that general meeting. Every private
assembly, or Lodge, was under the direction of its parti-
cular Master, chosen for the occasion, whose authority
terminated with the meeting. When a Lodge was fixed
at any particular place for a certain time, an attestation
from the Brethren present, entered on record, was a suffi-
cient proof of its regular constitution ; and this practice
prevailed for many years after the revival of Masonry in
the south of England. By this authority, which never
proceeded from the Grand Lodge, unfettered by any other
restrictions than the constitutions of Masonry, the Lodge
of Antiquity has always acted, and still continues to act.
Whilst I have endeavoured to explain the subject of
this unfortunate dispute, I rejoice in the opportunity
which the proceedings of the grand feast in 1790 afforded
of promoting harmony, by restoring to the privileges of
the Society all the Brethren of the Lodge of Antiquity
who had been falsely accused and expelled in 1779. By
the operation of our professed principles, and through
the mediation of a true friend to genuine Masonry, the
late William Birch, Esq., Past Master of the Lodge of
Antiquity, unanimity was happily restored ; the manifesto
published by that Lodge in 1779 revoked ; and the Master
and Wardens of that truly ancient association resumed their
seats in Grand Lodge as heretofore; while the Brethren,
who had received the sanction of the Society as nominal
members of the Lodge of Antiquity during the separation,
were re-united with the original members of the real
Lodge, and the privileges of that venerable body limited
to their original channel.
Although I have considerably abridged my observa-
tions on this unfortunate dispute in the latter editions
of this treatise, I still think it proper to record my senti-
ments on the subject, in justice to the gentlemen with
whom I have long associated ; and to convince my Breth-
ren, that our re-union with the Society has not induced
me to vary a well-grounded opinion, or deviate from the
strict line of consistency which I have hitherto pursued.
OF MASONRY.
205
SECT. XI.
History of the most remarkable Events in the Society from
1779 to 1791jnclusive.
Amid these disagreeable altercations, intelligence ar-
rived of the rapid progress of the Society in India, and
that many new Lodges had been constituted, which were
amply supported by the first characters in the East.
Omdit-ul-Omrah Bahauder, eldest son of the nabob of
the Carhatic, had been initiated into Masonry in the
Lodge at Trichinopoly, near Madras ; and had expressed
the highest veneration for the institution. This news
having been transmitted to England officially, the Grand
Lodge determined to sent a congratulatory letter to his
highness on the occasion, accompanied with a blue apron,
elegantly decorated, and a copy of the Book of Consti-
tutions, superbly bound. To Sir John Day, Advocate-
general of Bengal, "the execution of this commission
was entrusted. 89 Iu the beginning of 1780, an answer
was received from his highness, acknowledging the
receipt of the present, and expressing the warmest
attachment and benevolence to his Brethren in England.
This letter, which is written in the Persian language,
was inclosed in an elegant cover of cloth of gold, and
addressed To' the Grand Master and Grand Lodge of
England.
This flattering mark of attention, from so distinguished
a personage abroad, was peculiarly grateful to the Grand
Lodge : who immediately resolved, that an answer should
be prepared and transmitted to his highness, expressing
the high opinion which the Brethren in England enter-
tained of his merits, and requesting the continuance of
his friendship and protection to the masonic institutions
in the East. The thanks of the Grand Lodge were voted
to Sir John Day; and a translation of his highness's
89 At the grand feast in 1792, Sir John was honoured with a blue
apron and the rank of a Grand officer 3 as a compliment for his meri-
torious services on this occasion.
206
ILLUSTRATIONS
letter 90 was ordered to be copied on vellum, and, with
the original, elegantly framed and glazed, hung up in
the hall at every public meeting of the Society. The
first testimony which Omdit-ul-Omrah gave of his regard
to the institution, was by the initiation of his brother
Omur-ul-Omrah, who seems to be equally active with
himself in promoting the welfare of the Society.
90 As this letter is replete with genuine good sense and warm
benevolence, we shall here insert the translation for the gratification
of our Brethren:
u To the right worshipful his Grace the Duke of Manchester, Grand
Master of the illustrious and benevolent Society of Free and
Accepted Masons under the constitution of England, and the
Grand Lodge thereof
"Much honoured Sir and Brethren,
"An early knowledge and participation of the benefits arising to our
house, from its intimate union of councils and interests with the
British nation, and a deep veneration for the laws, constitution, and
manners of the latter, have, for many years of my life, led me to
seize every opportunity of drawing the tics between us still closer
and closer.
''By the accounts which have reached me, of the principles and
practices of your Fraternity, nothing can be more pleasing to the
sovereign Ruler of the Universe, whom we all, though in different
ways, adore, or more honourable to his creatures ; for they stand upon
the broad basis of indiscriminate and universal benevolence.
"Under this conviction, I had long wished to be admitted of your
Fraternity ; and now that I am initiated, I consider the title of an
English Mason as one of the most honourable that I possess ; for it
is at once a cement of the friendship between your nation and me,
the friend of mankind.
"I have received from the advocate-general of Bengal, Sir John
Day. the very acceptable mark of attention and esteem with which
you have favoured me ; it has been presented with every circumstance
of deference and respect that the situation of things here, and the
temper of the times, would admit of; and I do assure your grace, and
the brethren at large, that he has done ample justice to the commission
you have confided to him, and has executed it in such manner as to
do honour to himself and me.
"I shall avail myself of a proper opportunity, to convince your
grace, and the rest of the Brethren, that Omdit-ul-Omrah is not an
unfeeling Brother, or heedless of the precepts he has imbibed ; and
that, while he testifies his love and esteem for his Brethren, by
strengthening the bonds of humanity, he means to minister to the
wants of the distressed.
" May the common Father of All, the one Omnipotent and merciful
God, take you into his holy keeping, and give you health, peace, and
Wngth of years, prays your higly honoured and affectionate brother.
" Omdit-ul-Omrah Bahauder."
OF MASONRY.
207
Another event has also taken place at Madras, which
must be very satisfactory to the Brethren of England.
The divisions and secessions which originated in London
in 1738, having unfortunately reached India, by the inter-
vention of Brigadier-General Home, who had been
appointed by patent from the Duke of Cumberland,
Provincial Grand Master on the coast of Coromandel, an
anion of the Brethren in that part of the world has been
effected ; and the Lodge, No. 152, styling themselves
Ancient York Masons, has joined a regular Lodge under
his auspices, and voluntarily surrendered the irregular
warrant under which they had formerly acted. This
desirable object being accomplished, and the wishes of
the Brethren fulfilled, the General requested their assist-
ance to form a Grand Lodge ; when the following officers
were appointed and installed in due form :
Brigadier-Gen. Horne, Prov. Grand Master,
Ter. Gahagan, Esq., Deputy Grand Master.
Jos. Du Pre Porcher, Esq., Acting Grand Master.
Lieut.-Col. Ross, Grand Architect.
Lieut.-Col. J. Campbell, Sen., Grand Warden.
Hamilton, Esq., Junior Grand Warden. *
James Grierson, -Esq., Grand Secretary.
James Amos, Esq., Grand Treasurer.
Lieutenant-Colonel Moorhouse and Colonel L. Lucas,
Esqrs., Grand Stewards.
Major Maule, Grand Orator.
Charles Bromley, Esq., Grand Sword-Bearer.
The Grand Lodge having been regularly established, a
proposal was made that a new Lodge should be formed
at Madras, under the name of Perfect Unanimity, No. 1.
This was unanimously agreed to; and the Provincial
Grand Master, giving notice that he should perform the
ceremony of consecration on Saturday, the 7th of Octo-
ber, 1787, in commemoration of the union which had
been so amicably formed that day, requested the proper
officers to attend on the occasion. Accordingly, on the
morning of the day appointed, upwards of fifty Brethren
assembled at the house on Choultry Plain, in which the
public rooms were held, and at half-past eleven o'clock
the ceremony commenced. After the preparatory busi-
ness had been gone through in Grand Lodge, a proces-
208
ILLUSTRATIONS
sion 91 was formed, and marched three times round the
Lodge ; after which the business of consecration com-
menced, and was completed in a manner suitable to the
solemnity of the occasion. Several old Masons, who
were present, declared that they never saw a ceremony
conducted with more dignity and propriety.
The following Brethren were then installed officers of
this new Lodge, viz.: Colly Lyons Lucas, Esq., Master;
Pullier Spencer, Esq., Senior Warden ; George Robert
Latham, Esq., Junior Warden ; John Robins, Esq., Trea-
surer ; George Maule, Esq., Secretary.
At two o'clock the Brethren sat down to an excellent
91 Here follows the Order of the Procession :
Two Tylers, with drawn swords.
Music.
Brothers Elphinstone and Moorhouse, Grand Stewards, with white
wands.
Brother Gillespie, as youngest apprentice, carrying the rough stone.
Apprentices, two and two.
Fellow-crafts, two and two.
Master-masons, two and two.
Brothers Latham and liobson, as Secretary and Treasurer of the
new Lodge.
Past-master.
Brother Taner, carrying a silver pifcher with corn.
Brothers Gomond and Goree, carrying pitchers containing wine and
oil.
Brothers Home and Horsiman, carrying two great lights.
Choristers.
Brother Ross, Grand Architect, carrying the polished stone.
Brother Donaldson (36th regiment), as Grand Sword-bearer,
carrying the sword of state.
• Brother Grierson. Grand Secretary, with his bag.
Brother Amos, Grand Treasurer, with his staff.
The Lodge covered with white satin, carried by four Tylers.
The worshipful Brother Lucas, as master of the new Lodge, carry-
ing the Bible, compasses, and square, on a crimson velvet
cushion, supported by Brothers Dalrymple and Chase,
Assistant Stewards.
Brother Sir George Keith, earrying the silver censer.
Brother Maule, Grand Orator.
Third great light, carried by Brother Gregory.
Brothers Campbell and Hamilton, Senior and Junior Grand.
Wardens, with their columns and truncheons.
Brother Porcher, Acting Grand Master.
Brother Sadlier. as Chief Magistrate.
Brother Sir Henry Cosby, carrying the Book of Constitutions.
Brigadier-General Horne, Provincial Grand Master, supported by
Brothers Howley and Harris, Assistant Stewards.
OF MASONRY.
209
dinner, which had been provided by the Grand Lodge ;
and many masonic and loyal toasts being drunk, the day
was concluded with that pleasing festivity, harmony,
and good fellowship, which has always distinguished
the Society of Free and Accepted Masons.
We shall now return to the history of Masonry in
England; and recite the particulars which are most
deserving attention.
During the presidency of the Duke of Manchester,
new Lodges were constituted in different parts of Eng-
land, and considerable additions made to the general
funds of the Society. The sums voted to distressed
Brethren far exceeded those of any former period ; and
among other instances of liberality, may be specified a
generous contribution of one hundred pounds, which was
voted by the Grand Lodge towards the relief of our
Brethren in America, who had suffered great losses in
consequence of the rebellion there, and whose situation
was very feelingly described in a letter from the Lodge
No. 1, at Halifax, in Nova Scotia.
A singular proposition was made in Grand Lodge on
the 8th of April, 1778, that the Grand Master and his
officers should be distinguished in future at all public
meetings by robes, to be provided at their own expense ;
and that Past Grand Officers should have the same privi-
lege. This measure at first was favorably received ; but,
on further investigation in the Hall Committee, to which
it was referred, it was found to be so diametrically op-
posite to the original plan of the Institution, that it was
very properly laid aside.
The finances of the Society occupied great part of the
proceedings of the Committees and Communications
during his grace's administration. The debts due on
account of the hall appearing to be very considerable, it
was determined to make an application to the 'Lodges to
raise 20001. to pay them off. For this purpose, in con-
sequence of a plan offered to the consideration of the
Grand Lodge in June, 1779, it was resolved, that a sub-
scription .should be opened, to raise the money by loan,
without interest, at the discretion of the subscribers ;
that 251. should be the sum limited for each subscriber,
and the number of subscribers to be one hundred : and
that the monies so subscribed should be repaid, in equal
210
ILLUSTRATIONS
proportions, among the subscribers, at such times as the
hall-fund would admit.' It was' also determined, that an
honorary medal should be presented to every subscriber,
as a mark of respect, on account of the service which
he had rendered the Society ; and that the bearer of
such medal, if a Master Mason, should have the privilege
of being present at, and voting in, all the future meet-
ings of the Grand Lodge. This -mark of attention
prompted some Lodges, as well as individuals, to con-
tribute ; and the greater part of the money was speedily
raised, and applied to the purpose intended.
The Stewards' Lodge, finding their finances much re-
duced by several members having withdrawn their annual
subscriptions, applied to the Grand Lodge for relief ;
upon which it was resolved, that in future no Grand
Officer should be appointed, who was not at the time a
subscribing member of the Stewards' Lodge.
A measure, however, of more importance, attracted
the attention of the Society at this period. It had been
observed with regret, that a number of worthy Brethren
in distress had been subjected to much inconvenience
and disappointment from want of relief during the long
summer recess ; as there was seldom any Committee of
Charity held from the beginning of April to the end of
October. To remedy this complaint, the Grand Lodge
unanimously resolved, that an Extraordinary Committee
should meet annually in the last week of July, or first
week of August, to administer temporary relief to such
distressed objects as might regularly apply, not exceeding
five pounds to' one person.
The business of the Society having of late very con-
siderably increased, the Grand Lodge was induced to ap-
point, pro tempore, an assistant to the Grand Secretary,
to hold equal rank and power with himself in the Grand
Lodge. Among many regulations which were now estab-
lished, it was determined, that in future no person should
hold two offices at the same time in the Grand Lodge.
The Grand Lodge of Germany having applied for
leave to send a representative to the Grand Lodge of
England, in order more effectually to cement the union
and friendship of the Brethren of both countries, Brother
John Leonahrdi was appointed to that office. The re-
quest being complied with, a resolution passed, that, in
OF MASONRY.
211 %
compliment to the Grand Lodge of Germany, Brother
Leonahrdi should wear the clothing of a Grand Officer,
and rank next to Past Grand Officers in all the public
meetings of the Society.
This additional cement was highly pleasing ; and led
the Brethren to regret, that no intercourse or correspond-
ence should have subsisted nearer home, between the
Grand Lodge of -England and the Grand Lodges of Scot-
land and Ireland, though all the members were now
subjects of the same sovereign, and happily united in the
encouragement of the Art. At the Communication in
April, 1782, this important business coming under con-
sideration, after a variety of opinions had been delivered,
it was unanimously resolved, that the Grand Master
should be requested to adopt such means as his wisdom
might suggest, to promote a good understanding among
the Brethren of the three united kingdoms. Notwith-
standing this resolution, the wished-for union was not
then fully accomplished.
At this meeting also, the pleasing intelligence was
communicated, that the Duke of Cumberland intended
to accept the government of the Society. This having
been regularly stated to the Grand Lodge, his Royal
Highness was proposed as Grand Master elect ; and, in
compliment to him, it was resolved, that he should have
the privilege of nominating a peer of the realm as Acting
Grand Master, who should be empowered to superintend
the Society in his absence ; and that at any future period,
when the Fraternity might be honoured with a Prince
of the blood at their head, the same privilege should be
granted.
At the annual grand feast on the 1st of May, 1782, the
Duke of Cumberland was unanimously elected Grand
Master ; and it being signified to the Society, that his
Koyal Highness meant to appoint the Earl of Effingham
Acting Grand Master, the appointment was confirmed,
and his Lordship presided as proxy for his Eoyai High-
ness during the feast.
On the 8th of January, 1 783, a motion was made in
Grand Lodge, and afterwards confirmed, that the interest
of five per cent, on 1000/., which had been advanced for
the purposes of the hall from the charity fund, should
cease to be paid; and further, that the principal should
212
ILLUSTRATIONS
be annihilated, and sunk into the hall-fund. In conse-
quence of this resolution, the money was regularly
brought to account in the hall expenditures. Many
other regulations were confirmed at this meeting, to
render the hall-fund more productive, and to enforce
obedience to the laws respecting it. 92 How- far some of
these regulations are consistent with the original plan of
the institution, must be left to abler judges to determine:
but it is certain that, in earlier periods of our history,
such compulsory regulations were unnecessary.
98 The regulations established at this meeting were as follows :
1. That no Brother, initiated since October 29, 1768, shall be
appointed to the honour of wearing a blue or red apron, unless the
Grand Secretary certifies that his name has been registered, and the
fees paid.
2. That no Brother, initiated since that time, shall be appointed
Master or Warden of a Lodge, or be permitted to attend any Com-
mittee of Charity, or Grand Lodge, unless his name has been regis-
tered, and the fees paid.
3. That every petitioner for charity, initiated since that time, shall
set forth in his petition the Lodge in which, and the time when, he
was made a Mason : in order that the Grand Secretary may certify
by indorsement on the back of the petition, whether his name has
been registered, and the fees paid.
4. That every Lodge shall transmit to the Grand Secretary, on or
before the grand feast in every year, a list of all persons initiated, or
members admitted, together with the registering fees ; or notice that
they have not initiated or admitted any, that their silence may not be
imputed to contempt.
5. That, to prevent the plea of ignorance or forgetfulness. a blank
form shall be printed, and sent to each Lodge, to be filled up, and
returned to the Grand Secretary.
6. That the Grand Secretary shall lay before the first quarterly
Communication after each grand feast, an account of such Lodges as
have not registered their members within the preceding year, that
they may be erased from the list of Lodges, or be otherwise dealt with
as the Grand Lodge may think expedient.
7. That, to prevent any injury to individuals, by being excluded
from the privileges of the Society through the neglect of their Lodges,
in their names not having been duly registered, any Brethren, on
producing sufficient proofs that they have paid the due registering
fees to their Lodges, shall be capable of enjoj'ing all the privileges of
the Society ; but the offending Lodges shall be rigorously proceeded
against, for detaining fees that are the property of the Society.
On the 20th of March, 1788, an additional regulation was made,
"That ten shillings and sixpence be paid to the Grand Lodge for
registering the name of every Mason initiated in any Lodge under
the constitution after the 5th of May, 1788/' And at this meeting
another resolution passed, " That no Lodge should be permitted to
attend or vote in Grand Lodge, which had not complied, with this
OF MASONRY.
213
At the Grand Lodge held on the 23d of November,
1783, an addition was made to the Grand Officers, by
the appointment of a Grand Portrait Painter ; and, at
the request of the Duke of Manchester, that honour was
conferred on the Rev. William Peters, in testimony of
/the services which he had rendered to the Society, by
his elegant present of the portrait of Lord Petre.
During the remainder of this year, there was scarcely
any further business of importance transacted. On the
19th of November, information was given to the Grand
Lodge, that , two Brethren, under sanction of the Royal
Military Lodge at Woolwich, which claimed the privi-
lege of an itinerant Lodge, had lately held an irregular
meeting in the King's Bench prison, and had there
unwarrantably initiated sundry persons into Masonry.
The Grand Lodge, conceiving this to be an infringement
on the privileges of every regular constituted Lodge,
ordered the said Lodge to be erased from the list ; and
determined, that it was inconsistent with the principles
of Masonry to hold any Lodge, for the purposes of mak-
ing, passing, or raising Masons, in any prison, or place
of confinement.
At this Grand Lodge also, it was resolved, to enact
certain regulations, subjecting the Deputy Grand Master
and Grand Wardens to fines, in case of non-attendance
on the public meetings of the Society : and these regu-
lations were confirmed in Grand Lodge, on the 11th of
February following.
While these proceedings were carrying on in England,
the Brethren in Scotland were prosecuting their labours
with equal zeal for the good of the Craft. The great
improvements made in the city of Edinburgh afforded
ample room for ingenious architects to display their
masonic talents and abilities; and in that city the ope-
rative part of the Fraternity were fully occupied, in
rearing stately mansions, and planning elegant squares.
On the 1st of August, 1785, a very pleasing sight was
exhibited to every well-wisher to the embellishment of
Edinburgh, in the ceremony of laying the foundation-
stone of the South Bridge, being the first step to further
improvement. In the morning of that day, the Right
Hon. the Lord Provost and Magistrates, attended by the
Grand Master Mason of Scotland, and a number of
nobilitv and ep.ntrv. with thp Masters. Office-bearers,
214
ILLUSTRATIONS
and Brethren of the Several Lodges, walked from the Par-
liament-house to the bridge in procession. 93 The streets
were lined by the 58th regiment, and the city guard.
Lord Haddo, Grand Master, having arrived at the
place, laid the foundation-stone with the usual solemni-
ties. His lordship standing on the east, with the Sub-
stitute on his right hand, and the Grand Wardens on the
west, the square, the plumb, the level, and the mallet,
were successfully delivered by an Operative Mason to
the Substitute, and by him to the Grand Master, who
applied the square to that part of the stone which was
square, the plumb to the several edges, the level above
the stone in several positions, and then with the mallet
gave three knocks, saying, 44 May the Grand Architect
of the Universe grant a blessing on this foundation-stone,
which we have now laid; and by his providence enable
us to finish this, and every other work which may be
undertaken for the embellishment and advantage of this
city!" On this the Brethren gave the honours.
The cornucopia and two silver vessels were then
brought from the table, and delivered, the cornucopia to
the Substitute, and two vessels to the Wardens, which
were successively presented to the Grand Master, who,
according to ancient form, scattered the corn, and poured
the wine and oil which they contained, on the stone,
saying, "May the All-bounteous Author of Nature bless
this city with an abundance of corn, wine, and oil ; and
with all the necessaries, conveniences, and comforts of
life ! and may the same Almighty Power preserve this
city from ruin and decay to the latest posterity !"
93 The following Order of Procession was observed :
The proper Officers, bearing the city insignia.
The Right Hon. Lord Provost and Magistrates.
Band of instrumental music.
A band of singers.
The Lodges according to seniority 3 Brethren walking three
and three.
Lodge of Grand Stewards.
Nobility and Gentry, three and three.
Office-bearers of the Grand Lodge, in their badges of Office,
Officers of the Grand Lodge with insignia.
Grand Wardens.
gS4. \ GkakdMastek. j Substitute
OF MASONRY.
The Grand Master, being supported on the right hand
by the Duke of Buccleugh, and on the left by the Earl
of JBalcarras, addressed himself to the Lord Provost and
Magistrates in a suitable speech for the occasion ; and
the coins of the present reign, and a silver-plate with
the following inscription, were deposited in the stone:
ANNUENTE DEO OPTtMO MAXIMO,
REGNANTE GEQRGIO III., PATRE PATRL23,
HUJUS PONTIS,
QUO VICI EXTRA MCENIA EDINBTJRGI,
URBI COMMODE ADJUNGERENTUR,
ADITUMQUE NON INDIGNUM TANTA
URBS HABERET,
PRIMUM LAPIDEM POSUIT
NOBILIS VIR GEORGIUS DOMINUS HADDO,
ANTIQUISSIMI SODALITII ARCHITECTONICI
APUD SCOTOS CURIO MAXIMUS,
PLAUDENTE AMPLISSIMA FRATRUM CORONA,
IMMENSAQUE POPULI FREQUENTLY.
OPUS,
UTILE CIVIBUS, GRATUM ADVENIS,
URBI DECORUM, PATRLE HONESTUM,
DIU MULTUMQUE DESIDERATUM,
CONSULE JACOBO HUNTER BLAIR,
INCEPTI AUCTORE INDEFESSO,
SANCIENTE REGE SENATUQUE BRITANNLE,
APPROBANTIBUS OMNIBUS,
TANDEM INCHOATUM EST
IPSIS KALENDIS AUGUSTI
A. D. MDCCLXXXV.
2ERJE ARCHITECTONICS 5785.
Q. F. F. Q. S.
TEANSLATION.
By the blessing jof Almighty God. in the reign of George the Third,
the Father of his country, the Right Hon. George Lord Haddo,
Grand Master of the Most Ancient Fraternity of Freemasons in Scot-
land, amidst the acclamations of a Grand Assembly of the Brethren,
and a vast concourse of people, laid the first stone of this bridge,
intended to form a convenient communication between the city of
Edinburgh and its suburbs, and an access not unworthy of such
city.
This work, so useful to the inhabitants, so pleasing and convenient
to strangers, so ornamental to the city, so creditable to the country,
so long and much wanted and wished for, was at last begun, with the
sanction of the king and parliament of Great Britain, and with univer-
sal approbation, in the provostship of James Hunter Blair, the author
and indefatigable promoter of the undertaking, August the 1st, in the
year o£ our Lord 1785, and of the 89r~ of Masonry 5785.— Which may
God prosper.
216
ILLUSTRATIONS
An anthem was then sung ; and the procession, being
reversed, returned to the Parliament-house. After which
the Lord Provost arid Magistrates gave an elegant enter-
tainment at Dunn's rooms to the Grand Lodge, and the
nobility and gentry who had assisted at the ceremony.
The next public ceremony in which the Society bore
a principal share was the laying the foundation-stone
of that valuable seminary of learning, the new College
of Edinburgh. This University has for many years been
esteemed one of the most celebrated in Europe, and has
attracted a great number of students in physic, and other
branches of science, from all parts of the world. The
eminence of its professors in every branch of learning is
universally admitted ; and it is most fervently to be wished,
for the honor of the kingdom, that the whole plan may
be completely executed agreebly to the intention of the
original promoters. As this is an event worthy of record
in the annals of Masonry, I shall describe minutely the
ceremony observed on the occasion.
On the 13th of October, 1789, Mr. Robert Adam,
architect, presented the plans of the intended building,
at a public breakfast given by the Lord Provost to the
Magistrates and the Principal and Professors of the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh; and explained their uses, for the
various schools, halls, and houses. The whole company
having expressed the highest satisfaction at the design, it
was immediately resolved, that a subscription should be
opened to carry the plan into execution ; and Monday, the
16th of November, was fixed for laying the foundation-
stone of the new structure.
On the morning of the day appointed for performing
the ceremony, the Brethren assembled at eleven o'clock
in the Parliament-house, to meet Lord Napier, who was
at the time Grand Master of Scotland. When the Lodges
were arranged, the Grand Master sent notice to the Lord
Provost and Magistrates, who had assembled in the Coun-
cil-chamber; and to the Principal, Professors, and Stu-
dents cf the University, who had met in the High Church.
At half-past twelve the procession began to move in the
following order :
1st. The Principal, Professors, and Students of the University, with
their mace carried before them ; Principal Robertson being supported
on the rierht hand bv the Reverend Dr. Hunter, professor of divinitv
OF MASONRY* , 217
The Professors were all robed, and each of the Students had a sprig
of laurel in his hat.
2nd. The Lord Provost, Magistrates, and Council in their robes,
preceded b} r the sword, mace, &c. ; the Lord Provost being supported
on the right and left by the two eldest Bailies.
3rd. A complete choir of Singers, under the direction of Signer
Schetky, singing anthems as the procession moved.
4th. The Lodges, according to seniority, juniors preceding, with
their different insignia.
5th. A complete band of instrumental music.
6th. The Grand Stewards, properly clothed, with white rods.
7th. The Noblemen and Gentlemen attending the Grand Master.
8th. A large drawing of the East Front of the New College, carried
by two Operative Masons.
9th. The grand jewels, borne by the Past Masters of Lodges.
10th. Officers of the Grand Lodge, properly clothed.
11th. Past Grand Masters.
12th. Lord Najpier, present Grand Master, supported on the right
hand by Sir William Forbes, Bart., Past Grand Master, and on the left ,
by the Duke of Buccleugh.
A detachment of the 35th regiment from the castle* together with
the city guard, lined the streets.
At one o'clock the Grand Master reached the site of
the college ; when the foundation-stone was laid with the
usual ceremonies. 94 After which the Grand Master
addressed himself to the Lord Provost and Magistrates as
follows :
Mr Lord Provost, and Magistrates, of the City of Edinburgh,
In compliance with your request, I have now had the honour, in
the capacity of Grand Master Mason of Scotland, to lend my aid to-
wards laying that stone, on which it is your intention to erect a new
College. 1 must ever consider it as one of the fortunate events in my
life, that the Craft of Free and Accepted Masons should be called forth,
to assist at an undertaking so laudable, and so glorious, during the
time that, from their affection, I have the honour of sitting in the
chair of the Grand Lodge.
The attention to the improvement of this city, manifested by the
Magistrates, your predecessors in office, has for many years excited
the admiration of their fellow-citizens. The particular exertions of
your Lordship and your Colleagues have merited, and it gives me infinite
satisfaction to say, have obtained, the universal approbation of all ranks
of men.
The business of this day, equally to be remembered in the annals of
this city and of Masonry, will transmit your names with lustre to
posterity. Thousands yet unborn, learning to admire your virtues,
will thereby be stimulated to follow the great example you have r»et
them, of steady patriotism, love of your country, and anxious
04 The particulars of this part of the ceremony were exactly similar
to those observed at laying the foundation-stone of the South Bridgo
see p. 214.
11
\
218 * ILLUSTRATIONS
desire to advance the welfare, and increase the fame, of the city of
Edinburgh.
In the name of the Craft of Free and Accepted Masons, and in my
own, I sincerely implore the protection of the Supreme Architect of
the Universe on your lordship and your brethren in the magistracy !
May you long continue here the ornaments of civil society j and may
you hereafter be received into those mansions, those lodges, prepared
in heaven for the blessed !
To this address the Lord Provost, in the name of the
Magistrates and Town Council of the City of Edinburgh,
made a suitable reply.
The Grand Master then addressed the Principal, as
representing the University of Edinburgh, in the follow-
ing words : —
Reverend Sir,
Permit me to congratulate you as Principal, and your brethren as Pro-
fessors, of thjj University of Edinburgh, on the work in which we have
this day been engaged ; — a work worthy of your Patrons, who (ever
considering the public good) will not permit the seat of learning,
established in this ancient metropolis, to bear the appearance of decay,
at a time when so much attention is bestowed on the elegance and
convenience both of public and private edifices.
Permit me, likewise, to congratulate my country on the probability
of seeing the different chairs of the magnificent structure now to be
erected filled by men so distinguished for their piety, so eminent for
their learning, and so celebrated for their abilities, as. those to whom I
now have the honour to address myself.
Any panegyric that I can pronounce must fall so far short of what
is due to you, Sir, and your honourable and learned brethren, that it
would be presumption in me to attempt to express my sense of your
deserts. Suffice it to say, that the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the
Lodges depending on it, are most happy in having this opportunity of
assisting at. and witnessing, the laying the foundation, whence it is
their earnest wish a building may arise, which in future ages may be
as renowned for the excellence of its teachers, and as much respected
for the Jvopriety of conduct in its students, as the University now is,
over which you have the peculiar satisfaction of presiding.
May the Almighty Architect, the Sovereign Disposer of all Events,
grant, that the Principal and Professors of this College may continue
to deliver their instructions, and the students receive theiradmonitions,
in su^h a mannsr as may redound to the glory of God, the promoting
of science, and the extension of all useful learning.
To which the Rev. Principal made the following
reply:—
My Lord,
From very humble beginnings, the University of Edinburgh has
attained to such eminence, as entitles it to be ranked among the most
celebrated seminaries of learning. Indebted to the bounty of several
of our Sovereigns — distinguished particularly by the gracious Prince
OF MASONRY.
219
now seated on the British throne, whom, with gratitude, we reckon
among the most munificent of our royal benefactors — and cherished
by the continued attention and good offices of our honourable Patrons,
this University can now boast of the number and variety of its insti-
tutions for the instruction of youth in all the branches of literature
and science.
With what integrity and discernment persons have been chosen to
preside in each of these departments, the character of my learned col-
leagues affords the most satisfying evidence. From confidence in the
abilities and assiduity in discharging the duties of their respective
offices, the University of Edinburgh has become a seat of education,
not only to youth in every part of the British dominions, but, to the
honour of our country, students have been attracted to it from almost
every nation in Europe, and every State in America.
One thing still was wanting. The apartments appropriated 'for
the accommodation of Professors and Students were so extremely
unsuitable to the flourishing state of the University, that it had long
been the general wish to have buildings more decent and convenient
erected. What your lordship has now done gives a prospect of having
this wish accomplished ; and we consider it as a most auspicious
circumstance, that the foundation-stone of this new mansion of science
is laid by your lordship, who, among your ancestors, reckoned a mar
whose original and universal genius places him high among the illus-
trious persons who have contributed most eminently to enlarge the
boundaries of human knowledge.
Permit me to add, what I regard as my own peculiar felicity, thai
by having remained in my* present station much longer than any of my
predecessors, I have lived to witness an event so beneficial to this
University, the prosperity of which is near to my heart, and has ever
been the object of my warmest wishes.
May Almighty God, without invocation of whom no action of im-
portance should be begun, bless this undertaking, and enable us to
carry it on with success ! May he continue to protect our University;
the object of whose institution is, to instil into the minds of youth
principles of sound knowledge ; to inspire them with the love of reli-
gion and virtue j and to prepare them for filling the various situations
in society, with honour to themselves, and with benefit to their
country !
All this we ask in the name of Christ ; and unto the Father, the
Son, and the Holy Spirit, we ascribe the kingdom, power, and glory !
Amen*
After the Principal had finished his speech, the Brethren
concluded the ceremony with .the honours.
Two crystal bottles, cast on purpose at the glass-house
of Leith, were deposited in the foundation-stone. In one
of these were put different coins of the present reign,
each of which was previously enveloped in crystal in such
an ingenious manner that the legend on the coins could
be distinctly read without breaking the crystal. In the
other bottle were deposited seven rolls of vellum, con-
220
ILLUSTRATIONS
fcaining a short account of the original foundation and
present state of the University, together with several
other papers ; in particular, the different newspapers,
containing advertisements relative to the college, &c,
and a list of the names of the present Principal and Pro-
fessors, also of the present Lord Provost and Magistrates,
and officers of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The bot-
tles, being carefully sealed up, were covered with a plate
of copper wrapt in block tin ; and, upon the under-side
of the copper, were engraven the arms of the city of
Edinburgh, and of the University ; likewise the arms of
the Right Hon. Lord Napier, Grand Master Mason of
Scotland. Upon the upper-side, a Latin inscription, of
which the following is a copy:
ANNUENTE DEO OPT. MAX.
REGNANTE GEORGIO IH. PRINCIPE MUNIFICENTISSIMO,
ACADEMLE ED1NBURGENSIS
-£DIBUS,
INITIO QUIDEM HUMILLIMIS,
ET JAM, POST DUO SECULA, PENE RITNIS,
NOVI HUJUS ^EDIFICII,
UBI COMMODITATI SIMUL ET ELEGANTLE,
TANTO DOCTRINARUM DOMICILIO DIGN-E,
CONSULERETUR,
PRIMUM LAPIDEM POSUIT,
PLAUDENTE INGENTI OMNIUM ORDINUM FREQUENTLY,
VIR NOBILISSIMUS FRANCISCUS DOMINUS NAPIER,
REIPUB. ARCHITECTONIC JE APUD SCOTOS
CURIO
MAXIMUS.
XVI EAL DECEMB.
ANNO SALUTIS HUMANE MDCCLXXXIX.
JEBJE ARCHITECTONICS I00IDCCLXXX1X.
CONSULE THOMA ELDER;
ACADEMLE PR^EFECTO GULIELMO ROBERTSON
ARCHITECTO ROBERTO ADAM.
Q. F. F. Q. S.
TRANSLATION.
By the blessing of Almighty God,
In the reign of the most munificent Prince George HI.
The buildings of the University of Edinburgh,
Being originally very mean,
And now, after two centuries, almost a ruin,
The Right Hon. Francis Lord Napier,
Grand Master of the Fraternity of Free Masons*in Scotland,
Amidst the acclamations
Of a prodigious concourse of people,
Laid the foundation-stone
OF MASONRY.
Of this new. fabric,
In which an union of elegance with convenience,
Suitable to the dignity of such a celebrated seat of learning,
Has been studied,
On the 16th day of November,
In the year of our Lord 1789,
And of the sera of Masonry 5789 ; '
Thomas Elder being the Lord Provost of the City ;
William Robertson, the Principal of the University ;*
And Robert Adam, the Architect.
May the undertaking prosper, and be crowned with success !
An anthem having been sung, the brethren returned;
the whole procession being reversed; and when the
junior Lodge arrived at the door of the Parliament-house,
it fell back to the right and left, within the line of sol-
diers; when the Principal, Professors, and Students, the
Lord Provost, Magistrates, and Town Council, and the
Grand Lodge, passed through with their hats off.
The procession, on this occasion, was one of the most
brilliant and numerous that ever was exhibited in the
city of Edinburgh. The Provost and Magistrates had
very properly invited many of the nobility and gentry
from all parts of the country, to witness the solemnity
of laying the foundation-stone of a College, the architec-
ture of which, it is agreed by all who have seen the plan,
will do honour to the city, to the nation, and to Europe.
But the number of persons invited was far exceeded by
the immense multitude of all ranks, who, desirous of
viewing so magnificent a spectacle, filled the streets,
windows, and even roofs of the houses, all the way from
the Parliament-close, down the High-street and Bridge-
street, near the south end of which the foundation-stone
was laid. Above 20,000 were supposed to be witnesses
of this, ceremony; and, notwithstanding this immense
crowd, the greatest order and decency were observed ;
nor did the smallest accident happen.
On the 7th of January, 1765, the Brethren in Scotland
had another opportunity of exemplifying their skill in
the practical rules of the Art, at opening the new bridge
for carriages at Montrose. This undertaking had been
long deemed impracticable, on account of the extent
96 The late elegant Historian of Scotland, of Charles V. America,
dec.
222
ILLUSTRATIONS
being near half a mile, across a rapid influx and reflux
of the sea; but was at last happily accomplished under
the superintendence of the Fraternity, and the great post
road from the south to the north of Scotland is now
united. A public procession was formed on this occa-
sion; and the Grand Master, amidst an immense con-
course of people, having critically examined the work,
declared it well built, and ably executed.
Having described the principal works in which the
Brethren in Scotland were employed, we shall now
resume the history of Masonry in England, and trace the
occurrences that took place there, under the auspices of
the late Duke of Cumberland, and his successor, the
Prince of Wales,' afterwards his Most Gracious Majesty
King George IV.
On Tuesday, the 9th of March, 1786, his Royal High-
ness Prince William Henry, now Duke of Clarence, was
initiated into Masonry, at the Lodge No. 86, held at the
Prince George inn, at Plymouth.
On the 4th of January, 17S7, was opened, in London,
the Grand Chapter of Harodim. Though this Order is of
ancient date, and had been patronised in different parts
of Europe, there appears not on record, previous to this
period, the regular establishment of such an association in
England. For some years it was faintly encouraged ; but
after its merit had been further investigated, it received
the patronage of several exalted masonic characters. 96
96 The Mysteries of this order are peculiar to the institution itself ;
while the lectures of the Chapter include every branch of the masonic
system, and represent the art of Masonry in a finished and complete
form.
Different classes are established, and particular lectures restricted
to each class. The lectures are divided into sections, and the sections
into clauses. The sections are annually assigned, by the Chief Harod,
to a certain number of skilful companions in each class, who are
denominated Sectionists ; and they are empowered to distribute the
clauses of their respective sections, with the approbation of the Chief
Harod and General Director, among the private companions of the
Chapter, who are denominated Clauseholders. Such companions as
by assiduity become possessed of all the sections in the lecture, are
called Lecturers ; and out of these the General Director is always
chosen.
Every Clauseholder, on his appointment, is presented with a ticket,
signed by the Chief Harod, specifying the clause allotted to him. This
ticket entitles him to enjoy the rank and privileges of a Clauseholder
in the Chapter : and no Clauseholder can transfer his ticket to another
OF MASONRY.
223
The Grand Chapter is governed by a Grand Patron,
two Vice-Patrons, a Chief Ruler, and two Assistants,
with a Council of twelve respectable Companions, who
are chosen annually at the Chapter nearest to the festival
of St. John the Evangelist.
On Thursday, the 6th of February, 1787, his Royal
Highness the Prince of Wales was made a Mason at an
f occasional Lodge, convened for the purpose, at the Star
and Garter Tavern, Pall Mall, over which the late Duke
of Cumberland presided in person. And on Friday, the
21st of November following, his Royal Highness the Duke
of York was initiated into. Masonry, at a special Lodge,
convened for the purpose, at the same place, over which
the Grand Master also presided in person. His Royal
Highness was introduced by his royal brother, the Prince
of Wales, who assisted at the ceremony of his initiation.
On the 25th of March, 1718, another event worthy of
notice in the annals of Masonry took place — the institu-
tion of "The Royal Freemasons' Charity for Female
Children," for maintaining, clothing, and educating the
female children and orphans of indigent brethren. To
the benevolent exertions of the late Chevalier Bartholo-
mew Ruspini, the Fraternity are, in the first place,
indebted for this establishment. Under the patronage
of her Royal Highness the late Duchess of Cumberland,
the school was originally formed; and to her fostering
hand is owing its present flourishing state, by her recom-
mending it to the Royal Family, as well as to many of the
nobility and gentry of both sexes. On the 1st of January,
3 789, fifteen children were taken into a house provided
for them at Somers Town, St. Pancras; but since that
time, by the liberal encouragement which • the charity
has received from the Fraternity in India as w T ell as in
England, the Governors have been enabled to aug-
ment the number of children, at different periods, to
sixty-five.
Companion, unless the consent of the Council has been obtained for
that purpose, and the General Director has approved the Companion
to whom it is to be transferred, as qualified to hold it. In case of the
death, sickness, or non-residence in London, of any Lecturer, Section-
ist, or Clauseholder, another Companion is appointed to fill up the
vacancy for the time being, that the lectures may be always complete ;
and during the session, a public lecture is usually delivered at stated
times.
224
ILLUSTRATIONS
The object of this charity is, to train up children in
the knowledge of virtue and religion ; in an early detesta-
tion of vice and its unhappy consequences ; in industry,
as necessary to their condition; and to impress strongly
in their minds, a due sense of subordination, true humi-
lity, and obedience to their superiors.
In 1793, the Governors, anxious still further to extend
the benefits of this Institution, hired, on lease, a piece of
ground in St. George's Fields, belonging to the City of
London, on which they have erected a commodious and
spacious school-house, at the expense of upwards of
2500Z., in which the children are now placed. This
building is sufficiently extensive to accommodate one
hundred children ; and from the exertions of the Frater-
nity, at home and abroad,, there is every reason to hope
that the Governors will soon have it in their power to
provide for that number. 97
97 The following is an Abstract of the Rules and Regulations estab-
lished for the government of this Institution : —
QUALIFICATIONS FOR GOVERNORS.
1. Every subscriber of one guinea, annually, is deemed a Governor
during the continuance of such subscription, and is entitled to one
vote at all elections for children.
2. The Master, for the time being, of every Lodge, which subscribes
one guinea per annum, has the same privileges. .
3. Every Benefactor of ten guineas or upwards, at once, or within
a year, is thereby constituted a Governor for life, and a member of
the general committee, and is entitled to one vote ; every additional
ten guineas given will entitle him to another vote.
4. The Master, for the time being, of every Lodge, subscribing ten
guineas within a year, becomes a Governor, and a member of the gene-
ral committee for fifteen years : with the privilege of one vote.
5. The Master, for the time being, of every Lodge, subscribing
twenty guineas at once, or in two donations within ten } r ears. becomes
a Governor, and a member of the general committee, so long as that
Lodge exists, with the privilege of one vote.
6. Every Lodge, which has already subscribed twenty guineas, will
be entitled to one vote, in addition, for ever}' further sum of twenty
guineas subscribed. N.B. The sum of ten guineas, at any time given
by any such Lodge, will entitle it to an additional vote for fifteen
years.
7. The physicians, surgeons, and other medical gentlemen who
attend this charity, and administer their advice and assistance gratis,
are thereby constituted Governors for life.
8. Every clergyman who benevolently advocates the cause of this
charity from the pulpit, is, in consideration of such service, entitled
to the same privilege.
OF MASONRY.
225
To the benevolent and indefatigable exertions of Wil-
liam Forssteen, the late Antony Ten Broeke, Adam
Gordon, Esqrs., and a few other respectable Brethren, the
Society are principally indebted for the complete estab-
9. The executor of any person who pays one hundred pounds tc
this charity, thereby becomes a Life-governor; and the payment of a
legacy of two hundred pounds, or upwards, constitutes all the execu-
tors, who have proved the will, Governors for life.
10. Every Governor has a right to vote at all qua/terly and special
general courts.
11. Every new subscriber will be entitled to vote, immediately on
payment of his subscription.
12. No annual subscriber can vote at any election, till his subscrip-
tion for the current year (which always commences at Lady-day) and
all arrears are paid.
13. Lodges, having votes, are required to give notice to the Secre-
tary of the election of their respective Masters, before they can be
entitled to vote.
14. All Governors, (except annual subscribers residing within the
bills of mortality,) and all ladies, noblemen, members of parliament,
Masters of Lodges having the privileges of Life-governors, and Masters
of foreign or country Lodges, (being subscribers.) have a right to vote
by proxy, at all elections for children.
15. The Governor giving the proxy must insert therein the names
of all the children for whom he intends to vote, as only one proxy
can be admitted. He must also sign it with his name, and insert his
place of residence and the date of the proxy, together with the name
of the Governor to whom it is given, as such proxy can only be given
, to a Governor, and be used at the next ensuing election.
16. All foreign Lodges may vote by general proxy, to be renewed
every Jive years; and country Lodges may have the same privilege, to
be renewed annually ; — such general proxies being given to Governors
only, and being signed by the Master, Wardens, and Secretary of each
Lodge respectively.
QUALIFICATIONS, ADMISSION, EDUCATION, AND
DISPOSAL OF THE CHILDREN. .
Children, from any part of the kingdom, are admitted into the
school, from the age of seven to ten years, and they remain in the
school till they have attained the age of fifteen years ; during which
time, they are carefully instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic,
needle-work, and all kinds of domestic employment. When they quit
the school, they are cither returned to their friends, or are apprenticed
for four years, to trades or as domestic servants, as may be most suit-
able to their respective capacities ; at which time each of them is
presented with a Bible, a Prayer-Book, and Dr. Wilson's Treatise on
the Sacrament ; and further supplied with two complete suits of cloth-
ing. Besides these, as an encouragement and reward to each girl for
serving her apprenticeship well and faithfully, a premium of five gui-
11*
ILLUSTRATIONS
lishraent of this truly laudable institution ; and such
have been the care and pains bestowed on the education
of the children, that the sums arising from their work,
for several years past, have exceeded 2001. annually.
On the 10th of February, 1790, the Grand Lodge
neas is given at the expiration of her term, on her producing due
testimonials of her good behaviour during that period.
Children applying to be admitted into the school, must be the
daughters or orphans of indigent Freemasons ; thy must be full six
years of age, and not more than nine, when their petitions* are pre-
sented — must have had the small-pox, or cow-pox — be in perfectly
good health — and free from all infirmity and deformity.
No child can be admitted who is under seven t or above ten years of
age.
The petitioner must have the following certificates, viz.:
1. A certificate from the Master and Wardens of the Lodge in
which her father was made a Mason, or from some Lodge of which
ho has been a member, to prove that he has been three years a Mason.
N.B. This proof will be dispensed with if the child be an orphan.
2. A certificate from the Grand Secretary, of the father's having
been duly registered as a Mason in the books of the United Grand
Lodge of England.
3. A certificate of the marriage of her parents.
4. An attested copy of the register of her birth, extracted from the
books of the parish wherein she was born ; or some other satisfactory
proof of her age.
5. A certificate, signed by two respectable housekeepers, or other
proof, of the parish to which she belongs.
6. A certificate of the state of her health, under the hand of one of
the Medical Governors of the charity.
The petitions and testimonials of the candidates for admission are
to be examined by the General Committee, who are to make report
thereof to the Quarterly General Court, which court alone can order
the admission of children into the school. When there are more
approved candidates than there are vacancies in the school, their
admission is to be determined by ballot.
AH the children who are candidates for admission, are to be sum-
mon erl to attend the General Committee next but one preceding every
election, in order to be examined as to the state of their health, and
other circumstances, at that time ; and each child, when elected, is to
be examined by two of the medical Governors of the charity, and their
certificate of the state of her health is to be laid before the next
House Committee, who, if rifct satisfied, may suspend her admission
till further inquiry be made.
Every child is to be brought to the school for admission, at the
next House Committee, or at some other time to be appointed, within
one month after her election, and she is not afterwards to depart from
the school without leave, on pain of exclusion.
No parent or friend of any child will be permitted to visit her, at
the school, except on a Thursday, between the hours of ten and two,
* Blank forma of petition maj be had at the school
OF MASONRY.
voted an annual subscription of 251. to this charity, and
particularly recommended it to the Lodges as deserving
of encouragement ; in consequence of which, considera-
ble sums have been raised for its support; and among
the very liberal subscriptions from the Lodges, the Shak-
speare Lodge is particularly distinguished; having, as a
and then only by means of an order, obtained for that purpose, from
one of the House Committee : and they are forbidden to speak to or
join them in their procession to and from church.
No child can be taken out of the school by her friends, before the
expiration of the time limited by the regulations of the charity, except
in case of illness, unless her board, clothing, &c, be paid for from the
time of her having been admitted.
OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTION.
Patron.
His Most Gracious Majesty King George the IVth, G. P.
Vice Patrons.
His Royal Highness the Duke of York.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, M. W. G. M.
His Grace the Duke of Athol, P. G, M.
The Most Noble the Marquis of Hastings, P. A, G. M.
Vice Patroness,
The Most Noble the Marchioness of Hastings.
President.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, M. W. G. M
Vice Presidents.
His Grace the Duke of Hamilton, G. M. for Scotland.
His Grace the Duke of Leinster, G. M. for Ireland,
His Grace the Duke of Devonshire.
The Right Hon. the Earl of Pomfret.
The Right Hon. the Earl of Kingston.
The Right Hon. the Earl of Mountnorris.
The Right Hon. Lord Viscount Dudley and Ward.
The Right Hon. Lord Viscount Sidmouth.
The Right Hon. Lord Hawke.
The Right Hon, Lord Eardley.
Treasurer.
William Williams, Esq., M. P., Belmont House, South
Lambeth.
Trustees.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex,
The Most Noble the Marquis of Hastings.
William Forssteen, Esq,
David Gordon, Esq.
John Dent, Esq., M. P.
228
ILLUSTRATIONS
Lodge, and from individuals belonging to it, paid above
a thousand pounds to the fund. From these donations,
and the increase of annual contributions, an Institution
which reflects great honour on the Fraternity, promises
fair to have a permanent establishment. 98
The late Duke of Cumberland continued in the office
of Grand Master till his death, in September, 1790. It
may be truly said, that such a valuable acquisition was
made to the Society during his royal highness's adminis-
tration, as is almost unparalleled in the annals of
Masonry.
On the 10th of February, 1790, regular notice was given
in Grand Lodge, that his Royal Highness Prince Edward,
late Duke of Kent, while on his travels, had been regu-
larly initiated into Masonry in the Union Lodge at
Geneva ; and we were afterwards informed, that his Royal
Highness Prince Augustus Frederick, now Duke of
Sussex, had been likewise initiated into the Order at a
Lodge in Berlin.
The Grand Lodge, highly sensible of the great honour
conferred on the Society by the initiation of so many royal
personages, unanimously resolved, that each of them
should be presented with an apron, lined with blue silk,
the clothing of a Grand Officer; and that they should be
E laced, in all public meetings of the Society, on the right
and of the Grand Master, and rank in all processions as
Past Grand Masters.
On the 2nd of May, 1790, the grand feast was honoured
with the presence of the Duke of Cumberland, the Grand
Master, in the chair ; attended by his royal nephews, the
Prince of Wales, and the Dukes of York and Clarence,
with above five hundred other Brethren. At this Grand
Assembly was confirmed the re-instatement of the mem-
bers of the Lodge of Antiquity in all their masonic privi-
leges, after an unfortunate separation of ten years ; and
among those who were re-instated, the Author of this
treatise had the honour to be included. On the 24th of
November, 1790, his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales
was elected to the high and important office of Grand
98 William Preston, Esq.. the author of this book, bequeathed to
this charity, by his will, 500Z. three per cents, consols ; and a like sum
to the General Charity Fund of the Grand Lodge. — Editor.
OF MASONRY.
Master ; and he was pleased to appoint Lord Rawdon
(now Marquis of Hastings) Acting Grand Master ; who
had previously filled that office under his late royal uncle,
on the resignation of the Earl of Effingham, who went
abroad on his accepting the governorship of Jamaica.
On the 9th of February, 1791, the Grand Lodge
resolved, on the motion of Lord Petre, that, in testimony
of the high sense the Fraternity entertained of the honour
done to the Society by his Royal Highness the Prince of
Wales's acceptance of the office of Grand Master, three
elegant chairs and candlesticks should be provided for the
use of the Grand Lodge ; and at the grand feast in May
following, these were accordingly finished, and presented
to. public view ; but, unfortunately, the Grand Master's
indisposition at that time prevented him from honouring
the Society with his presence. Lord Rawdon, however,
officiated as proxy for His Royal Highness, who was
re-elected with the most joyful acclamations.
SECT. XII.
History of Masonry from the Installation of the Prince of
Wales as Grand Master, to the Grand Feast of 1795
inclusive.
At the Grand- Feast held at Freemasons' -Hall, on the
2nd of May, 1792, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales
was installed Grand Master, to the inexpressible joy of
the Fraternity, in the presence of his royal brother the
Duke of York, the Right Hon. Lord Rawdon, now Marquis
of Hastings, and above 500 other respectable Brethren.
The repeated applauses bestowed by the company upon
the royal brothers were highly grateful to their feelings ;
while the affability and heartfelt satisfaction of the Grand
Master at the head of his Brethren were particularly
noticed. His Royal Highness performed the duties of his
uffice in a style superior to most of his predecessors. His
observations were clear, acute, and pertinent ; his expres-
sion was fluent, manly, and distinct ; and his eulogium
on his deceased uncle, the last Grand Master, pathetic,
graceful and elegant. The compliment that he conferred
on Lord Rawdon, as Acting Grand Master, was truly
Masonic; and to all his Officers, on their appointments,
he paid the proper tribute to their respective merits. In
330
ILLUSTRATIONS
short, during the whole ceremony, his demeanour was
courteous, pleasing and dignified.
An era so important in the annals of Masonry must
be recorded with peculiar satisfaction. Testimonies of
loyalty and attachment to the family on the throne, and
to the happy constitution of the country, were transmitted
to his Royal Highness from the Brethren in every quarter.
The Lodges in town and country vied with each other in
expressions of duty and affection to the Grand Master ;
and in various addresses to his Royal Highness testified
submission and obedience to the laws, and an ardent
wish to support that well-regulated form of government,
from which they and their ancestors had derived the
invaluable blessings of liberty, so truly essential to the
happiness of his Majesty's subjects in general, and to the
propagation of those principles which distinguish the Craft
of Masons in particular — universal charity, brotherly love,
and peace.
On the 21st of June, the Brethren in the county of
Lincoln transmitted their grateful acknowledgments to
his Royal Highness in a column of heart of oak, which
was presented by the Rev. William Peters, their Provin-
cial Grand Master. Stimulated by the same motive,
several other Lodges copied the example ; and on the 7th
of January, 1793, the Freemasons of Cornwall unani-
mously voted an Address to his Royal Highness, which
was presented by Sir John St. Aubyn, their Provincial
Grand Master, and most graciously received. In short,
one spirit seemed to animate the whole Fraternity, who
joyfully hailed the rising splendour and prosperity of the
Craft.
The French revolution, which, in extent and import-
ance of effect, is unquestionably the most momentous
event that has happened since the religious revolutions
in Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century,
having unfortunately given rise, at this time, to many
unhappy dissensions, which spread their contagion among
some of the inhabitants of this island, it became neces-
sary co counteract the measures of those mistaken indi-
viduals who were endeavouring to sow the seeds of
anarchy, and poison the minds of the people against his
Majesty's government, and the excellent constitution under
which they enjoyed the invaluable blessings of liberty
OP MASONRY,
in the kingdom, and all the true friends to the constitution,
to stem the torrent of opposition, and promote, in their
different departments, a just sense of the advantages
enjoyed under the present government. Hence, addresses
to the throne were daily presented, with assurances of a
determination to support the measures of administration ;
and among the rest, it was deemed proper that the Society
of Masons, hy adding their mite to the number, should *
show that attachment to the King and Constitution which
the laws of the Order enjoined. Accordingly, on the 6th
of February, 1793, the Grand Lodge unanimously resolved
that the following Address should be presented to his
Majesty, by his Royal Highness ; who, in compliance
with the request of his Brethren, condescended to present
it in person to his Royal Parent^ by whom it was most
graciously received :
To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
The humble Address of the Grand Lodge of the Ancient Fraternity
of Free and Accepted Masons under the Constitution of
England,
Most Gracious Sovereign,
At a time when nearly the whole mass of the people anxiously
press forward, and offer, with one heart and one voice, the most anima-
ted testimonies of their attachment to your Majesty's Person and
Government, and of their unabated zeal, at this period of innovation
and anarchy in other countries, for the unequalled Constitution of
their own, permit a body of men, Sire, which, though not known to
the laws, has been ever obedient to them — men who do not yield to
any description of your Majesty's subjects in the love of their coun-
try, in true allegiance to their Sovereign, or in any other of the duties
of a good Citizen — to approach you with this public declaration of
their political principles. The times, they think, demand it of them ;
and they wish not to be among the last, in such times, to throw their
weight, whatever that may be, into the scale of Order, Subordination,
and good Government.
It is written, Sire, in the Institute of our Order, that we shall not,
at our meetings, go into religious or political discussion ; because,
composed (as our Fraternity is) of men of various nations, profess-
ing different rules of faith, and attached to opposite systems of gov-
ernment, such discussions, sharpening the mind of man against his
brother, might offend and disunite. A crisis, however, so unlooked
for as the present, justifies to our judgment a relaxation of that rule;
and, our first duty as Britons superseding all other considerations,
we add, without further pause, our voice to that of our fellow- sub-
jects, in declaring one common and fervent attachment to a govern-
ment by Kiog, Lords, and Commons, as established by the glorious
Revolution of 1688. ^
The excellence of all human institutions is comparative and fleet-
232
ILLUSTRATIONS
ing: positive perfection, or unchanging aptitude to its object, we
know, belongs not to the work of man ; but, when we view the prin-
ciples of government which have recently obtained in other na-
tions, and then look upon our own, we exult in possessing, at this
time, the wisest and best poised system the world has ever known : —
a system which affords equal protection (the only equality we
look for, or that, indeed, is practicable) and impartial justice to all.
It may be thought, perhaps, being what we are, a private society of
men — connected by invisible ties — professing secrecy — mysterious
in our meetings, — stamped by no Act of Prerogative, — and acknow-
ledged by no law, we assume a port and hold a language upon this
occasion, to which we can urge no legal or admitted right. We are
the free citizens, Sire, of a free state, and number many thousands of
our body. — The Heir Apparent of the empire is our Chief We
fraternize for the purposes of social intercourse, of mutual assistance,
of charity to the distressed, and good-will to all : and fidelity to a
trust, reverence to the magistrate, and obedience to the laws, are sculp-
tured in capitals upon the pediment of our Institution, And let us
add that, pervading as we do every class of the community, and
every walk of life, and disseminating our principles wherever we strike
root, this Address may bo considered as speaking, in epitome, the
sentiments of a people.
Having thus attested our principles, we have only to implore the
Supreme Architect of the Universe, whose Almighty hand ha/h laid
in the deep the firm foundation of this country's greatness, and whose
protecting shield hath covered her amidst the crash of nations, that He
will continue to shelter and sustain her. May her sons be contented^
and her daughters happy J and may your Majesty, the immediate in-
strument of ner present prosperity and power, — to whom unbiassed
posterity shall thus inscribe the column :
To George, the Friend of the People,
and Patron of the Arts which brighten and embellish life,
With your amiable Queen, and your royal Progeny,
long, long continue to be the blessing and the boast of a grateful,
happy, and united people!
Given unanimously, in Grand Lodge, at Freemasons'-Hall, this
6th of February, 1793.
(Countersigned) (Signed) Rawdon, A.G.M.
William White, G. S. Peter Parker, D.G.M
For the Grand Master's attention to the interests of
the Society, in presenting the above loyal and affectionate
Address, the Grand Lodge unanimously voted the follow-
ing Address to his Royal Highness :
To his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, Grand Master of the
Most Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted
Masons,
Most Worshipful and Royal Sir,
Accustomed as we have been, from the hour when your name first
adorned the roll of our Order, to the manly vigour of your mind, and
OF MASONRY.
233
the winning benignity of jour manners, we did not look for any event
which oo old raise you in our estimation, or draw you nearer to our
affections. With you at our head, we have seen our reputation ad-
vanced in the opinion of our fellow-subjects, our system expand itself,
and added honour and increasing prosperity lie in unclouded prospect
before us. These things we ascribe to you, Sir, as to their proper
source ; and yet the silent homage of the heart has been hitherto the
only return we have made you. Such, however, has been the gene-
rous alacrity with which your Royal Highness has offered to present
to His Majesty the accompanying tribute of our fervent loyalty to
him, and of our unshaken attachment to that Constitution, which
(happily for these nations) at once confirms his possession and your
inheritance, and all the rights of all the people ; and such the sense
we entertain of the proud distinction you have thus conferred upon
our Body, that it were inconsistent with our honour, we think, as
well as irksome to our feelings, to continue longer silent.
Accept then, Royal Sir, our warmest and most dutiful acknowledg-
ments for your gracious condescension upon this (to us) most mo-
mentous occasion. May He, by whom kings govern and empires
prosper, shower upon your Royal Parent, yourself, and the whole of
your illustrious line, his choicest blessings ! May you all long exist
in the hearts of a brave and generous people ; and Britain triumphant,
her enemies be debased ! May her acknowledged superiority, re-
turning peace, and the grateful reverence of rescued nations, per-
petuate the fame of her virtues, the influence of her example, and
the weight and authority of her dominion 1
By the unanimous order of the Grand Lodge,
(Countersigned) (Signed) Rawdon, A.Gr.M.
Wiluam White, G.S. Peter Parker, D.G.M.
While these proofs of the prosperity of the Society in
England were universally spread throughout the kingdom,
accounts were daily transmitted of the rapid progress of
the Institution in different parts of the world. Many
respectable and dignified characters had enrolled their
names among the Fraternity : and it is with some degree
of satisfaction, that among them we have to record the
name of the King of Sweden, who was initiated into the
Order at the Grand Lodge of Stockholm, on the 22nd of
March, 1793, under the auspices of Charles Duke of Su-
dennania, regent of the kingdom, who presided as Grand
Master on the occasion.
The Brethren in America at this period also seem to
have been no less zealous in expressing' a dutiful attach-
ment to their patrons and protectors; for the Grand
Lodge of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in North
America, having nearly arranged their Constitutions,
transmitted a copy of them to General Washington,
with the following Address :
234
ILLUSTRATIONS
Address of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts in North America, to their Brother
George Washington.
Whilst the liistorian is describing the career of your glory, and the
inhabitants of an extensive empire are made happy in your unexam-
pled exertions ; whilst some celebrate the Hero, so distinguished in
liberating United America, and others the Patriot who presides over
her councils; a band of brothers, having always joined the acclama-
tions of their countrymen, now testify their respect for those inildei
virtues which have ever graced the man.
Taught by the precepts of our Society, that all its members stand
upon a level, we venture to assume this station, and to approach
you with that freedom which diminishes our diffidence, without lessen-
ing our respect. Desirous to enlarge the boundaries of social happi-
ness, and to vindicate the ceremonies of their Institution, this Grand
Lodge has published a 44 Book of Constitutions" (and a copy for your
acceptance accompanies this,) which, by discovering the principles
that actuate, will speak the eulogy of the Society, though they fer-
vently wish the conduct of its members may prove its higher com-
mendation.
Convinced of his attachment to its cause, and readiness to en-
courage its benevolent designs, they have taken the liberty to dedi-
cate this work to one, the qualities of whose heart, and the actions of
whose life, have contributed to improve personal virtue, and extend
throughout the world the most endearing cordialities ; and they
humbly hope ho will pardon this freedom, and accept the tribute of
their esteem and homage.
May the Supreme Architect of the Universe protect and bless you,
give you length of days and increase of felicity in this world, and
then receive you to the harmonious and exalted Society in Heaven !
John Cutler, G.M.
Boston, Josiah Bartlet, S.G.W.
Deo. 27, A.L. 5792. Mungo Mackay, J.G.W.
To this Address, General Washington returned the
following Answer :
An&oer to the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Maswis of
Massachusetts.
Flattering as it may be to the human mind, and truly honourable
as it is, to receive from our fellow-citizens testimonies of approbation
for exertions to promote the public welfare ; it is not less pleasing to
know, that the milder virtues of the heart are highly respected by a
Society whose liberal principles are founded in the immutable laws
of truth and justice.
To enlarge the sphere of social happiness is worthy the benevolent
design of a Masonic Institution ; and it is most fervently to be wish-
ed, that the conduct of every member of the Fraternity, as well as
those publications that discover the principles which actuate them,
may tend to convince mankind, that the grand object of Masonry is,
to promote the happiness of the human race.
While I beg your acceptance of my thanks for the 44 Book of Con-
stitutions," which you have sent me, and for the honour you have
OP MASONRY.
234
done me in the Dedication, permit me to assure you, that I feel all
those emotions of gratitude which your affectionate Address and
cordial wishes are calculated to inspire ; and I sincerely pray, that
the Great Architect of the Universe may bless you here, and receive
you hereafter into his immortal temple !
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
From this we perceive that the Society of Freemasons
in America continued to flourish under the auspices of
General Washington, who continued his patronage to the
Lodges till his death. This great man, who displayed in
his own person the rare combination of military and pa-
cific talents, of general and statesman, and evinced in
private life the most endearing manners and unblemished
probity, died at his seat at Mount Vernon, in Virginia,
of an inflammation in his throat, on the 14th of Decem-
ber, 1799. On the 18th, his remains were consigned to
the tomb with the most solemn funeral pomp. The
procession from Mount Vernon was formed about three
o'clock in the afternoon, and moved to the place of his
interment in the following order :
Minute guns from a vessel in the river announced the commence-
ment of the ceremony.
Cavalry, Infantry, and Guards, marched with arms reversed.
Music — Clergy.
The General's horse, with his saddle, holsters, and pistols.
The Corpse, supported by Colonels Little, Marstelle, Gilpin, Payne,
Ramsay, and Simms, as pall-bearers.
At the head of the coffin was inscribed, Surge ad judicium ;
About the middle, Gloria Deo;
And on the silver plate, 41 General George Washington departed
this life on the Uth of December, 1799, Mtatis 68."
The Mourners, Masonic Brethren, and Citizens, closed the
procession.
Having arrived at' the bottom of the elevated lawn
on the banks of the Potomac, where the family vault is
placed, the cavalry halted, and the infantry marched toward
the Mount and formed their lines. The clergy, Masonic
Brethren, and citizens, then descended into the vault;
when the funeral service was performed. After which
three general discharges were given by the infantry,
while the cavalry and eleven pieces of artillery, which
lined the banks of the Potomac at the back of the vault,
paid the last tribute of respect to their venerable de-
parted hero, and the firing was repeated from the vessel
in the river.
236
ILLUSTRATIONS
At a meeting of the house of representatives in Phil*-
delphia, on the day following this ceremony, it was
voted that a committee should be appointed, in conjunc-
tion with one from the senate, to consider the most
suitable means of paying honour to the memory of this
great man, who ranked first in war, first in peace, and
first in the hearts of his countrymen ; it was also re-
solved, that the house should wait on the President of
the United States, to express their condolence on the
mournful event; that the speaker's chair should be
covered with black, and that all the members and offi-
cers of the house should appear in deep mourning during
the session. Thus were demonstrated the warmest testi-
monies of affection of a grateful people, to the memory
of their truly benevolent chief, who justly merited the
esteem of his country, his brethren, and his friends.
Under the auspices of his Royal Highness the Prince
of Wales, and the indefatigable exertions of the Earl of
Moira, the progress of the Society in England far exceed-
ed at this time that of any former period. The Lodges
not only considerably increased in numbers and conse-
quence, but were in general better regulated ; and, the
principles of the Institution being more clearly under-
stood, the Brethren, both in town and country, vied with
each other in promoting the useful purposes of the
Society.
On the 24th of September, 1793, the Lodges in the
county of Durham made a grand procession through the
town of Sunderland, on laying the foundation-stone of the
bridge over the river Wear, which was afterwards opened
on the 9th of August, 1796, in the presence of his Royal
Highness Prince William of Gloucester, the magistrates,
a numerous assemblage of Masons, and a vast concourse
of spectators. On this occasion, a grand triumphal arch
decorated with flowers, was raised, through which the
procession passed, and proceeded along the bridge, to
the north side of the river, up to the limekilns, and
returned by the low road through the dry arch of the
bridge, to the Pan Ferry, thence to the centre of the
bridge, where the Lodge was formed, and an oration
delivered by the Rev. Mr. Nesfield. The whole ceremony
was conducted under the patronage of Rowland Burdon,
Esq., M. P., Provincial Grand Master for the county.
OF MASONRY.
237
The Lincoln militia attended, and fired three volleys on
the occasion.
The Brethren then proceeded to church, where an
appropriate sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr. Brews-
ter. From church the procession was resumed to the
Assembly-room, where the evening was concluded with
the greatest harmony.
On Monday, the 25th of November, 1793, the Prince
of Wales laid the first stone of the New Chapel at Bright-
helmstone. His Royal Highness was accompanied from
the Pavilion to the appropriated place by the Rev. Mr.
Hudson, the vicar, Mr. Saunders, &c. On coming to the
ground, Mr* Saunders addressed his Royal Highness, and
said, that, as constructor of the building, the high honour
was allotted to him of pointing out to the Prince the
situation where the stone was intended to be placed ; and
he respectfully requested that, as Grand Master of the
Masons, he would be pleased to signify whether or not
it met with his approbation. On receiving assurance
that it did, the stone, with the following inscription, was
laid in due form : —
" This stone was laid by his Royal Highness George
Prince of Wales, November 25, 1793."
On Mr. Saunders covering it with a plate of metal, he
desired leave to say, That however late the period might
be before it w T as again exposed to the face of day, and he
sincerely wished that it might be a very distant one, he
hoped that the descendants of his Royal Highness's
august family would be found, as now, happily governing
a happy people.
Mr. Hudson then respectfully addressed the Prince,
and desired permission to return his most sincere and
grateful thanks to his Royal Highness for the honour he
had that day done, not only to him in particular as pro-
prietor, but to the town at large ; and he hoped that God
would give his blessing to the undertaking thus begun,
and long preserve his Royal Highness, their Majesties,
and every branch of the royal family, to superintend our
invaluable, unequalled, and long-envied Constitution in
church and state.
The day proved fine, and the acclamations of the sur-
rounding crowd showed how much they were gratified
238
ILLUSTRATIONS
with such an instance of goodness in the Prince, who, at
the same time, was both a resident in, and a protector of,
their town and liberties.
The Prince ordered a handsome distribution to the
workmen, &c. The promenade gardens were laid open,
and the company was entertained with refreshments. A
party of gentlemen dined at the Castle, and some lines
were composed and sung on the occasion.
Among the masonic occurrences of this year, it maybe
proper to mention the publication of a periodical Mis-
cellany, entitled, The Freemasons' Magazine; or General
and Complete Library : the first number of which appear-
ed in June, 1793, and a number was continued to be
published monthly till the end of December, 1798, when
its title was changed. Independent of this Magazine
being a general repository for every thing curious and
important in Masonry, it contained a choice selection of
miscellaneous and literary articles, well calculated for the
purpose of general instruction and improvement, and was
For some time honoured with the sanction of the Grand
Lodge.
On the 4th of June, 1793, the Shakspeare 'Lodge at
Stratford on Avon was opened, and dedicated in solemn
form, in the presence of a numerous assembly of Brethren
from different Lodges. The ceremony was conducted
with the greatest order and regularity, under the direction
of Mr. James Timmins, D. P. G. M. for the County of
Warwick.
On the 28th of July, 1794, the Royal Brunswick Lodge
at Sheffield was constituted in due form. The Brethren
made a very elegant procession to. St. James's church,
where an excellent sermon was preached by the Rev.
Brother Chadwick : after which the procession was
resumed to the Lodge ; when the ceremony of dedication
took place. Several anthems and psalms suited to the
occasion were sung, and the whole was concluded with
a liberal subscription to the poor girls' Charity School.
On the 31st of July, 1794, the Lodge of Apollo at
Alcester was constituted in due form, in the presence of
121 Brethren. ^At ten in the morning, a procession was
made to the church, where a sermon was preached before
the Lodge by the Rev. Brother Green. After which the
Brethren returned to the Hall ; when the ceremonies of
OF MASONRY.
239
consecration and dedication took place, according to
ancient usage.
The Prince of Wales's marriage with the Princess Caro-
line of Brunswick having taken place on the 8th of April,
1795, the Grand Lodge on the 15th of that month unani-
mously voted the following Address to his Koyal Highness
on the occasion : —
To his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, Grand Master of th
most Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons
under the Constitution of England*
Most Worshipful and Royal Grand Master : —
Upon an event so important to your own happiness, and to the
interests of the British empire, as the late nuptials of your Royal
Highness, we feel ourselves peculiarly bound to testify our joy, and
to offer our humble congratulations.
To affect a degree of gratification superior to that professed by
others, when all his Majesty's subjects exhibit such heartfelt satisfac-
tion at the union which you have formed, would, perhaps, be in us an
undue pretension ; we cannot, however, but be proudly conscious,
Sir, that we possess a title beyond what any other class of men can
advance, to approach you upon an occasion like the present with a
tender of our particular duty. Wlfcn your Royal Highness deigned
so far to honour the Craft as to accept the trust of presiding over us,
the condescension not only authorized but demanded from all and
each of us a peculiar sensibility to whatever might concern your
welfare ; and the ties of brotherhood, with which you invested your-
self in becoming ' one of our number, entitle us to express, without
fear of incurring any charge of presumption, the satisfaction we feel
in contemplating such an accession to the prospects of the nation,
and to those of your own felicity. That the interests of your Royal
Highness and those of the British people may ever continue as strictly
united as we feel them in this most auspicious occurrence, is the
warmest wish, and, at the same time, the confident trust, of those
who hold it the highest honour to have your name enrolled in the
records of their Institution.
To the obligations which the Brethren already owe to you, Sir, it
will be a material addition, if you will render acceptable to your royal
Consort the humble homage of our veneration, and of our prayers
for every possible blessing upon your union.
By the unanimous order of the Grand Lodge,
(Signed) Moira, A. G. M.
(Countersigned) (L. S.)
William White, G. S.
The Right Hon. the Earl of Moira having, at the request
of the Grand Lodge, presented the above Address to the
Prince of Wales, his Royal Highness was graciously-
pleased to return the following answer : —
The Grand Master has received with great satisfaction the Address
of the Craft ; which he regards as not iodVating solely their senti-
240
ILLUSTRATIONS
ments towards him, but as also repeating those declarations of devotion
to their Sovereign and attachment to the House of Brunswick, here-
tofore so becomingly expressed by them..
He has had peculiar pleasure in explaining to the Princess of
Wales their loyal congratulations ; and ho desires to convey to the
Brethren the sincere thanks of the Princess for their generous
wishes.
A grand feast was held at Freemasons'-Hall on the 13th
of May, 1795, the Grand Master in the chair. His Royal
Highness was accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, and
Prince William of Gloucester, who had been initiated at
an occasional Lodge convened for the purpose on the
preceding evening. Five hundred Brethren were also
present at this feast. Happiness was visible in every
countenance, and the benevolent principles of Masonry
cheered the heart. His Royal Highness thanked the
Brethren for the many instances he had received of their
attachment, and for the repeated honours they had con-
ferred on him. After expressing his warmest wishes for
the prosperity of the Soci^y, he concluded with a hand-
some compliment to the Acting Grand Master, the Earl
of Moira, whom he styled 44 The man of his heart, and
the friend he admired and sincerely hoped that he might
long live to superintend the government of the Craft, and
extend the principles of the Art.
SECT. XIII.
The History of Masonry from the Grand Feast in 1795 to
the end of the Year 1800.
No remarkable event took place in the Society from
the festival in 1795, till the year 1797. The greatest
harmony prevailed among the Brethren during the whole
{>eriod, and many valuable additions were made to the
ist of Lodges. The general contributions to the chari-
table funds were likewise considerably extended ; and
the annual reports from the Provincial Grand Masters, in
their respective districts, announced the prosperity of the
Craft.
The only circumstance which tended to damp the
ardour of the Brethren for the propagation of the Art,
either at home or abroad, was the publication of some
OF MASONRY.
241
tracts, which stated that a new sect of philosophers had
arisen in Germany and France, who had affiliated them-
selves to the Society of Masons, and had, under that
sanction, established Lodges; for the more extended dis-
semination of the principles of their new theory. To
these philosophers was attributed the design of destroying
Christianity, 09 and subverting all the regular governments
of Europe. The degrees of Masonry were understood
to be preparatory steps to this new establishment, and
from that Society were selected the principal members
of which this sect was composed. In their occult
Lodges, as they were termed, were inculcated the seeds
of those dangerous principles which had brought about
the French revolution, and produced all the evils which
had resulted from it.
.The circulation of these publications excited a general
alarm, and for some time checked the progress of the
Society in Europe ; till, the mystery being unveiled, it
was found, that the constitutions of Masonry did not
warrant the proceedings of this new systems and that,
therefore, new degrees had been instituted under the
same appellation, to carry into effect the purposes of
these new associates. The Masons of this country, and
all the Lodges under the English constitution, were fully
exempted from any share in the general censure ; but, as
the Society was much injured by these publications, a
few remarks on their contents may not be unacceptable
to the reader.
The first tract which excited alarm was an octavo
volume, entitled "The Life of M. Zimmerman, first
Physician to the King of England at Hanover. By Dr.
Tissot." From this work it appears, that one of the
most distinguished incidents of Zimmerman's life was a
summons which he received from the great Frederick,
King of Prussia, to attend him in his last illness in 1786.
This opportunity the doctor improved, to enjoy a confi-
dential intercourse with that illustrious character, from
"* which he derived the materials of an interesting narra-
* 9 They, began the system by expunging every vestige of Christi-
anity from their lectures, and excluding the New Testament alto-
gether from the Lodges. One of their fundamental rules was to the
following effect : — 14 The Bible is to be of the Hebrew Text, and the
New Testament is not to be bound up with — Editor.
12
ILLUSTRATIONS
tive, that he afterwards published. The partiality of
this prince in favour of Zimmerman disposed him to a
reciprocal good opinion of that monarch, and in 1788 he
published " A Defence of Frederick the Great against
the Count de Mirabeau;" which was followed, in 1790,
by "Fragments on Frederick the Great," in 3 vols.
12mo. The publications of Zimmerman relative to this
king gave offence to some individuals and subjected him
to many severe criticisms, which he felt with more sensi-
bility than accorded with his peace of mind. The reli-
gious and political opinions which he had imbibed in his
latter years, were in wide contradiction to the principles
which had so generally spread over Europe, and which
operated as perpetual fuel to the irritability of his nerv-
ous system. About this time the rise of the Society of
the Illuminati in Germany, who were said to have coa-
lesced with the Freemasons, excited a violent commotion
among men of letters and reflection. The Society was
supposed to have in view nothing less than the abolition
of Christianity, and the subversion of all constituted
authorities. Its partizans expected from it the most
beneficial reforms of every kind; and its opponents
dreaded from it every mischief that could happen to
mankind. Zimmerman, who is represented to have been,
a hunter of sects, was among the first who took alarm at
this formidable association, and stepped forth to oppose
its progress. His regard for religion, and social order,
led him to see in the most obnoxious light the pernicious
principles of these new philosophers. Determined,
therefore, to suppress the influence of their system, he
painted in the strongest colouring all the maxims of this
new sect, and addressed a memorial to the Emperor
Leopold on the subject, with a view to check their
further progress. The emperor very graciously received
this memorial, and returned him an answer in his own
hand-writing, accompanied with a splendid present. 100
Leopold seemed to be well-inclined to use the decisive
interference of civil authority on this occasion, and would
probably have had recourse to violent measures against
the Illuminati, had not the death of Zimmerman pre-
vented it.
AOtf This was a locket, adorned with diamonds and the emperor's
cypher.
OF MASONRY.
243
The number of the affiliated members of this Society,
Zimmerman says, increased daily, chiefly by the assiduity
of Baron de Knigge, who, in 1782, first suggested the
idea of illuminating the Society of Freemasons, and who
succeeded in that object, from Hanover to Copenhagen
on one hand, and to Naples on the other. In 1788, the
Brotherhood, he observes, were unmasked, and driven
out of Bavaria; and in 1791 their papers were seized at
Munich and printed, but no discovery of importance was
made. 101 *
Previous to the death of Zimmerman, in conjunction
with M. Hoffmann of Vienna, he began a periodical work
on the old principles. In this work all his former zeal
was displayed, and the new philosophers were attacked
101 Of this Society we have the following account in this tract : —
"Whether this sect be the same with that of the Freemasons, or
the Jesuits, both of which suppositions are improbable, is uncertain ;
but in 1774 or 1775", a Society was undoubtedly established in
Bavaria, of which a celebrated Professor at Ingoldstadt has been
regarded as the founder. This Society, under pretext of consulting
the happiness of the people, and supposing that happiness to be
incompatible with every species of religious and civil establishment,
at present existing, said with one voice, Let us destroy them all, and
raze their very foundations. The secret order of the Illuminati in-
.cluded among its mysterious principles, at present exposed to the
whole world, the whole of the doctrines which the Jacobins of Paris
have since put in practice ; and it has been proved, by the most irre-
fragable documents, that they maintained an intimate correspondence
together before the French revolution. The destruction of the Chris-
tian rel*rgion, and the subversion of every throne and of all govern-
ments have been their aim ever since the year 1776. It was well
understood, by the new associates of this Order, that the magic
words, the happiness of the people, were the surest means to recruit
their number with ease, and by which, in fact, the recruits became
so numerous and well disciplined. Young men were chiefly pitched
upon, who, not having yet formed a strong attachment to any par-
ticular opinion, were the more easily led away to embrace whatever
was offered to them ; and men of literary talents, whom it }s important
to secure when the propagation of any new opinion is in agitation.
When once a person was enlisted, and fully penetrated with the
enticing words, " The happiness of the people — let us labour to pro-
cure the happiness of the people," he became impatient to know the
obstacles which were in the way of this purpose, and Ihe means to
be made use of to remove them ; these were therefore offered to his
view in succession.
''The Order has five degrees: in the lower, the mysteries are not
unveiled; they are only preparatory, on which the minds of the
noviciates are founded and prepared; then, by degrees, those who
are found worthy are initiated into the higher ranks."
244
ILLUSTRATIONS
with vehemence. This occasioned a violent repulse on
their part; and the writers of the Bibliotheqve Universelle,
or Universal Library, as well as some of the best journal-
ists, bore a considerable share in the contest in opposition
to Zimmerman and Hoffmann ; till the former got him-
self embroiled in a court of law, by a publication in the
journal, entitled "The Baron de Knigge unmasked, as
an Illuminati, Democrat, and Seducer of the People."
This charge was founded on a work which was not
openly avowed by the baron, who commenced a suit
against Zimmerman on this account as libeller; in which
the doctor, being unable to exculpate himself, was cast.
This state of warfare proved very unfriendly to the
doctor's nerves, and sensibly affected his mind, which
had been much agitated from a personal fear of the
approach of the French towards Hanover in 1794. The
idea of his becoming a poor emigrant perpetually haunted
him ; nor could the negotiations which afterwards took
f>lace, and secured that country, restore him to tranquil-
ity. He used various remedies to overcome his appre-
hensions, and even took a journey for that purpose; but
it was fruitless. On his return home, he entered his
labitation with the same idea with which he had left it,
persuaded that he saw it pillaged, and fancied that he
was entirely ruined. This notion so strongly impressed
his mind, that, together with- his abstinence from food,
for fear of poverty, he wore away to a skeleton, became
decrepit, and at last died on the 7th of October," 1795,
at the age of 67.
The next tract which deserves notice is a translation 102
of " The Memoirs of Jacobinism in France," in 4 vols.
8vo., by the Abb6 Barruel. In this work the Abbe
endeavours to show, that there existed on ti e continent,
long before the French revolution, a threefold conspiracy
to effect the ruin of the altar, the throne, and all social
order. The first conspiracy was formed by a sect of
philosophers, who aimed to destroy the altars of Jesus
Christ andJiis Gospel: the second were the sophists of
rebellion, who conspired against the thrones of kings,
and who had affiliated themselves to the Society of Free-
masons, engrafting on that institution the secrets of .their
«» By the Hon. Robert Clifford.
OF MASONRY.
occult lodges; and the third passed under the denomina-
tion of* llluminati or enlightened, who formed an union
with the two former, and aimed at the subversion of all
social order, property, and science. This coalition, the
Abbe observes, gave rise to the club of Jacobins in
France, which was so denominated from holding their
meetings in a convent of the order of Jacobins that they
had seized in Paris.
Of these three conspiracies, anti-christian, anti-monar-
chical, and anti-social, very unfortunately for the Abbe,
each successive one has been brought forward in his sub-
sequent volumes with diminished evidence and decreasing
plausibility. To expose to view the unknown chieftains
and agents of his conspiracies, he has been obliged to
describe the symbols and reveal the secrets of an invisible
Society wholly unconnected with them, and to represent
the Lodges of Freemasons as schools of infidelity and
insurrection, whence all these conspiracies have origina-
ted. 103 Although he makes France the theatre for their
103 Notwithstanding this serious attack on the Freemasons, the
Abbe is candid enough to admit, that the occult lodges of the lllu-
minati-. are unknown in England, and that the English Freemasons
are not implicated in the charge which he has made. With his re-
marks, therefore, on this subject, we shall conclude our observations
on the Memoirs of Jacobinism : —
44 England, in p articular, " he says, "is full of those upright men,
who, excellent citizens, and of all stations, are proud of being
Masons; and who may be distinguished from the others by ties
which only appear to unite them more closely in the bonds of charity
and fraternal affection. It is not the fear of offending a nation in
which I have found an asylum, that has suggested this exception.
Gratitude, on the contrary, would silence every vain terror, and I
should be seen exclaiming, in the very streets of London, that
England was lost, that it could not escape the French Revolution, if
its Freemason Lodges were similar to those of which I am about to
treat. I would say more, that Christianity and all government would
have long been at an end in England! if it could be even supposed
that her Masons were initiated into the last mysteries of the sect.
Long since have their Lodges been sufficiently numerous to execute
such a design, had the English Masons adopted either the means, or
the plans and plots, of the occult lodges.
"This argument alone might suffice to except the English Masons
in general from what I have to say of the sect. But there ^ exist
mauy passages in the history of Masonry which necessitate this ex-
ception. The following appears convincing : At the time when the
Illuminees of Germany, the most detestable of the Jacobin crew,
were seeking to strengthen their party by that of Masonry, they
246
ILLUSTRATIONS
exhibition, he is obliged to have recourse to a strange
language and to a Bavarian cloister for their origin ; and
from a want of facts, to supply, from his own imagina-
tion, by ingenious interpretations, the lessons which he
can nowhere else discover.
The Abbe's information with respect to the Illuminati
may, perhaps, be just, in so far as respects the establish*
ment of that sect, and their deviation from the English
Lodges, but between the genuine Masons of Germany and
their Brethren in England there has long subsisted the
most friendly intercourse; and it cannot otherwise be, in
any country where Masonry is conducted according to
the pure principles of the institution.
The next publication which claims our attention is, a
work entitled, kt Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the
Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the
Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati, and Reading
Societies. By John Robison, M. A., Professor of Natural
Philosophy, and Secretary to the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh." This work, like the former, aims at proving
that a secret association had been formed, and for many
years carried on, for rooting out all the religious estab-
lishments, and overturning, all the existing governments
of Europe: and that this association had employed, as
its chief instruments, the Lodges of Freemasons, who
were under the direction of unknown superiors, and
whose emissaries were everywhere busy to complete the
scheme. Of the rise and progress of this society in
France he affects to give an account, which agrees in the
main with that of the Abbe Barruel, by alledging that
several of its most ingenious and indefatigable members
were active Freemasons, who spread their infectious
principles in most of the Freemasons' Lodges in Europe.
He then enters into an. historical detail of the origin of
the Scotch degrees, and gives them a consequence to
which I hope they are not entitled, as belonging to an
institution formed by craft, founded in the deepest
motives, and capable of effecting the most important
events.
It is well known, I believe, to the Masons of this
country, that some men of warm and enthusiastic
imaginations have been disposed, within these few years,
to amntifv Darts of the Institution of Freemasonry : and
4
OF MASONRY. 247
in their supposed improvements to have elevated their
discoveries into new degrees; to which they have added
ceremonies, rituals, and dresses, ill-suited to the native
simplicity of the Order of Masonry as it was originally
practised in this country. But in all these degrees,
though probably deserving reprehension as improper
innovations on the original system of Masonry, I can
never believe that they have either proceeded from bad
motives, or could be viewed in any other light than as
innocent and inoffensive amusements. Thus much I can
aver, that all the degrees of Masonry practised in England
under the English Constitution, are pure and genuine,
and that no part of the system established among us is
injurious either to Church or State. 104
In order to refute, however, the flimsy proofs which
are produced by the learned Professor, I cannot do better
than use the language of an able writer, 105 who has
entered into a serious investigation of them in a monthly
miscellany 106 If the principles adopted by foreign
Masons be such (says he) as the Professor represents,
whence is it that so many loyal and pious members of
the Fraternity continue their patronage of the Society,
and are still ignorant of the real quality of our princi-
ples? Is it that Masonry is one thing on the Continent,
and another in England? This cannot be; for Masonry
is a universal establishment, and a mutual communication
and agreement has long subsisted between the British
and Foreign Lodges. Some of the wisest and most
upright English Masons have visited their Brethren
abroad, and have not been able to discover the wonderful
disparity, or been shocked at the abominable practices
said to be carried on among them. Even Mr. Robison
himself saw nothing of all this mischievous system, while
he was in the closest habits of intimacy with the foreign
Masons; and.this surely must be some proof that Mason-
ry, as it was then practised, had not the tendency which
he has since been pleased to attribute to it. All the
conspiracy, therefore, which he pretends to have dis-
104 In the "Masonic Miscellanies," edit. 1811, will be found an Essay-
on this subject, by Stephen Jones, p. 195 ; and another, (p. 221,) by
Mr. Preston.
103 Dr.Watkins.
106 See Freemasons' Magazine, vol. x., p. 35,
248
ILLUSTRATIONS
covered, if it ever did exist, must be charged to other
causes. It must strike the mind with astonishment, that
an institution like Masonry, organized and reduced to a
complete system, should suddenly be changed from a
harmless and innocent appearance, to one the most fero-
cious and wicked; and that, from being in the highest
degree friendly to order and religion, it should all at once
become the most powerful and inveterate enemy to both.
Whoever considers this, and attends to the great numbers
of eminent characters who continue to give the Art their
countenance, and to patronize our assemblies, and who-
ever contrasts with them the names of the persons
brought forward as the agitators of this conspiracy, will
be led, not only to question the truth of the assertions,
but allow that both the Professor and the Abbe have
gone too wide in their charges, and suffered a heated
imagination to teem with prejudices that have no founda-
tion in truth.
Some foreign Masons may probably have given in to
the modern wretched philosophy ; and, more effectually
to propagate their tenets with safety, may have erected
a false banner under the appellation of Masonry, to entrap
the unwary; but shall we, on that account, attribute to
the institution of Freemasonry the dreadful acts of those
individuals, or the baneful consequences of their con-
spiracies? Certainly not; for, in opposition to all the
Professor's assertions, it remains to be proved, that
Masonry ever was, is, or can be, favourable to infidelity
or insurrection.
That a regular confederacy ever has been formed upon
this .basis, or that the corruptions of the institution of
Freemasonry have been so far systematized as to have
produced that shock which religion and government have
lately received by the French revolution, can never be
admitted. Those who view the wonderful changes which
have recently taken place in Europe, and which are still
going on, will naturally be led to examine further into
the causes of so stupendous an event. Whatever opinion
the Abbe or the Professor may hold of their own saga-
city, future historians will have little reason to compli-
ment them. Possessed of greater lights, it will probably
be found, that no conspiracy, or ingenious scheme of any
OF .MASONRY.
249
fcions. They will, on the contrary, see much in the
natural constitution of things — much in the very princi-
ple of society itself — more in the corruptions of society
— a great part in the general diffusion of letters — not a
little in the various arts of life, and in the extension of
commerce — and, above all the rest, in the increase and
high pitch of luxury. Connecting all these with circum-
stances and persons, they will come to a fairer conclusion
than either the Abbe or the ingenious Professor. Upon
the Illuminati, or the enlightened, I shall make no
remarks. I know them not, nor their principles. They
may, or may not, have arisen from Freemasonry. It is
* a matter of little moment to the man who is well
acquainted with the principles of his Society, what
ambitious or corrupt minds may have devised in imita
tion of it. It is enough for him to know that the doc-
trines of the institution to which he belongs are simply
good, and have no natural tendency to evil. If bad men
have perverted the external parts of the system to wicked
purposes, he laments the depravity of human nature, and
regards the genuine principles of his Order with greater
affection. The- best of doctrines has been corrupted, and
the most sacred of all institutions prostituted to base
and unworthy purposes. The genuine Mason, duly con-
sidering this, finds a consolation in the midst of reproach
and apostasy; and, while he despises the one, will
endeavour, by his own example, to refute the other.
It is to be regretted, that a Lecturer in Natural Phi-
losophy, of whom his country has the most favourable
opinion, should have produced a work which can do so
little credit to his character either for knowledge or
judgment. Were his volume to be stripped of its decla-
mation and conjecture, the remainder would be too
insignificant to merit a minute investigation.
In a postscript to the second edition, the Professor, in
imitation of the Abbe Barruel, has condescended to
except the English Lodges from the charge of disloyalty,
or want of attachment to government. He admits the
innocence and inoffensiveness of their meetings, and
acknowledges the benevolent principles of the institu-
tion as practised by them. This, however, is but a flimsy
evasion; it being evident from the whole tenor of his
book, that he intended to sound the trumpet of alarm in
12*
250
ILLUSTRATIONS
the ears of his Majesty's ministers, by the thunder of his
extraordinary denunciations. We are happy, however,
to discover, that after all the proofs against the Masons
which he has attempted to produce, none of our illustri-
ous patrons have been induced on that account to desert
the Society. On the contrary, at the Grand Lodge on
the 3rd of June, 1800, we find the Earl of Moira thus
addressing the Brethren : —
" Certain modern publications have been holding forth to
the world the Society of Masons as a league against consti-
tuted authorities ; an imputation the more secure, because
the known constitutions of our fellowship make it certain
that no answer can be published. It is not to be dis-
puted, that in countries where 'impolitic prohibitions
restrict the communication of sentiment, the activity of
the human mind may, among other means of baffling the
control, have resorted to the artifice of borrowing the
denomination of Freemasons, to cover meetings' for
seditious purposes, just as any other description might be
assumed lor the same object. But, in the first place, it
is the invaluable distinction of this free country, that
such a just intercourse of opinions exists without re-
straint, as cannot leave to any number of men the desire
of forming or frequenting those disguised societies where
dangerous dispositions may be imbibed. And, 2ndly,
the profligate doctrines, which may have been nurtured
in any such self-established assemblies, could never have
been tolerated for a moment in any Lodge meeting under
regular authority. We aver, therefore, that not only
such laxity of opinion has no sort of connexion w T ith the
tenets of Masonry, but is diametrically opposite to the
junction which we regard as the foundation-stone of the
Lodge; namely, Fear God, and honour the King.
In confirmation of this solemn assertion, § what can we
advance more irrefragably, than that so many of his
Majesty's illustrious Family stand in the highest Or^er
of Masonry, are fully instructed in all its tendencies, and
have an intimate knowledge of every particular in its
current administration under the Grand Lodge of Eng-
land."
After so public a testimony of approbation of the
Society, and of the purposes for which it is instituted,
little more can be wanted to refute the ungenerous
OF MASONRY.
251
aspersions which have been wantonly thrown out
against it.
.On the 12th- of July, 1798, an act of parliament was
passed for the more effectual suppression of societies
established for seditious and treasonable purposes, and
for preventing treasonable and seditious practices. 107
107 In this act the following clauses in favour of the Society of
Masons are inserted, exempting their Lodges from the penalties of
the act : —
" And, whereas, certain societies have been long accustomed to be
holden in this kingdom under the denomination of Lodges of Free-
masons, the meetings whereof have been in great measure directed to
charitable purposes : Be it therefore enacted, that nothing in this act
shall extend to the meetings of any such Society or Lodge, which
shall 3 before the passing of this act, have been usually holden under
the said denomination, and in conformity to the rules prevailing among
the said societies of Freemasons.
" Provided, always, that this exemption shall not extend to any
such Society, unless two of the members composing the same shall
certify upon oath, (which oath any justice of the peace or other
magistrate is hereby empowered to administer,) that such Society or
Lodge has, before the passing of this act, been usually held under the
denomination of a Lodge of Freemasons, and in conformit} 7 " to the
rules prevailing among the Societies or Lodges of Freemasons in this
kingdom ; which certificate, duly attested by the magistrate before
whom the same shall be sworn, and subscribed by the persons so
certifying, shall, within the space of two calendar months after the
passing of this act, be deposited with the clerk of the peace, for the
county, stewartry, riding, division, shire, or place where such Society
or Lodge hath been usually held ; Provided also, that this exemption
shall not extend to any such Society or Lodge, unless the name or
denomination thereof, and the usual place or places, and the time or
times, of its meetings, and the names and descriptions of all and every
the members thereof, be registered with such clerk of the peace as
aforesaid, within two months after the passing of this act, and also
on or before the twenty-fifth day of March in every succeeding year.
* And be it enacted, that the clerk of the peace, or the person acting
in his behalf, in any such county, stewartry, riding, division, shire, or
place, is hereby authorized and required to receive such certificate,
and make such registry as aforesaid, and to enrol the same among
the records of such county, stewartry, riding, division, shire, or place,
and to lay the same once in every year before the general sessions of '
the justices for such county, stewartry, riding, division, shire, or
place: and that it shall and may be lawful for the said justices, or
for the major part of them, at any of their general sessions, if they
shall so think fit, upon complaint made to them upon oath by any one
.or more creditable persons, that the continuance of the meetings of
any such Lodge or Society is likely to be injurious to the public
peace and good order, to direct that the meetings of any such Society
or Lodge within such county, stewartry, riding, division, shire or
place, shall, from thenceforth, be discontinued ; and any such meeting
252
ILLUSTRATIONS
On our conforming to which, as I am convinced every
Mason in this country will most cheerfully do, we may,
in defiance of all the false charges against the Society,
held, notwithstanding such order of discontinuance, and before the
same shall, by the like authority, be revoked, the same shall be
deemed an unlawful combination and confederacy under the provisions
*t>f this act."
FORM OF CERTIFICATE.
Here insert }
the name of > to wit,
the county. )
We the underwritten A. B. of in the county of
and C. D. of &c. ( Here insert the full names and description
of the two Brethren certifying) two of the members of the Lodge of
Freemasons held at called the Lodge of
and being No. in the list of Lodges, do hereby, pursuant to an
act of the 39th year of his present Majesty, entitled, "An act for
the more effectual suppression of societies established for seditious
and treasonable purposes, and for better preventing treasonable and
seditious practices," certify upon oath, that the said Lodge, of which
we are respectively members as aforesaid, hath, before the passing of .
the said act, been usually held under the denomination of a Lodge of
Freemasons, under the constitution of England, and in conformity to
the rules prevailing among the Societies or Lodges of Freemasons in
this kingdom.
A. B.
0. D.
Sworn at the day of
in the year of our Lord 1800
before
FORM OF REGISTER.
Here insert )
the name of > to wit,
the county. )
A register to be enrolled, pursuant to an abt of the 39th year of
his present Majesty, entitled, *' An act for*the more effectual suppres-
sion of societies established for seditious and treasonable purposes,
and for better preventing treasonable and seditious practices," of a
Lodge of Freemasons called the Lodge of
being No. and usually held at the house of in
in the county aforesaid, (Here state the time of meeting),
and composed of the following members, viz.
Christian and Surnames.
Place of Abode.
Title, Profession, or
k Business.
/ ' \
op masonrK^^; 5 ?p^3i>^ 263
rest secure in our Lodges, and practise our rites, under
the sanction of the best constitution and the mildest
legislature on earth.
On the 4th of October, 1798, the General Infirmary
at Sheffield was opened, and dedicated in solemn form,
in the presence of a splendid company of Brethren- from
all the Lodges in the county of York. Lord Fitzwilliam,
Lord Galway, the trustees of the charity, and many of
the most respectable gentlemen in the neighbourhood
attended on the occasion.
The accounts from the Provincial Grand Lodges at
this time afforded the most pleasing prospects of the
future prosperity of the Society, and of the great in-
crease of members in the Lodges under their separate
jurisdictions. The anniversary festivals in the different
counties were observed with the strictest regularity ; and
all the Brethren seemed to vie in their exertions to add
splendour to the Craft, and to rescue the institution
from the unjust charges and illiberal aspersions which
had been thrown out against it. Several Lodges, ani-
mated by a firm attachment to their king and country,
liberally contributed to the support of government, and
testified their loyalty, and adherence to the .principles
of the constitution, by the most affectionate addresses to
their Sovereign.
An event of real importance to the Society now par-
ticularly claims our attention, and further proves its
benevolence : it is the institution of a new Masonic
Society, for the relief of sick, aged, and imprisoned
Brethren, and for the protection of their widows, chil-
dren, and orphans. The Society was established under
the patronage of the Prince of Wales, the Earl of.Moira,
and all the other acting Officers of the Grand Lodge ;
who, in order to render its advantages more generally
known, particularly recommended it to all the Provincial
Grand Masters in their several districts. The individuals
who are enrolled members of this Society, and are in em-
barrassed circumstances, have every reason to expect more
ample aid than is usually given in other benefit societies ;
as the greater part of the subscribers to the common
stock are respectable characters, who have not the most
distant idea of becoming burdensome to the fund. The
mode of selecting the members is also highly judicious
264
ILLUSTRATIONS
and proper ; as no one can be admitted unless he be re-
commended by the Master of a Lodge, who must vouch
for him as being a man of irreproachable character and
regular habits ; and so strictly is this rule observed, and
so cautious have been the original institutors of the
Charity, that no improper persons be enrolled, -we are
informed, that several hundred names have been already
rejected. This institution, therefore, may operate toward
the improvement of morals and strict regularity of con-
duct; while the subscribers are gratified with the pleas-
ing prospect of extending relief to the truly industrious
and deserving. Above 3,000 names are enrolled, and
the subscriptions already received .amount to several
thousand pounds. The funds have also considerably in-
creased, not only by many voluntary donations from a
number of eminent Brethren who have patronised the
Charity, but by the addition of one guinea to the first
annual subscription haviv//; been paid by every member
admitted since the 25th of June, 1S00. Thus has
been established, under a very respectable banner, the
Masonic Benefit Society, ubich, under wise and prudent
regulations, may be productive of the most beneficial
effects.
The following is an abstract of the Rules and Orders
of this Society : —
Any Brother of fair character, being a subscribing member of a
regular Lodge under the Constitution of England, and recom-
mended by a member of this Society, who is Master of a Lodge, is
capable of admission.
No person above 45 years of age is admitted a member of this Society,
unless he givo proper security that he will not become chargeable
in his own person to the fund ; which, though under this restriction,
shall always be liable to the provisions for his widow and children
after his decease.
Thf» subscription is one guinea per annum ; and at the end of twenty-
four months the subscriber beeomes a free member, and is entitled
to all the benefits of the Society.
Members, when sick, lame, or blind, are to be entitled to lourteen
shillings per week.
Members in reduced circumstances, and imprisoned for debt, are to be
allowed a sum not exceeding four shillings per week, if found not
unworthy of aid.
Members who, through old age, become incapable of earning their .
living, are to be allowed six shillings per week till the first general
court ; and afterwards such a pension for life as their situation may
reauirc. and the funds of the Society will admit
OF MASONRY.
256
The widows of members, if their circumstances require it, arc to be
allowed the sum of four shillings per week, and two shillings per
week for every lawful child under twelve years of age.
The orphans of members, not otherwise provided for, are to be en-
titled to the sum of four shillings per week for their maintenance,
and a further sum at a proper age as an apprentice fee.
A general court of all the subscribers is to be held once a year, to fill
up any vacancy which may have happened among the trustees,
choose committee-men, make by-laws, &c. The other affairs of the
Society are to be managed by a quarterly and monthly Committee,
a Committee of Auditors, and an Actuary.
Having stated in a preceding part of this history the
initiation of the King of Sweden into Masonry, under
the auspices of the Duke of Sudermania 308 , it may not
be uninteresting to our readers to lay before them the
result of a correspondence which was opened this year
between the Grand Lodges of Sweden and England,
Nothing can more truly show the high estimation in
which the English Masons are held abroad, than the
Grand Lodge of England for the purpose of effecting
a social union arid correspondence.
At the Grand Lodge held at Freemasons'-hall, on
Wednesday, the 10th of April, 1799, present the Right
Honourable the Earl of Moira, Acting Grand Master, as
Grand Master; the Baron de Silverhjelm, minister from
his Majesty the King of Sweden to the court of Great
Britain, presented to the Grand Master in the chair the
following Letter from the National Grand Lodge of
Sweden, which was read : —
We Charles, by the grace of God Hereditary Prince of the Swedes,
Goths, and Vandals, Duke of Sudermania, Heir of Norway, Duke of
Sleswiek, Holstein, Stormarric, and Dittmarche, Count of Oldenburgh
and Delmenhorst, Grand Admiral of Sweden, Vicar of Solomon of the
7th and 9th Province, and National Grand Master of all the Lodges
reunited under the Grand Lodge of Sweden working in the Royal Art
within the States and Dominions dependent on our august Sovereign,
Master, and Protector, His Majesty the King of Sweden.
Strength, Health, and Prosperity.
To the Most Illustrious, Most Enlightened,, Most Sublime, Most
Venerable and Venerable the National Grand Lodge of England, the
repeated
constantly made to the
to the glory
of the Grand Architect of the Universe.
108 See page 233.
ILLUSTRATIONS
National Grand Master, Deputy Grand Master, Grand Wardens,
Grand Dignitaries, Grand Officers superior and inferior, and Wor-
shipful Members,
Union, Content and Wisdom.
Most Illustrious and Most Enlightened Brethren,
To contract an intimate, sincere, and permanent tie between the
National Grand Lodge of Sweden and that of England, has long been
ardently our object; but if temporary circumstances have delayed the
effect of our wishes, the present moment leaves us at liberty. Our
Order, which enjoys in the two States the same privileges and the
same protection of government, is not obliged to seek for security in
darkness; and our labours approved as known to promote the public
good, are protected by the power of our Sovereigns ; enjoying the
sacred rites of true liberty, (their essence,) in being able without
danger to exercise those charitable deeds towards the unfortunate,
which are the principal objects of our duty.
This uniformity of situation, as. well as the fundamental principles
of the Craft, which we equally profess, authorize us to consolidate and
to draw closer a confidence, friendship, and reciprocal union between
two bodies, whose common object is the good of humanity, who
mutually consider friendship as the nerve, and the love of our neigh-
bour as the pivot of all our labours. Deeply penetrated by these
principles, we send the Most Illustrious Brother George Baron de
Silverhjelm, decorated with the highest Decrees of Masoniy, as our
Plenipotentiary, to present to the Most Enlightened, Most Sublime,
and Most Venerable the National Grand Lodge of England, our affec-
tionate greeting. He is charged on our part to express to you the
sincere esteem we bear you, and how desirous we are to contract with
you a fixed and permanent union. We pray, therefore, that you will
receive him amongst you as the bearer of our fraternal sentiments,
and that you will be pleased to give faith and credence to all that he
may say on our part, conformable to these our cordial professions.
The union, which is the basis of our labours, being once established
between two nations who reciprocally esteem each other, and who'
are both known to possess the requisite qualities of all Free and
Accepted Masons, it will consolidate for ever the foundation of the
Masonic Temple, whose majestic edifice will endure to future ages.
May the Most High, the Grand Architect of the Universe, deign to
be favourable to the wishes we oiler for the success of your endeavours;
and we remain always, Most Illustrious and Most Enlightened
Brothers, by the Sacred Numbers,
Your devoted Brother,
CHARLES, Duke of Sudermania.
Grand Lodge of Sweden, G. A. Reuterholm,
24th Jan., 5798. ' Grand Chancellor.
This letter being read, it was resolved unanimously,
that the Grand Master be requested to return an answer
on the part of the Society to the Duke de Sudermania,
expressive of every sentiment correspondent to the warm
svnri hrrvf-ViPlrl v A HHrAsa mr»*»iirc»fl • anrl +Viaf +h& Rornn Ao
of masonry;
Silverhjelm be received as the representative of the
Grand Lodge of Sweden, and have a seat with the Grand
Officers at all meetings of the Grand Lodge.
At the next Grand Lodge, which w T as held at Free-
masons'-hall, on Wednesday, the 8th May, 1799, present
the Eight Hon. the Earl of Moira, Acting Grand Master,
as Grand Master, in the chair; the Earl of Moira reported,
that his Royal Highness, the Grand Master, had been
pleased, on the part of the Society, to return the follow-
ing Answer to the Letter received from the Duke de
Sudermania, Grand Master of Sweden : —
In the name of the Grand Architect of the Universe.
GEORGE, Prince of Wales, &c, &c, &c.
Strength, Health, and Prosperity.
To our very dear, very Illustrious, and very Enlightened Brother,
Charles, Duke of Sudermania, &c, &c, &c.
Union, Contentment, and Wisdom.
It was with the truest satisfaction, Most Illustrious, Most "Wor-
shipful, and Most Enlightened Brother, that I received the Letter in
which you express your desire to see an intimate connection estab-
lished between the worthy and regular Masons of Sweden and those
of England. The high opinion that I have of your character, and the
fraternal esteem which is the consequence of it. add greatly to the
pleasure I feel on your being on this occasion the voice of your Breth-
• ren. A reciprocal sentiment has long disposed these two brave nations
to admire each other; but this admiration, howsoever generous, is
barren ; it is, therefore, to be wished that it should be improved by a
close relation between the members of a Craft, the existence of
. which, in each of the countries, is founded on beneficence to man-
kind.
•I am earnestly entreated by my Brethren of the Grand Lodge of
England to request that you, very illustrious and very enlightened
Brother, will impart their most unanimous and most cordial concur-
rence in these dispositions to the Grand Lodge of Sweden.
We are fully sensible how much, a course of communication must
contribute to preserve that simplicity which has for so many centuries
distinguished the Craft; a simplicity at once dignified in itself, and
satisfactory as a pledge towards every government that affords us
protection. Let us unite to maintain it. Let us proscribe all those
innovations which can enable either dangerous enthusiasts or profli-
gate conspirators to work in darkness under the hallowed veil of our
institution ; and let our labours, like those of our predecessors, be
characterized by our adoration of the Almighty, by our submission to
the government of our country, and by our love to our neighbour.
These principles will justify the protection which you receive from
your august Sovereign, and which we similarly enjoy under our inesti-
mable Father and King.
268
ILLUSTRATIONS
May the great Architect of the Universe be propitious to the vot?9
which we will unceasingly offer to Heaven for the welfare of those two
magnanimous Protectors of our Brotherhood : and may be shed upon
you, most illustrious and most enlightened Brother, and upon your
worshipful fellow-labourers in the Craft, the inexhaustible fruits oi
his benevolence !
I salute you by the Sacred Numbers.
(Signed) GEORGE, P.
London, 8th May, 1799.
By command of the Grand Master, (L. S.)
Wm. White, G. S.
From the above correspondence, and the happy open-
ing of a regular communication between the Grand
Lodges of England, Scotland, and Sweden, there is the
greatest reason to believe that the best effects will
result ; and that, agreeably to the wish of every zealous
Brother, a friendly and lasting intercourse w T ill be pre-
served with the Freemasons of all the kingdoms.
In detailing the further events of this period, the fol-
lowing circumstance is too important to escape notice.
On the 15th of May, 1800, just as his late Majesty
George III. entered his box at Drury-lane theatre, and
was bowing to the audience with his usual condescen-
sion, a person who sat in the second row from the
orchestra, towards the middle of the pit, got up on the
seat, and levelling a horse-pistol towards the King's box,
fired it. Fortunately at the moment, a gentleman who
sat next him raised the arm of the assassin, so as to direct
the contents of the pistol towards the roof of the box,
by which means the life of his Majesty was happily pre-,
served. The man dropt the pistol, and was immediately
seized. He was conveyed to the Green-room, where he
underwent a private examination. Terror, dismay, and
rage were marked in every countenance, except that of
his Majesty, who sat with the utmost serenity, while the
Queen, who was just near enough to hear the report of
the pistol and see the flash, collected confidence from his
magnanimity. The royal family sat out the play of She
would and she wovld not, with the farce of the Humourist,
and enjoyed the happiness of receiving from every indi-
vidual the warmest testimonies of affection. At the
conclusion of the play, God save the King was thrice sung,
accompanied by the ecstatic plaudits of every part of the
audience; and at the end of the farce, it was again
OF MASONRY. 259
repeated, with the following lines annexed, written by
Mr. Sheridan on the spur of the moment :
From every latent foe,
From the assassin's blow 9
God save King •
O'er him thine arms extend,
For Britain's sake defend
Our father, prince, and friend —
God save the King.
Nothing could equal the indignation which was univer-
sally felt by the populace at this daring attempt on the
life of a Sovereign who justly reigned in the hearts of
his people, and who never by one act of his life provoked
their resentment.
The name of the assassin was James Hatfield, who had
served his apprenticeship to a working silversmith, and
enlisted in the 15th regiment of light dragoons :n which
he had boldly fought for his king and country On his
examination at the theatre before the Duke of York, he
turned to his Eoyal Highness and said, "I know you —
God bless you — you are a good fellow. I have served
with your Highness, and (pointing to deep cut over his
eye, and another long scar on his cheek,) I got these,
and more than these, in fighting" by your side. At Lin-
celles I was left three hours among the dead in a ditch,
and was taken prisoner by the French. I had my arm
broke by a shot, and got eight sabre wounds in my
head: but I recovered, and here I am." From this time
he began to show manifest signs of mental derangement.
He was commuted to Cold Bath Fields prison for the
evening, and in the morning brought before the Privy-
Council for further examination. ' When ministers were
pressing him to answer many questions, he sullenly
replied, "I fired the pistol, loaded with two slugs, atihe
King; — what would you have more?" He refused to
answer any other questions, and was fully committed to
Newgate for trial. On the 26th of June, he was brought
up to Westminster-hall, and tried in the court of King's
Bench. After the examination of an immense number
of witnesses, and a trial of eight hours, the jury found
the prisoner "Not guilty, being under the influence of
insanity at the time the act was done." He was then re-
moved to Newgate, and ordered into confinement for life.
260
ILLUSTRATIONS
On this happy escape of his Majesty from so daring
an attempt on his life, addresses poured in from every
quarter of the kingdom; and in such general testimonies
of loyalty and attachment, it could scarcely be expected
that the Society of Freemasons, over which the Prince
of Wales was the professed Patron, would be backward.
At a special Grand Lodge, therefore, convened at Free-
masons' hall on Thursday, the 3d of June, the following
Address was unanimously voted, and afterwards pre-
sented to his Majesty by the Prince of Wales in person
at the first levee : —
Most Gracious Sovereign, •
The danger to which your Majesty was exposed in the atrocious
attempt lately made against your sacred person, whilst it filled the
hearts of all this country with alarm and abhorrence, has authorized
every class of your subjects to offer at your throne the expressions of
their ardent attachment, without fear of incurring the charge of intru-
sion.
Vouchsafe, Sire, under this construction, to admit the homage of a
description of men who, in ordinary circumstances, could n5t as a
body tender the profession of that devotion to your royal person, and
to your government, which it is their boast to cherish, not in their
individual capacities alone, but in their peculiar association.
The law, by permitting, under certain regulations, the meetings of
Freemasons, has defined the existence of the Society ; binding, at the
same time, the members of it, by a new obligation of gratitude for the
confidence extended towards them, to labour, as far as their feeble
powers may apply, in inculcating loyalty to the King, and reverence
to the inestimable fabric of the British constitution.
Being so acknowledged, we should think ourselves wanting in the
first duty towards your Majesty, and towards that constitution, did
we not approach your Majesty with the testimony of our feelings on
this awful occasion.
Your Majesty is therefore implored to receive the humble congratu-
lations of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons under the constitution of
England, (the Representative Assembly of all the Lodges under mat
constitution.) in the name of themselves and of all their Brethren, on
your having been shielded by the hand of Providence from the desper-
ate'and execrable attempt of the assassin.
When principles were first promulgated in France, which, to our
conception, tended to the overthrow of all peace and order in society,
we felt ourselves called upon to depart from a rule which had been till
then religiousl}* observed in our association.
As a veil of secrecy conceals the transactions at our meetings, our
fellow subjects have no assurance that there may not be in our asso-
ciation a tendency injurious to their interests, other than the genera]
tenor of our conduct, and a notoriety that the door of Freemasonry is
not closed against any class, profession, or sect, provided the individual
desiring admission be unstained in moral character. To remove,
ft)tAl*Afrtl a A ac fo r» no nnociKla n tiit mvmnd £tim one**: A ;svn 1+ Itae Ltan IViAm
OF MASONRY.
261
time immemorial a fundamental rule, most rigidly maintained, that no
political topic shall, on any pretence, he mentioned in the Lodge.
The singular juncture to which we have alluded seemed to call for
some positive declaration, which might distinctly exhibit our opinions;
we thence ventured to profess to your Majesty the loyalty with which
the Freemasons of England glowed towards your royal Person, and
their unalterable attachment to the present happy form of government
in this country. But as no foresight could devise a motive of equal
importance with that which then actuated us, the recent occurrence
being of a nature too horrid to be in supposition as a possibility, it
was strongly declared that no precedent should be drawn from that
step ; and that on no future occasion should the Grand Lodge exercise
an advertence to events which might entail upon Freemasons the
charge of assuming the privilege to deliberate as a body upon public
affairs. Hence, Sire, our present Address has not been so early as our
individual anxiety would have dictated; for it was requisite that a
general concurrence should sanction the Grand Lodge, in a second
relaxation of its rules, before we could jointly express that which we
severally felt in the most ardent manner on the solemn subject.
We have poured forth to the Grand Architect of the Universe our
humble thanksgiving, that, to the other blessings showered on this
country, he has added that of defeating a crime, the sole attempt at
which produced universal dismay throughout these realms : and we
earnestly confide in his Divine bount}^ to preserve to us and to our
fellow subjects for many, very many years to come, a life so important
in its example, and so inestimable in its superintendence over our
happiness, as that of your Majesty.
William White, G. S. GEORGE, P.
Several salutary regulations were adopted this year to
liquidate the debts of the Society. On a strict examina-
tion of the accounts, it appeared that those debts had
considerably increased: that 7,00(W. remained due from
the Society on account of the hall and tavern, besides
the tontine of 2501. per annum; and that the average
income of the hall-fund, after paying the interest of the
debt, the tontine, and incidental expenses, left but a very
small sum towards the reduction of the principal; and
that many years must elapse before the debt could be
materially reduced. In order to discharge this debt,
therefore, and to render the charity more extensively
beneficial, it was resolved in Grand Lodge, that every
Lodge in the list, until the debt be extinguished, should
pay annually, in the month of February, to the hall-fund,
two shillings for every • subscribing member of each
Lodge; and that any Lodge neglecting to conform to
this regulation, should be considered in contempt, and
262
ILLUSTRATIONS
be subject to erasure from the list. It was also resolved,
that a declaration, signed by the master, wardens, trea-
surer, and secretary, of each Lodge, or any two of
them, certifying the number of subscribing members at
Christmas, yearly, should be transmitted to the Grand
Secretary, with a list of the members, containing their
Christian and surnames, age, profession, and residence,
when made masons, or admitted members, in order to be
registered in the books of the Grand Lodge; and also
the fees prescribed by the regulations to be paid for that
purpose into the hall fund, viz., for every Mason made in
London, or within ten miles thereof, ten shillings and
sixpence, and in all other Lodges beyond that distance,
five shillings ; and for every brother made in one Lodge
and joining another, two shillings and sixpence; and
that no Brother whose name had not been registered,
and the fees paid as above, should be entitled to relief
from the fund of charity, admission to the benefit society
as a member, or have his daughter received into the
Freemasons' school. This measure had the intended
effect ; the Lodges readily concurred in the plan of
liquidating the debts; the debts were paid, and the
annual subscription ceased.
Among the numerous improvements in the city of
London this year, the magnificent range of building at
the East India* House, in Leadenhall-street, deservedly
claims our attention. The elegance of the structure
confers equal honour on the Company for whose use it
was built, and on the persons who were employed in its
erection. 109 The architecture is the design of Richard
109 The following is a description of the pediment:
Commerce, which is represented by. Mercury, attended by Navi-
gation, and followed by Tritons and Sea-horses, is introducing Asia
to Britannia, at whose feet she pours out her treasures. The
King is holding the shield of protection over the head of Britannia,
and of Liberty, who is embraced by her. By the side of his Majesty
sits Order, attended by Religion and Justice. In the back ground
is ths City-Barge^ &c. ; near to which stand Industry and Inte-
grity. The Thames fills, the angle to the right hand, and the
Ganges the angle towards the East.
The sentiment of the composition is, •* That a nation can only be
truly prosperous when it has a King who makes Religion and Justice
the basis of his Government, and a Constitution which, while it secures
the Liberties of the people, maintains a due subordination in the several
ranks of society ; and when the Integrity of the People secures to each
OF MASONRY.
263
Japp, Esq., the Company's surveyor, and the work is
finished in a very good style. '
The extended progress of the Society of Masons at
this period was sufficiently displayed by the erection of
some new halls for the Lodges in the country, and the
institution of a school in London, for the education and
support of the sons of distressed Brethren.
On the 20th of August, a new hall, built at Hull by
the members of the Rodney Lodge, was dedicated in
solemn form, according to the rites of Masonry, in the
presence of three hundred Brethren. The great zeal
which was manifested by the Lodge on this occasion
justly merited the marked distinction which was con-
ferred on it by the Corporation of Hull, who, with a
numerous assemblage of the most eminent characters in
the neighbourhood, honoured the Masons with their
company. An elegant dinner was provided at the town-
hall, at . which all the principal civil and military officers
attended ; and the entertainment concluded early in the
evening with the greatest cordiality and friendship.
• SECT. XIV.
The Itistory of Masonry from the year 1800, to the end of the
year 1801.
■
The Brethren of Scotland, ever emulous to excel in
promoting the benefit and improvement of their country,
had an opportunity of displaying their zeal in 1801, by
giving their assistance in the erection of the Wet-docks
at Leith;* a measure well calculated for the convenience
and accommodation of .the numerous trading vessels
which daily arrive in that port from different parts of
the world.
The Grand Lodge received a message from the
Magistrates of Edinburgh, requesting their company
and assistance in laying the foundation-stone of those
Docks on the 14th of May, 1801. The Earl of Dalkeith,
.the Grand Master, being absent, the direction of the
ceremony was vested in his Deputy, Robert Dundas,
Esq., of Melville, who conducted it in a very able and
masterly style.
264
ILLUSTRATIONS
On the day appointed, the Brethren, amounting to
about 1200, met in the Assembly-rooms at Leith, where
the Lodge was opened ; and from thence they marched
in procession to the Docks a little before nine o'clock in
the morning, preceded by the Lord Provost, Magistrates,
and council of Edinburgh, with the Magistrates of Leith,
in their robes; the Engineers and Architects of the
proposed building; the Master, Wardens, and Brethren
of the Trinity-house; and a number of respectable mer-
chants and inhabitants of the town of Leith.
The Grand Master was supported by Sir James Stirling,
Bart., the Past Grand Master, and Sir Patrick Murray,
Bart., who acted as Deputy Grand Master. Lord Downe,
and several other respectable characters, were present.
The Substitute Grand Master, the Provincial Grand
Masters for Peebles, Selkirk, &c, and the Masters of the
Edinburgh Lodges, according to seniority, with their
officers and members, walked in procession, having a
band of music attached to each separate Lodge.
When they arrived at the spot where the stone was
intended to be laid, the Lord Provost and Magistrates
retired to a theatre erected for them on the west-side ;
and the Grand Master with his officers to another on the
east-side, where a table was placed, on which were laid
the jewels and other emblems of the Craft. The Sub-
stitute Grand Master then ordered the stone to be slung,
and let down gradually, making three regular stops before
it came to the ground, during which ceremony an anthem
was sung. He then placed a large phial in the centre
of the under-stone, containing all the present current
coins of the country, with a number of beautiful medals
of the first characters of the age, all of which had been
previously enclosed in crystal. Above the phial were
also deposited two plates, on one of which the following
inscription was engraved :
In the reign of the Most Gracious Sovereign GEORGE III., and
under the auspices of the Right Hon. William Fettes,
Lord Provost of Edinburgh,
The Harbour of Leith,
Though formed at a remote period,
And, as Commerce in the course of ages increased,
often repaired and extended ;
Yet being still narrow and incommodious,
Robert Dundas, of Melville, Esquire,
OF MASONRY.
265
In the absence, of the Bight Hon. Charles, Earl of Dalkeith,
Grand Master-Mason of Scotland,
Laid the foundation- stone of these Docks ;
Jja which the numerous vessels arriving from every quarter of the
Globe
Might receive ample and secure accommodation;
On the 10th day of May, A. D. 1801, A. L. 5801.
John Rennie being Engineer.
May the undertaking prosper,
By the blessing of*Almighty God!
On the other plate was engraved —
The names of the present Town Council of Edinburgh.
The Right Hon. Henry Dundas, Member for the City.
The Magistrates of Leith.
The Wet-dock Committee.
The Engineers.
The Contractor for the Work.
The Grand Lodge of Scotland ; and
The Masters and Wardens of the Trinity-house, Leith.
The Grand Master, preceded by the officers of the
Grand Lodge, having the jewels, &c, borne before them,
was conducted by the Past Grand Master, Deputy, and
Substitute, to the site of the stone, where, with the
assistance of two Operative Masons, he turned the stone,
and laid it in its proper bed. Then, placing himself on
the east side, with the Past Grand Master on his right,
and the Substitute on his left, his Wardens being in the
west, the plun>b, level, square, and mallet, were sepa-
rately delivered to him by the Substitute, and applied to
the stone in several positions ; after which he gave three
knocks with the mallet, saying, " May the Great Archi-
tect of the Universe enable us successfully to carry on,
and finish the work, of which we have now laid the
foundation-stone, and every other undertaking that may
tend to the advantage of the City of Edinburgh and its
harbour ! May He be a guard and protection to them,
and may they long be preserved from peril and decay !"
The cornucopia, with the vessels containing the wine
and oil, were then delivered, in the usual form, to the
Grand Master, who poured out the contents successively
upon the stone, saying, "May the bountiful hand of Hea-
ven ever supply this country with abundance of corn,
wine, and oil, and all the necessaries and comforts of
life!" The Brethren then gave three cheers ; after which
13
ILLUSTRATIONS
the Grand Master addressed the Provost and Magistrates
as follows : —
4 My Lord Provost and Magistrates,
" It is with the highest satisfaction that I have now availed myself
of the opportunity which the situation I have the honour to hold in
the Grand Lodge of Scotland has afforded me, of assisting at the com-
mencement of a work so essential to the welfare of this metropolis
and which, I trust, will contribute, in an eminent degree, to the exten-
sion of the commerce, and the general prosperity of this portion of the
united kingdom.
;t The respect and esteem which you enjoy in the community over
which you have the honour to preside, are the surest pledges that
• nothing will be wanting on your part to second the efforts and fulfil
the wishes of those public-spirited individuals who have promoted
this undertaking, and that the just expectations of the legislature, to
whose liberality you are also indebted, will not be disappointed.
" It is impossible to contemplate the auspicious period at which this
work is begun, without the strongest sensations of gratitude to that
Providence which has inspired his Majesty's councils with temperate
firmness, and his fleets with irresistible valour, to assert and .maintain
the just rights of his subjects on that element which has ever been the
scene of their triumphs, and the source of their envied prosperity and
power. May the same bountiful Providence, in the blessings of an
honourable and lasting peace, secure to the merchants of this, and of
every other port in the British dominions, the free and uninterrupted
enjoyment of their trade, and the well-earned fruits of industry and
enterprising activity.
" In the name of the Craft of Free and Accepted Masons, I have to
offer our humble supplications to the Supreme Architect of the Uni-
verse, that He will afford his protection to your Lordship, and your
Brethren in the Magistracy, and that you may continue to be the
instruments, through Him, of promoting the happiness and welfare of
the community entrusted to your charge."
To which the Lord Provost made the following re-
p!y : —
4 *Most Worshipful Sir, •
" Leith has long had reason to be proud of the enterprise and success
of its merchants and sailors. The rapid increase of its commerce has
made it necessary to extend the harbour, and improve the conveniences
for its trade. The plan of that able engineer, Mr. Rennie, has been
adopted ; and t think it one of the happiest events of my life, that I
have the honour to fill the chair of the city when the foundation-stone
is laid of these extensive Wet-docks, which, I conceive, will not only
be of great benefit to the City and its port, but to the country at
large, as well as convenient for the admission of large ships of his Ma-
jesty's Navy.
" I assure you, Sir, that it is highly gratifying to me. and to my
fellow-citizens, that the first stone of this important work has been
laid by you. Allow me to remark, that there appears a fortuuate
propriety in this ceremony being performed by the son of a man, to
OF MASONRY*
267
whom our City, the Navy of Britain, and the whole Empire, are under
so many obligations.
" Permit me, in the name of the Magistrates and Council uf the City
of Edinburgh, to return our wannest thanks to you, to your Brethren,
and to the gentlemen who have honoured us with their" attendance od
this occasion. And may that Almighty Being, whom winds and seas
obey, accompany this undertaking with his blessing, and crown the
work with success !"
The ceremony was then concluded ; and the Brethren
having given three cheers, a salute of twenty-one guns
was fired from the vessels in the roads, under the com-
mand of Captain Clements, of the Royal Wavy; after
which, the procession was renewed, and returned to the
Assembly-rooms at Leith, where the Grand Master
received the thanks of the Brethren for the handsome
manner in which he had conducted the ceremony of the
day.
The Substitute Grand Master then addressed the Ope-
rative Brethren to the following effect : —
" The foundation-stone of the Wet- docks at Leith, planned in much
wisdom by the ingenious architect, being now laid, and those imple-
ments in - your hands having been applied to it by the Grand Master,
and approved of, they are recommitted to you, with full confidence*
that, as skilful and faithful workmen, you will use them in such a man-
ner, that the building may rise in order, harmony, and beaut}'; and,
being perfected in strength, will answer every purpose for which it is
intended, to your credit as Craftsmen, and to the hoiiour of our ancient
Fraternity."
The Lodge was then closed in due form, and the
Brethren departed in the greatest order and regularity,
highly gratified with the proceedings of the day.
Notwithstanding the incredible number of spectators
who were assembled on this occasion, no accident hap-
pened. The day being fine, and the ships in the roads
and harbour having their colours displayed, rendered the
spectacle peculiarly grand and pleasing.
Another incident occurred in Scotland, in 1803, which
justly deserves to be recorded. At a meeting of the
Grand Lodge, in Edinburgh, on the 30th of November,
the Earl of Moira, the acting Grand Master of England,
attended ; and, in an impressive speech, he related the
conduct of the Grand Lodge of England to the irregular
Masons of that kingdom, with whom he understood the
Grand Lodge of Scotland had established an intercourse.
He stated, that the hearts and arms of the Grand Lodge
which he had the honour to represent, had ever been
ILLUSTRATIONS
open for the reception of their seceding Brethren ; but
that they had obstinately refused to acknowledge their
error, and return to the bosom of their Mother Lodge.
He further observed, that though the Grand Lodge of
England differed in a few trifling observances from that
of Scotland, the former had ever entertained for Scottish
Masons that affection and regard which it was the object
of Freemasonry to cherish, and the duty of Freemasons
to feel. His Lordship's speech was received with loud
and repeated applause. From this circumstance, there-
fore, we may probably anticipate the renewal of an
alliance between the Grand Lodges of Scotland and
England. 110
The state of the Society in England, from the year
1800, was regular and progressive. Under the patron-
age of the Earl of Moira, Masonry was cultivated and
considerably extended. Many eminent and illustrious
characters enrolled their names among the Fraternity ;
and, through various branches of the Royal Family
application wasmade to the Grand Lodge, from the Ma-
sons in foreign countries, for renewing reciprocal alliances
of permanent friendship.
At the Grand Lodge in February, 1802, the Earl of
110 From Mr. Lawrie's valuable treatise on Freemasonry, lately
published, the above particulars have been extracted. This gentleman
has given a very satisfactory account of the misunderstanding between
the regular and irregular Masons of London. After stating that the
schism commenced with the secession of* some Brethren from the
Grand Lodge, in 1739, he observes, that the active promoters of it,
calling themselves Ancient Masons, not only formed Lodges, in sub-
version of the rules of the Order, but actually established in London a
nominal Grand Lodge, in open defiance of the Ancient Grand Lodge,
on whom they invidiously bestowed the appellation of Modern Ma-
, sons, on account of a few trifling innovations in the ceremonial observ-
ances, which had been inconsiderately sanctioned. The irregular
Masons encouraged the revolt; and having chosen as their Grand
Master the Duke of Athol, then Grand Master elect for Scotland, a
friendly intercourse was opened between them and the Grand Lodge
in Edinburgh. From this circumstance more than from any predilec-
tion in their favour, a correspondence has, since that time, been kept
up, and the same prejudices imbibed by the Brethren of Scotland
against the regular Masons of England. The business, however, being
now more clearly understood, it is expected that a general union
will soon terminate all differences, and that a regular communica-
tion will be speedily effected among the regular Masons of both king-
doms.*
* In a subsequent part of the work it will be found that this very desirable object hi*
OF MASONRY.
Moira stated to the Brethren, that the Lodges in Berlin,
under the auspices of the King of Prussia, had solicited
the influence of the Duke of Sussex to carry on a friendly
communication with the Grand Lodge of England ; and
had expressed a readiness, Qn their part, as far as was
consistent with the duty they owed to their own Masonic
jurisdiction, to act in unison with their Brethren of
England, in promoting all the general principles of the
Institution, and in extending relief to distressed Masons ;
on which it was immediately resolved, that a friendly
communication should be kept up with our Brethren in
Prussia, and every attention paid to their future recom-
mendations.
At the Grand Lodge in May following, another appli-
cation was made, through the same channel, from four
Lodges in Portugal, which had empowered M. Hyppolito
Joseph da Costa to act as their representative in the
Grand Lodge of England, and in their name to solicit
a regular authority to practise the rites of the Order
under the English banner and protection. After mature
deliberation, it was determined that every encouragement
should be given to the Brethren in Portugal ; and a treaty
was immediately entered into and signed by Brothers
Da Costa and Heseltine, then Grand Treasurer of the
Grand Lodge, and approved by the Grand Master,
whereby it was agreed, that as long as the Portuguese
Lodges should conform to the ancient constitutions of
the Order, they should be empowered to have a repre-
sentative in the Grand Lodge of England, and that the
Grand Lodge of England should have a representative ir
the Grand Lodge of Portugal; and that the Brethrer
belonging to each Grand Lodge should be equally enti-
tled to the privileges of the other.
In the private proceedings of the Society, few material
incidents occurred. In consequence of the death of
Thomas Sandby, Esq., the office of Grand Architect
remained vacant till 1799, when Robert Brettingham,
Esq., was appointed his successor. William Tyler, Esq.,
the Architect of the Tavern, having been proposed as
a candidate for the office at the Grand Feast in May,
1801, the Grand Master observed, that the office of Grand
Architect had been conferred on Brother Sandby only
as a mark of personal attachment, he having been the
ILLUSTRATIONS
Architect of the Hall, but that it was never intended to
be a permanent office in the Society. The Grand Lodge,
therefore, resolved, that the office of Grand Architect
should be discontinued ; but that, in compliment to
Brothers Brettingham and Tyler, both these gentlemen
should be permitted to attend the Grand Lodge, and
wear an honorary jewel as a mark of personal respect.
In November, 1801, a charge was presented to the
Grand Lodge against some of its members, for patron-
izing, and officially acting as principal officers in an
irregular society, calling themselves Ancient Musojis, in
open violation of the laws of the Grand Lodge. The
charge being fully supported, it was determined that the
laws should be enforced against these offending Brethren,
unless they immediately seceded from such irregular
meetings. They solicited the indulgence of the Grand
Lodge for three months ; in hopes that, during the inter-
val, they might be enabled to effect a union of the two
Societies. This measure was agreed to ; and that no
impediment might prevent so desirable an object, the
charge against the offending Brethren was withdrawn ;
and a committee, consisting of the Earl of Moira, and
several other eminent characters, was appointed, to pave
the way for the intended union ; and every means ordered
to be used to bring back the erring Brethren to a sense
of their duty and allegiance. Lord Moira declared, on
accepting his appointment as a member of the committee,
that he should consider the day on which a coalition
should be formed, as one of the most fortunate in his life ;
and that he was empowered by the Prince of Wales to
say, his Royal Highness's arms would ever be open to all
the Masons in the kingdom indiscriminately. On the
9th of February, 1803, it being represented to the Grand
Lodge that the irregular Masons still continued refrac-
tory, 111 and that, so far from soliciting re-admission among
the Craft, they had not taken any steps to effect an union,
111 It affords me the most heartfelt pleasure to observe, that all
recollection of the bitterness which characterized this revolting con-
troversy, is so entirely obliterated, that the distinction of ancient and
modern are known only as matters of history, and remembered but
with the sigh* of regret that such disputes should have ever occurred
to cloud the amiable and decent spirit which ought always to distin-
guish the science of Freemasonry. — Editor.
OF MASONRY.
271
their conduct was deemed highly censurable, and the laws
of the Grand Lodge were ordered to be enforced against
them. It was also unanimously resolved, That when-
ever it shall appear that any Masons, under the English
Constitution, shall in future attend, or countenance, any
Lodge, or meeting of persons, calling themselves Ancient
Masons, under the sanction of any person, claiming the
title of Grand Master of England, who shall not have
been duly elected in the Grand Lodge, the laws of the
Society shall not only be strictly enforced against them,
but their names shall be erased from the Lists and trans-
mitted to all the regular Lodges under the Constitution
of England.
In February, 1804, the Grand Lodge, desirous of ex-
pressing in the most public manner the high sense en-
tertained of the services of the Right Hon. the Earl of
Moira, the acting Grand Master, unanimously resolved,
that his Lordship's Portrait should be painted by an able
artist, and put up in the Hall, with those of the Past
Grand Masters, as a lasting testimony of the gratitude
and esteem of the Society for his Lordship. The Noble
Earl afterwards sent to the Society, as a present, his
portrait, painted by Shee.
SECT. XV.
History of Masonry from 1801 to 1 812.
The Scottish Masons had another opportunity of ex-
emplifying their zeal and attachment to the. Society on
the 29th of June, 1801, being the birth-day of his Grace
the Duke of Gordon; when the foundation-stone of the
bridge over the Spey was laid. The concourse of people
was immense. All the Lodges round were assembled in
their different insignia, and the whole order of procession
was arranged and conducted by the Marquis of Huntly,
Provincial Grand Master for Bamffshire, &c. The dif-
ferent Lodges, Societies, and private gentlemen, were
formed on the square of Fochabers, which was lined by
the neighbouring volunteer companies ; and an excellent
band of music, belonging to the Fochabers' company,
added much to the solemnity of the procession. From
272
ILLUSTRATIONS
the square the whole marched, according to their estab-
lished rules, to the river, which the Provincial Grand
Master, with his office-bearers, &c, passed on a tempora-
ry bridge of boats, as the stone was to be laid on the
opposite side. The volunteers were drawn up on the
south side, as the steepness of the rock, and the narrow-
ness of the ground where the foundation-stone was laid,
prevented more from crossing the river than were abso-
lutely necessary. The Grand Master then laid the first
stone with the usual solemnities. Two inscriptions were
deposited in it. The first was engraved on plate, and is
as follows :
In the reign of
The most gracious Sovereign George III.
And under the auspices of
■His Grace, Alexander, Duke of Gordok,
And the other Patrons of the undertaking,
The Most noble George, Marquis of Huntly
Provincial Grand Master for Bamffshire, &c. t
Laid the foundation-stone of the Bridge
over the Spey,
On the 29th of June,
Being the day on which the Duke of Gordon
entered his 59th year,
In the year of our Lord 1801,
And of the aera of Masonry 5801.
The other inscription was sealed up in glass, and is aa
follows :
Extruendi,
Lapidem huuo primanura
Nobilissimus Georgius Marchio de Huntly,
Filius praealti potentissimique Principis,
Alexandri Ducis de Gordon, <fcc.
Artium omnium bonaruin et utilissimarum,
Etiamque salutis publicse
Benigne, vindicis et amici,
Posuit ;
Georgio III. Dei Gratia regnante,
Anno Christi MDCCCI
jEraeque Architectonicae VMDCCCI.
Viator !
' . Perge et plaude.
Deo Annuente,
Pontis hujus
Iu Spey, olim Tuessi, flumine,
Ducis de Gordon, ma^nopere,
• Civiumque finitimorum, munificentia,
OF MASONRY.
273
A number of coins were deposited at the same time.
The Eet. Mr. Gillon, of Speymouth, as chaplain, pro-
nounced a very appropriate prayer ; and the Provincial
Grand Master, in a very elegant speech, expressed his
felicity in seeing an undertaking, so magnificent and
useful, at length happily begun. The whole was con-
cluded with a feu-de-joie by the volunteers.
The procession returned in the same order to Focha-
bers, where ample stores of every thing necessary were
provided, and the day was concluded with the highest
The inhabitants of the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and
Alderney, being extremely satisfied with the conduct of
Sir John Doyle, during his residence among them as
governor, presented him with two handsome gold cups ;
and the two Lodges of Freemasons in those islands pre-
sented him with two elegant gold vases. The following
is a description of them : —
An elegant Gold Cup. — On the foot are represented Faith,
Hope, and Charity; in one compartment of the body, the battle of
Hobkirk Hill, April 25, 1801; in the second, sundry Masonic emblems ;
in the third, an inscription. The handle is a chased crocodile ; the
lip, the Prince of Wales's crest. On one side of the cover are the
Earl of Moira's arms ; on the reverse, General Doyle's ; the top was
blue enamelled, set round with very large brilliants.
Inscription. — To the Honourable Major-General Sir John Doyle,
Bart., Colonel of the 47th (or Prince of Wales's Irish) Regiment,
Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Islands of
Guernsey and Alderney.
We, the Free and Accepted Masons of Marinet Lodge, No. 222,
penetrated with a lively and sincere sense of gratitude, esteem, and
admiration, of your eminent talents, your public and private virtues,
which have been most energetically displayed with the highest ad-
vantage to His Majesty's service, the greatest benefit to this island,
and to the general interest of humanity, which our Lodge has experi-
enced in common with every individual under the sphere of your
government, and with profound deference and respect, we beg leave
to offer you a box, with emblems, in some small degree characteristic
of your distinguished and amiable qualities ; but intended more as a
lasting testimony of our gratitude, and regard: and may the God of
Light and Truth watch over, protect, and prosper all your public and
private undertakings, is the prayer of, Sir,
Your grateful and attached Friends and humble Servants,
The Members of Lodge No. 222.
The second Gold Cup is similar to the former, and
presented by Lodge No. 116
is*
274
ILLUSTRATIONS
The third is a most superb Gold Vase, presented by
the inhabitants of the island of Guernsey:
The foot is richly chased, with laurel leaves round it; on the bottom
of the vase are represented the rose, thistle, and shamrock ; on one side
the body, General Doyle's arms, supporters, crest, &c.,&c, chased ; on
the reverse, an inscription, and emblems of victory ; on the neck of
the vase are two battles which the General fought in Egypt, and a
view of two forts which he captured; on the lower are chased the
arms of the island of Guernsey ; arid on the top is Mars, holding in
his right hand a wreath of laurel.
The inscription on the above vase is nearly the same
.as on the first.
On the 10th of April, 1805, the Grand Master in the
chair (Col. Sherborne Stewart) stated, that a communica-
tion had been received by the Grand Secretary from the
Earl of Moira, Acting Grand Master, relating to the
Grand Lodge in Scotland; whereupon it was resolved,
That, as the Grand Lodge of Scotland has expressed,
through the Right Hon. the Earl of Moira, its earnest
wish to be on terms of confidential communication with
the Grand Lodge of England, under the authority of the
Prince of Wales, this Grand Lodge, therefore, ever de-
sirous to concur in a fraternal intercourse with regular
Masons, doth meet that disposition with the utmost cor-
diality of sentiment, and requests the honour of the
Acting Grand Master to make such declarations in their
name to the Grand Lodge of Scotland.
On the 27th of November, 1805, a letter had been re-
ceived by the Acting Grand Master from the Grand Lodge
of Prussia, stating their desire to correspond on terms
of amity and brotherly communication with the Grand
Lodge of England ; whereupon it was resolved, that the
Acting Grand Master be requested to express the wishes
of the Grand Lodge of England towards their Brethren
in Prussia, and their desire to correspond with them on
terms of fraternal amity.
On Tuesday, the 1st of September, 1807, another in-
stance of the zeal of the Scottish Masons occurred ; when
the foundation-stone of the North Pier of Fraserburgh
New Harbour was laid, with great solemnity, by Thomas
Burnett, Esq., Master of the Aberdeen Lodge, and Dr
Alexander Dauney, Deputy Master, in presence of the
Magistrates and Town Council of Fraserburgh ; the
OF MASONRY.
275
Masters, Office-bearers, and Brethren of several Lodges
and at least 1000 spectators; among whom were the
Earl of Kintore, Lord Inverary, Alexander Harvey, Esq.,
of Broadland,tand many other persons of distinction.
The Brethren and Magistrates assembled in the parish
church at one o'clock, when a sermon was preached by
the Rev. Mr. Simpson, for the occasion. On leaving the
church, the procession moved through the principal
streets of Fraserburgh, which were lined by nearly 300
of the Fraserburgh volunteers, on permanent duty, under
the command of Lieut.-Colonel Fraser, in the following
order :
A Guard of Volunteers.
Music.
Keith Lodge, of Peterhead.
Fraserburgh Lodge.
Solomon's Lodge, Fraserburgh.
^Tacduff Lodge.
Operative Lodge, Bamff.
Music.
Forbes Lodge, Rosehearty.
St. Andrew's Lodge, Bamff.
Magistrates, Town * Council, and Subscribers.
Superintendent of the Building, carrying the plan.
Clergymen. •
Tyler of the Aberdeen Lodge.
Inscription plate, carried by an Operative Brother.
The Cornucopia, filled with corn.
Two silver Cups, filled with wine.
The Brethren of the Aberdeen Lodge.
The Secretary and Treasurer.
The Senior and Junior Wardens.
The Holy Bible, carried by a Brother.
The Master and Deputy Master.
Three Grand Stewards.
A Guard of Volunteers.
On arriving at the spot (within the old harbour) where
the stone was to be laid, the Lodges filed off, facing in-
wards; through which the Magistrates, Town Council,
and* Subscribers, moved to the west side of the stone,
with the Clergymen, the Master, Deputy Master, and
Office-bearers of the Aberdeen Lodge, moving to the ea^t.
The stone being slung, an appropriate address was de-
livered by the Right Rev. Bishop Alexander Jolly; after
which ho invoked the blessing of God upon the under-
taking in a suitable prayer.
276
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Deputy Master then proceeded (after a suitable
address to the Brethren and Assembly) to place in the
base-stone the inscription-plate, several coins of the
present reign, an Aberdeen newspaper Of the preceding
week, an almanack of the year, and a writing on parch-
ment, containing a list of the subscribers, and other
particulars relative to the undertaking; which writing
was inclosed in a phial, and the whole deposited in
niches made in the stone for the purpose.
The following inscription and writing were previously
read by the Deputy Master:
"The present Harbour of Fraserburgh, which was built, about 200
years ago, by Sir Alexander Fraser, ancestor of the present Lord
Saltoun, being originally small, and of bad access, and now much de-
cayed, the foundation-stone of the North Pier'of the New Harbour
of Fraserburgh, designed by John Rennie, of London, Esq., Civil
Engineer, was laid 1st of September, 1807, of the a;ra of Masonry
5807, and of the reign of Geo. III. the 47th year, by the Right
Worshipful Thomas Burnett, Esq., MasteT of the Aberdeen Lodge,
and Alexander Dauney, Esq., Deputy Master, the Right Hon. Alex-
ander George Lord Saltoun, being Superior and Provost of the
Burgh; William Kelman, Esq., Baillie Alexander Dauney, LL.D..
his Lordship's Commissioner; William Smith, Treasurer; Sebastian
Davidson, Dean of Guild; William Fraser, Esq., of Menzie, H. C;
John Dalrymple, sen., William Walker, John Wallace, William
Milne, John Milne, James Gray, Alexander Buchan, William Cooper,
William Greig, Charles Wemyss, and John Alexander, Merchant
Counsellors: John Dalrymple, jun., Robert Matthew, and John Bar-
nett, Traded Counsellors; Lewis Chalmers, Town Clerk; Mr. W.
Stewart, from Mid Lothian,. Superintendant. Q.F.F.Q.S."
f
The Master now ordered the stone to be lowered,
making three regular stops; when, with the assistance
of two Operative Brethren, he conducted the stone to its
bed. The Master, with the Deputy on his right, stand-
ing towards the east, and the Wardens on the west, the
square, the plumb, the level, and the mallet, being suc-
cessively delivered by the Deputy to the Master, were
by him applied to the sides, top, and square of the stone,
in several positions: with the mallet he then gave tliree
knocks, saying, "May the Grand Architect of the Uni-
verse grant a blessing on this foundation-stone which we
have now laid, and by his Providence enable us to finish
this and every other work which may be undertaken for
the good and advantage of this town and harbour!" On
which the Brethren gave three huzzas.
•
OF MASONRY. 277
The cornucopia and the two silver cups were then
brought and delivered, the cornucopia to the Deputy,
and the two vessels to the Wardens, and were successive-
ly presented to the Master, who, according to ancient
custom, poured the corn, wirie, and oil, which they con-
tained, on the stone, saying, " May the all-bounteous
Author of Nature bless this town with abundance of
corn, wine, and oil, and with all the necessaries, conve-
niences, and comforts of life !" On this the Brethren
gave three huzzas.
After the ceremony, the Master, Lodges, and Magis-
trates, returned in reversed order to the Saltoun-inn,
where nearly one hundred persons sat down to a dinner
given by the town in honour of the day ; and the remain-
ing part of the evening was spent with that agreeable
conviviality which so well characterizes the ancient Order
of Masonry.
On the evening of next day, a ball and supper were
given to the ladies of Fraserburgh, and neighbourhood
also, in honour of the occasion, at which it may well be
said no small share of the beauty of the North was pre-
sent. Ninety-two sat down to supper. Dancing began
after supper, and continued with much spirit till five
o'clock in the morning.
On the 12th of February, 1806, the Earl of Moira, in
the chair, informed the Grand Lodge, that during his
residence in Edinburgh he had visited the Grand Lodge
of Scotland, and taken the opportunity of explaining to
it, the extent and importance of this Grand Lodge, and
also the origin and situation of those Masons in England
who met under the authority of the Duke of Athol ;
that the Brethren of the Grand Lodge of Scotland had
expressed themselves, till then, greatly misinformed of
those circumstances; having been always led to think,
that this Society was of a very recent date, and of no
magnitude; but now, being thoroughly convinced of
their error, they were desirous that the strictest union and
most intimate communication should subsist between this
Grand Lodge and the Grand Lodge of Scotland; and as
the first step towards so important an object, and in
testimony of the wishes of the Scots Masons, his Koyal
Highness the Prince of Wales had been unanimously
elected Grand Master of Scotland. The Grand Master,
278
ILLUSTRATIONS
in the chair, further informed the Grand Lodge, that
the Grand Lodge of Scotland had expressed its concern
that a.ny difference should subsist among the Masons of
England, and that the lodges meeting under the sanction
of the Duke of Athol should have withdrawn them
selves from the protection of the ancient Grand Lodge of
England; but hoped that measures might be adopted to
produce a reconciliation and that the Lodges now holding
irregular meetings would return to their duty, and again
be received into the bosom of the Fraternity. That, in
Grand Lodge would readily concur in any measures that
might be proposed for establishing union and harmony
among the general body of Masons; yet, after the rejec-
tion of the propositions made by this Grand Lodge three
years ago, it could not now, consistent with its honour,
or the dignity of its illustrious Grand Master, make any
further advances ; but that, as it still retained its dispo-
sition to promote the general interests of the Craft, it
would always be open to accept of the mediation of the
Grand Lodge of Scotland, if it should think proper to
interfere on the subject. Whereupon it was resolved,
that a lett.er be written to the Grand Lodge of Scotland,
expressive of the desire of this Grand Lodge, that the
strictest union may subsist between the Grand Lodge of
England and the Grand Lodge of Scotland; and for that
purpose, that the actual Masters and Wardens of the
Lodges under the authority of the Grand Lodge of
Scotland who may be in London, on producing proper
testimonials, shall have a seat in this Grand Lodge, and
be permitted to vote on all occasions.
The thanks of the Grand Lodge were unanimously
voted to the Earl of Moira, for the happy settlement of
this important business,
On the 6th of April, 1808, a communication was
made from the Grand Lodge of Scotland relative to Dr.
Mitchell; when the thanks of the Grand Lodge were
voted for the communication. At this meeting it was
resolved, That it is absolutely ne.cessary for the welfare
of Masonry, and for the preservation of the ancient land-
marks, that there be a superintending power, competent
to control the proceedings of every acknowledged Lodge ;
and that the Grand Lodge, representing by regular dele-
OF MASONRY,
279
gation the will of the whole Craft, is the proper and
unquestionable depository of such power.
That it is contrary to the principles of Masonry, for
any Lodge to publish its sentiments on political subjects,
inasmuch as the agitation of any political question, or
the discussion of any public affair, is strictly forbidden
among Masons; the Grand Lodge itself, though acting
for the whole Craft, not being justifiable in departing
from this rule, unless in some cases of obvious and
extreme necessity.
That the Grand Lodge concurs entirely in the justice
of the opinions which the Grand Lodge of Scotland
thought itself bound to enforce ; and trusts that no
Lodge under the Constitution of England will, in any
, shape, countenance resistance to an authority exerted
upon principles universally recognized by all true- and
faithful brethren.
On the 23rd November, 1808, the acting Grand Master
informed the Brethren, that he had received a communi-
cation from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, applauding the
principles professed by this Grand Lodge in its declara-
tion to the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and desiring to co-
operate with this Grand Lodge in every particular which
might support the authority necessary to be maintained
by the representative body of the whole Craft over any
individual Lodge. That the Grand Lodge of Ireland
pledged itself not to countenance or receive as a Brother
any person standing under the interdict of the Grand
Lodge of England for masonic transgression. Upon
which it was resolved, that the Acting Grand Master be
requested to express to the Grand Lodge of Ireland the
due sense which this Grand Lodge entertains of so cor-
dial a communication.
On the 31st of December, 1808, the foundation-stone
of Covent-Garden Theatre was laid by his Royal High-
ness the Prince of Wales, as Grand Master-mason of
England and Scotland. The foundation-stone was situa-
ted at the north-east angle of the ground, in weight
nearly three tons, and containing sixty cubic feet. Pre-
vious to the ceremony, it hung, suspended by cordage,
over a basement stone. Near to it was placed a marquee
for the Prince. Two extensive covered galleries were
erected, one to receive the body of Freemasons who
ILLUSTRATIONS
assisted at the ceremony; the other was appropriated to
the spectators. Surrounding scaffolds were covered with
many hundreds of workmen, who were engaged in the
building. A detachment of the first regiment of guards
was posted as a guard of honour, at the Prince's entrance,
with a band of musicians; and four other military bands
were stationed on elevated platforms, near the company,
to enliven the scene.
At twelve o'clock the Grand Lodge was opened at
Freemasons'-hall, in Great Queen-street; Charles Marsh,
Esq., in the chair, attended by the Masters and War-
dens of the regular Lodges ; and at half-past twelve they
walked in procession to Bow-street, the junior Lodges
first. The representative of the Grand Master walked
last; being preceded by the Chevalier Ruspini, bearing
the Grand Sword, and by the Master of the Lodge of
Antiquity, No. 1, bearing the Book of Constitutions.
On their arrival at the Theatre, they were welcomed
to the places assigned them, by the band playing the old
tune of 44 A Free and Accepted Mason." The Grand Offi-
cers proceeded to the marquee, and were arranged in
order. The Master, Wardens, and nine members of the
Stewards' Lodge, and nearly four hundred Masters and
Wardens of Lodges attended, habited in the insignia of
the Order. The several bands played, alternately, airs
till one o'clock, the hour fixed for the appearance of the
Prince; when his Royal Highness in his coach, accom-
panied by the Duke of Sussex, attended by General
Hulse and Colonels M'Mahon and Bloomfield, arrived
under an escort of horse-guards. His Royal Highness
was received, on his entrance at the Bow-street door, by*
the Earl of Moira, acting Grand Master, the detachments
of guards saluting, with grounded colours, and beating the
" Grenadiers' March. Mr. Harris and Mr. Kemble, after
paying their respects to his Royal Highness, ushered him
to the marquee, where his arrival was announced by loud
plaudits, the royal standard hoisted, and the discharge
of a royal salute of artillery. His Royal Highness, who
was dressed in blue, with a scarlet collar, wearing the
insignia of his office as Grand Master, a pair of gold com-
passes set with brilliants and other jewelry, and a white
apron bordered with purple, and fringed with gold,
appeared in high health and spirits. Proceeding, uncover
OF MASONRY.
ed, with his suite, through a railed platform spread with
superfine broad green cloth, bound with scarlet and yel-
low, forty dismounted life-guardsmen, who were Masons,
without arms, fining the sides of the railing, the company
all rose as his Royal Highness passed the platform to the
marquee, and gave him three cheers; when the united
bands immediately struck up, " God save the King." ,His
Royal Highness, as he passed, smilingly bowed to the
ladies with the most fascinating affability.
The Grand Officers had previously placed the masonic
instruments on a table in the marquee. A plan of the
building, with its sections and elevations, was now pre-
sented to his Royal Highness, by Robert Smirke, Esq.,
the architect ; and a gilt silver trowel by Mr. Copeland,
the builder of the edifice. Having passed a short time
in conversation with the proprietors, and with the Grand
Masonic Officers in the marquee, his Royal Highness pro-
ceeded to the ceremonial. On a signal given, the corner
stone was raised about four feet; the hodmen, in white
aprons, instantly conveyed the necessary quantity of fine
cementing mortar, which was neatly spread on the base-
stone by the workmen of the building, similarly dressed.
His Royal Highness now advanced, uncovered, to the
north-east corner of the stone; when John Bayford,
Esq., as Grand Treasurer, deposited, in a space cut for it
in the basement stone, a brass box, containing the
British gold, silver^ and copper coins of the present reign.
On a part of the stone was, "Long live George, Prince
of Wales," and, ."To the King," with a medallion of the
Prince. There were also deposited two large medals,
one of bronze, bearing a head of his Royal Highness on
one side, and on the other, the following inscription :
GEORGIUS
PRINCEPS WAIXIARUM
THEATRI
REGUS INSTAURANDI AUSPICUS
IN HORTIS BENEDICTINIS
LONDINI.
FUNDAMENTA
Sua Manu Locavit
MDCCCVim.
The other medal, engraved in copper, bore on one side
this inscription :
Under the auspices of
His Most Sacred Maiesty George III.
ILLUSTRATIONS
King of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland,
The Foundation-stone of the Theatre of
Covent Garden
Was laid by his Royal Highness*
GEORGE PRINCE OF WALES.
MDCCCVIU.
On the reverse is engraven :
Robert Smirke, Architect.
His Royal Highness now, as Grand Master, finished
the adjustment of the mortar with his trowel; when the
tipper stone was lowered in the sling to its destined
position; all the bands playing "Rule Britannia," a dis
charge of artillery being fired, and the people with the
most animating cheers applauding the spectacle. The
junior and senior Grand Wardens, and the acting Grand
Master, the Earl of Moira, now severally presented his
Royal Highness with the plumb, the level and the square ;
and the Prince, having applied them to the stone, pro-
nounced the work correct, and gave the stohe three
strokes with his mallet.
Three elegant silver cups were then presented, suc-
cessively, to his Royal Highness, containing corn, wine,
and oil, which he scattered and poured over the stone,
all the bands playing "God save the King." His Royal
Highness then restored the plan of the building into the
hands of the architect, approving that specimen of his
genius, and desiring him to complete the structure con-
formably thereto. Then, graciously turning to Mr.
Harris and Mr. Kemble, he washed prosperity to the
building, and the objects connected with it, and success
and happiness to its proprietors and managers.
The ceremony being finished, the band played " Rule
Britannia:" and the Prince, the Duke of Sussex, and the
Earl of Moira, were escorted back to the Prince's car-
riage by the managers and the Grand Officers, under a
second royal salute of twenty-one guns.
Thus passed a ceremonial, which, by the excellent pre-
arrangement of its managers, and the gracious yet digni-
fied manner in which the illustrous chief actor performed
his part, exhibited an interesting spectacle, that excited
general admiration and applause. All who had the
honour to approach the, Prince speak in raptures of his
OF MASONRY.
283
though the neighbouring houses were covered to the
roof-tops, and. many thousands of people were assembled
in the street, it is with great satisfaction we state, that
not a single accident happened to interrupt the splendid
termination of the ceremony.
The Masters and Wardens of the Masonic Lodges, then
returned in procession to their hall in Great Queen-street ;
when the Grand Lodge was closed, after making a formal
minute of the proceedings, and receiving, through the
medium of the Grand Treasurer, the thanks of . the
Prince for the favour of their attendance.
The Brethren, after the Lodge was closed, sat down
to a splendid dinner at Freemasons' Tavern; when mirth
and conviviality closed the meeting.
The proprietors of Covent Garden Theatre soon after-
wards received a letter from Colonel M'Mahon, dated
from Carlton-house, in which he stated, that he had it in
command from his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,
to express his high approbation of the very great order
and regularity with which the whole arrangement of the
ceremonial had been formed and conducted.
On the 12th April, 1809, it was resolved, That this
Grand Lodge do agree in opinion with the committee of
charity, that it is not necessary any longer to continue
in force those measures which were resorted to in or
about the year 1739, respecting irregular Masons; and
do therefore enjoin the several Lodges to revert to the
ancient landmarks of the Society. This measure was
carried into effect by the appointment (with the sanction
of the Grand Master) of an occasional Lodge named 4 'The
Lodge of Promulgation," which will appear to have
been a step preparatory to the so-much-desired Union
of Masons Ancient and Modern.
It appearing from the Grand Treasurer's account, that
the liquidation fund for discharging the debts of the
Society had effectually answered the purpose for which
it was established, and that all the principal demands
had been discharged, on the 7th of February, 1810, the
Grand Lodge, being desirous of relieving the Fraternity
from the payment of a contribution which a pressing
emergency at the time rendered necessary, ordered, That
the payment of two shillings per annum, from every
member, to the liquidation fund for the discharge of the
ILLUSTRATIONS
debts of the Society, imposed by the Grand Lodge on
the 7th of February, 1798, should, from and after the
21st day of December next, cease and determine. It was
further resolved, that the thanks of the Grand Lodge be
given to the Fraternity at large for their ready com-
pliance in the measure of the liquidation fund, which^
had been the means of relieving the Society from its
difficulties.
The Grand Lodge, however, recommended the London
Lodges to continue the subscription till the expenses of
the Lodge of Promulgation were discharged.
SECT. XVI.
History of Masonry, from 1812 to 1813.
On the death of Sir Peter Parker, Baronet, Admiral
of the Fleet, Dec. 21, JL811, his Royal Highness the
Grand Master was pleased to confer the office of Deputy
Grand Master upon his Royal Brother the Duke of Sussex,
Master of the Lodge of Antiquity.
To no person had Masonry for many years been more
indebted, than to the Earl of Moira (now Marquis of
Hastings). Towards the end of the year 1812, his Lord-
ship was appointed Governor General of India: and it
was considered by the Fraternity as only a just mark of
respect, to invite his Lordship to a farewell banquet,
Erevious to his departure from England ; and to present
im with a valuable Masonic Jewel, as a memorial of
their gratitude for his eminent services.
The 27th of January, 1813, was the day appointed,
when a most sumptuous dinner was served up in Free-
masons' Hall, to above five hundred Brethren, including
six Royal Dukes; viz., Sussex, D.G.M., York, Clarence,
Kent, Cumberland, and Gloucester. The gallery was
filled with ladies of the first fashion and respectability,
including the Countess of Loudon and Moira. The
Duke of Kent's band attended in the music gallery; and
the following professional gentlemen occasionally de-
lighted the company with their vocal exertions: viz.,
Messrs. Bellamy, Hawes, Neild, Leete, Goss, TerraiL
Taylor, Evans, Elliott, Clarke, Doyle, and Master
King. - , t
OF MASONRY.
286
The Duke of Sussex, in proposing the health of the
Prince Regent, said, " I am commanded by his Royal
Highness to express his regret that he is not here
amongst you this day; but his hearty good wishes are
with you; and I also beg leave to recall to your recol-
lection the many obligations which are du£ to His Royal
Highness for his having brought forward the Noble Lord
whom we this day have amongst us."
In a most eloquent oration, the Duke of Sussex after-
wards proposed the health of " The Earl of Moira, the
friend of his Prince, the friend of his country, and the
friend of mankind.'*
To which the Noble Earl replied in the following
speech ; for the report of which, and of those that follow,
we are indebted to Brother Alexander Frazer, of Thavies
Inn : —
" Brethren, it has been said, that out of the fulness of the heart
the tongue speaketh. I know not upon what grounds that statement
was founded ; but, at present at least, I cannot vouch for its accuracy :
never did I more wish for a command of words, and never was I less
confident of my powers, than I am upon this occasion; yet, God
knows, my heart is full enough. But the overwhelming marks of
regard and attachment with which you have honoured me, and still
more the exaggerated compliments which 1 have just received from the
illustrious Personage who presides here this day, leave me little of
that spring of spirit, which is necessary towards answering adequately.
E thank that Illustrious Personage for his high etfcbmium, though he
has left me a difficult line to draw between apparent acceptance of so
overcharged an eulogy, and failure in due recognition of your kindness.
I thank that Illustrious Personage, because I know the cordiality of
his soul, and triumph in the impulse which it has given to his expres-
sions, though it has raised him to a strain of eloquence, after which
any language of mine must seem tame and feeble. You, Brethren,
well know the medium through which our Illustrious Chairman has
viewed me, and will thence not be at a loss to account for his fervour ;
but they who cannot construe those expressions by that key, which
all of you understand, ought to be apprised, that there exists in the
Society of Masons a brotherly affection, nay, an affection far more
than brotherly, which delights in slackening the crest of judgment,
and even rioting in the field of fancy, when the object is either to
exalt the merits or to extenuate the defects of a member of the Craft.
(Applause.) Such has been the practice of the Illustrious Personage
who has just addressed you. He has allowed fraternal partiality to
seduce him into all the indulgence of luxuriant imagination. He has
sketched a picture with fairy tints. He has exhibited the hand of a
master in the portraiture; but he has also displayed a master's
licence; trusting that elegance of outline and brilliancy of colours
would atone for deficiency of resemblance. What the Royal Duke has
been pleased to ascribe to me, has been only the emanation of the
286
ILLUSTRATIONS
principles cultivated in this hallowed Institution, — the practical effect
of those lessons which Masonry inculcates, not for purposes of mysti-
cism, but in the hope of their influence on the interests of society.
His Royal Highness has been pleased to dilate upon my humblo
services in the army. I am sufficiently conscious of the exiguity of
the scale upon which it has been my lot to act. I have no preten-
sions to aught beyond credit for zeal ; and with that I can be satisfied.
If I know myself, I have ever held it of far higher value to possess
the silent esteem which attends an useful member of the community,
than to be followed by the clamorous, but unweighed and transient
applause of the multitude. Only believe of me that I have honestly
considered myself the servant of the country, always liable to be
called upon to support its interests, and always ready to obey with
fervour the summons. That merit is all that I can entitled to
claim. The Illustrious Chairman has praised me as the friend of the
Prince. Can I assume merit for my attachment, when all the honour
of such a connexion through a length of years must have been
bestowed upon me? If I had the happiness of being distinguished
by such partiality, adherence was but a slender return, though the
only one I could make. But were it possible for me to forget every
other cause for pride and gratitude in such favour, there is one obliga-
tion which the circumstances of this day would present most em-
phatically to my memory. It was the Prince Regent who placed me
in the situation whence I have derived all the flattering testimonies
of j'our good-will. To him I owe the opportunities of endearing
myself to you, if I dare indulge myself in listening to your friendly
assurances of my having done so; to him I stand indebted for the
means of manifesting what I thought ought to be the tenor of his
representative in the Craft. You have approved my conception of
that character. You have gone further; you have rewarded it by
making this the proudest day of my life ; and see how much his
Influence contributes to that pride 1 When I look round me and
observe so many individuals of the Royal Family present on the
occasion, I must feel what an indication it is of his generous wish that
your kind enthusiasm should have his implied concurrence ; not that
I can thence be less grateful to each of these Illustrious Personages,
for allowing me the boast, that their countenance on this night bore
testimony to their ratifying your approbation. This, as a man. I feel
deeply, but with no inferior sensibility as a Mason. Dignifying,
indeed, it is to the Crafty to see those elevated Personages exhibit
their fellowship with us. But it is not merely a superficial honour to
which your minds should be alive. No. you ought to feel the incal-
culable benefit which the serious objects of Masonry must derive from
this public display of the sentiment of Royalty towards the Brother-
hood ; this avowal from so many of those immediately connected with
the Throne, that they make common cause with your welfare and your
affections. Let us carry this thought farther. Let us exult in the
advantage which may ensue to every class in Britain, from the cir-
cumstance, that these elevated individuals could not have been present
here had they not previously received all <hose solemn inculcations
wfth which Masonry endeavours to dispose the heart of each of the
initiated to promote the comfort of his fellow. Every one of these
Illustrious Persons has had the important lesson whispered into his
ear, 4 Be Simple, be Benignant, be Man !' And the genn planted in
OF MASONRY.
287
minds like theirs cannot be unfruitful. They comprehend their rich
reward. They share with us in the glowing confidence, that the
beneficence of a superintending Father perpetually shields us. They
participate with us in that sure hope of the future, which makes our
present existence appear but a speck in the immensity of our immortal
heritage. They are assimilated to us in all the generous affections
of .that charity, which tells us, that kindness to all must be the obla-
tion most acceptable to Him, who, in creating all. could have no
motive but their happiness. When Royalty cherishes such senti-
ments, its commixture with social life is a blessing. Need I remark,
how proud the distinction is for our own beloved country, that the
presence of these Illustrious Persons, in meetings of convivial society,
so far from being a check upon hilarity, is an encouragement which
renders enjoyment more grateful. Yes, the influence of Royalty in
Britain is never felt, but as the genial zephyr which cheers and invites
to expansion every bud it breathes upon \ while in other realms, it is
the wind from the desert, withering all over which it passes.
u One word upon a point more immediately referrible to nryself. I
have called this the proudest day of my life. I ought to feel it so.
For above one-and-twenty years I have had the honour and satisfac-
tion of presiding in this society ; a society formed to stimulate men
to the practical application of doctrines, at which I have slightly
glanced, but on which I should have been happy (had it been allow-
able) to expatiate. The prodigious extent of this Society in England
is little imagined by those who are not called upon to look to its
numbers. Its perfect tranquillity attracts no attention. That so vast
a body should exist in such silence, and move with such invariable
regularity, while it would appear to the casual observer that no eye
watches or hand directs its procedure, is the best proof of its rigid
adherence to principles, in their nature unalterably advantageous to
society. It is, then, a pride to hold a leading station among such
men. But while I have enjoyed that distinction. I have, on the other
hand, been subjected to their scrutiny. It has been not only the
right, but the duty of Masons to keep a vigilant eye over my conduct
in life, that, if censure were due, their remonstrance and rejection might
prevent the credit of the Craft from being tainted by the ostensible
superintendence of an unworthy individual. After that observation
of me for one-and twenty years, my Brethren have this day pro-
nounced their judgment. I therefore ought to know how to appreciate
this testimony of your approbation. I do appreciate it justly. I
should believe your verdict to do partial ; perhaps I must be conscious
it is so; but in the eyes of the world it is the stamp of honour affixed
upon me ; and I thank you, Brethren, with a gratitude commensurate
to the magnitude of the boon."
This speech was, as might naturally oe expected, fol-
lowed by the most enthusiastic bursts of applause.
The Duke of Sussex then requested the attention of
tllo company to a song, written expressly for the occa-
sion.
The following elegant and appropriate stanzas, written
for the occasion by Waller Rodwell Wright,' Esq., (the
288
ILLUSTRATIONS
author of Hora I<mic<e 9 a poem descriptive of the Ionian
Islands, where he formerly resided as his Majesty's Con-
sul, and of -which he has lately had the honour of being
appointed Grand Master), were accordingly sung by Mr.
Bellamy, with much and deserved applause; the last
verse being encored by the company, and again encored
hy the Koyal Chairman : —
OCCASIONAL STANZAS,
ADAPTED TO THE GERMAN AIR,
"ErsckalU O GefuhL"
FREE-MASONS' HALL, JAN. 27, 1813.
Thou, soft-breathing Lyre, for a while be suspended
The social delight which thy numbers impart:
While sighs of regret with our raptures are blended,
And strains of affection flow warm from the heart.
Hail ! hail ! hail ! to ev'ry bosom dear,
Thou, to whose honour'd name
We consecrate the parting tear.
Ye realms, where the day-star first springs from the ooean,
Now welcome the dawn of Philanthropy's ray ;
Ye nations that tremble in abject devotion,
By Gangus or Indus — rejoice in her sway.
Hail! hail! hail! &c, &c.
Go on, noble Spirit ! stilf guerdon* d with glory,
Pursue the bright track which thy fate has assign'd;
For thus shall thy name live ennobled in story, '
Of Britain the Pride, and the Friend of Mankind.
Hail! hail! hail! &c, &c.
Oh, deem not our hearts can e'er cease to revere thee,
Or still on thy virtues with rapture to dwell,
Recalling those scenes to our souls that endear thee,
And the pain of that hour when we bade thee farewell !
Hail! hail! hail! &c, &c.
E'en then, while between us wide oceans are rolling,
Whene'er we assemble these rites to renew.
With magic illusion our senses controlling,
Shall Fancy restore thee again to our view.
Hail! hail! hail! &c, &c.
And when on that breast, where bright honour, still beaming,
Sheds lustre, excelling what Kings can bestow,
The pledge of Fraternal Affection is gleaming,
With kindred emotions thy bosom shall glow.
Hail! hail! hail! &c, &c.
OF MASONRY.
289
Oh, think, while glad millions their gratitude breathing,
For Freedom and Justice, thy name shall adore,
Fond Friendship and Joy rosy chaplets are wreathing,
To greet thy return to thy lov'd native shore.
Hail ! hail ! hail I &c, &c.
On a signal being given, which had been previously
mentioned, the ladies retired from the gallery ; and the
Duke of Sussex opened the Special Grand Lodge.
After several of the accustomed toasts had been given
and drunk, the Jewel which was to be presented to the
Earl of Moira, as Acting Grand Master of the Fraternity,
was paraded round the Hall .by the managers in proces-
sion, carried on & velvet cushion by T. H. I^arquhar,
Esq., P.S.G.W., as Master of the Ceremonies, in order
that all the Brethren might have an opportunity of be-
holding it. 112
The Duke of Sussex, after addressing the Brethren in
the usual manner, spoke as follows : —
" I now rise with those sensations which are more easily conceived
than expressed. To have been placed by you in this chair to com-
municate, or to be the organ of your respectful, affectionate, and
grateful feelings, toward your most worthy Acting Grand Master,
when so many more able Masons than myself are here collected, and
so many elder Brethren of .the Royal Family are here present, is an
honour conferred upon me of greater magnitude than I can express ;
I consider it as one of the highest compliments my Masonic zeal can
ever aim at attaining. Most worthy Acting Grand Master, (the
Royal Chairman turning towards and addressing the Earl of Moira,)
much as I esteem, and much as I respect you as my friend, still you
must, upon this occasion, be convinced that I am not speaking merely
my own sentiments, but that I am endeavouring to utter the feelings
and to express the sensations of the whole Craft, in now addressing
you individually. We, having laboured for no less than twenty-one
years under your vigilant care and superintendence, feel ourselves
most closely attached by sentiments of gratitude and esteem towards
you : impressed as we are with the conviction that we owe much to
llsf This superb Jewel is suspended from a collar three feet long,
composed of seven rows of fine gold Maltese chain, intersected by
five gold parallelograms, with brilliant centres.
The Fraternity were indebted for the design and execution of this
chasto and elegant production of art to Brother J. C. Burckhardt, of
Northumberland street, Strand: who most liberally executed it in the
very first style of workmanship, at the cost price of the material*
and labour. The Collar and Jewel were examined by one of the most
eminent jewellers in the metropolis, who estimated it at about fifteen
hundred pounds : whereas Brother Burckhardt's charge was under
six hundred and seventy pounds.
14
S90
ILLUSTRATIONS
you for your constant anxiety and unabating zeal for the welfare ol
the Brethren collectively and individually. Masonry, as you we]
know, is one of the most sublime and perfect institutions that eve
was formed for the advancement of happiness and general good t
mankind, creating, in all its varieties, universal benevolence an<
brotherly love. It holds out allurements so captivating, as to inspir
the Brotherhood with emulation to deeds of glory, such as mus
command, throughout the world, veneration and applause, and sue!
as must entitle those who perform them to dignity and respect. I
teaches us those useful, wise, and instructive doctrines, upon whicl
alone true happiness is founded ; and, at the same time, affords thos
easy paths, by which we attain the rewards of virtue ; it teaches u
the duties which we owe to our neighbour, never to injure him in an;
one situation, but to conduct ourselves with justice and impartiality
it bids us not to divulge the mystery to the public, and it orders u
to be true to our trust, to be above all meanness and dissimulation
and in all our avocations to perform religiously that which we ough
to do. As Masons and Brethren, we always stand upon a level b;
the principles which we are taught; we are all of the same family-
high and low, rich and poor, created by the same Almighty Power
aud preserved in existence by a consolation and support originatinj
from the same source. Still, however, Masonry teacfies us to sho\
respect and honour to each man to whom respect and honour ar
due, according to the respective characters of each individual; and
when individuals deserve well »f the whole Fraternity, it display
that additional lustre, that Masons unite heart and hand, to evinc
conjointly their high estimation of meritorious services. We, there
fore, my Lord, behold in you that illustrious character who call
forth the respect and approbation of the whole Fraternity ; who, for
even your high station in society, deigned to turn your philosophi
mind, with all its energies, to promote the welfare and happiness o
this particular Association, as if sent by the bounty of Providence t
guard the best interests of this people. You, who possess the
character, commanding respect and confidence, have laboured wit!
effect to impose and to enforce those duties which are necessary t
the welfare and success of the Craft. When we behold such
character, we cannot help feeling how much virtue has been hid ii
the shade, and, at the same time, how much your high intellect ha
been exerted for the advancement and prosperity of this Society
These are the sentiments, most worshipful Acting Grand Mastei
which I, on behalf of myself, and of the Society at large, communi
cate as our feelings upon this important occasion ; impressed with
conviction, that to you, above all others, we owe obligations whieh w
never can forget. At a moment when this Society was pregnan
with total destruction, your patriotic exertions excited and create
new energies, and, like the Phoenix which rises from the flame, w
rose again. (Applauses,) Impressed, I say, with these ideas, am
seeing the whole Craft inspired by similar sentiments. I have beei
deputed by them to invest you, as the most worshipful Acting Gran
Master of this Order, with this badge of honour, as a small testimo
nial of our veneration and esteem. (Here the Royal Chairma,
invested the Noble Earl with the Jewel, purchased by the voiuntar
saking your own
native country, and, as it were
OF MASONRY.
291
contributions of the Society at large. The applause and cheering
were here so great, that some observations which fell from the Chair
could not be distinctly heard.) We wish," continued his Royal High-
ness, "that you should carry this Jewel as a sigual of our marked
attention and favour ; and that that bright star which is in the centre
of it, may conduct you to that shore to which you are destined, and
also to that glory, which. we, as Masons, earnestly wish may be ever
attendant upon one of our number who has rendered himself, by his
meritorious services, so dear to us. Brethren, I shall now propose
to drink the health of our most worshipful Acting Grand Master ;
after which, I shall give up the hammer into his Lordship's hands,
craving him to take that situation in which I am sure he will, as he
has hitherto done, afford satisfaction and joy to the Fraternity." His
Royal Highness then concluded with drinking " The Health of the
Karl of Moira, our worthy Acting Grand Master."
This toast was drunk by all the Brethren with the utmost
enthusiasm, and with the accustomed honours ; after
which, his Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex resigned
the chair to the Earl of Moira.
The Earl of Moira then rose, and addressed the Breth-
ren from the Chair, to the following purport:
" Brethren, it would at any moment give me infinite pain and con-
cern to remove from this Chair one who so ably fills it, and one who
go firmly possesses the admiration and affection of this Fraternity ;
and it particularly grieves me upon this occasion, when, in doing so,
I may appear ungrateful, after the generosity of* his effusion towards
me. But I am not at liberty, now that the Lodge is resumed, to
waive that which is not to be regarded as a right, but as the duty of
my function. It is vour authority which I represent, and I must not
let my personal feelings compromise it. The station in which I am
placed, and the Jewel which I now wear, admit of no deviation, upon
my part, from that principle in your regulations, which gives me here
superintendence. I shall thereby be enabled to offer myself more
conspicuously to your notice, and be heard more distinctly in the
profession of that gratitude which is imprinted upon my heart to the
utmost extent of human feelings. It will be everlastingly engraven
there ; for so long as I exist, it is impossible there can ever be the
slightest deduction from that extraordinary degree of obligation I
must feel towards you-, whose kindness has been so unprecedented
and unmeasured. Believe me, if the most transient shade of repug-
nance passed over my mind in regard to accepting a present of so
much intrinsic value, the hesitation was instantly chastened by a cor-
recter sentiment, I must have felt the unworthiness of a doubt about
meeting with confidence the wishes of my Brethren; although I must
regret that they have suffered their kindness so to tax their purses.
I should be unworthy of your fraternal esteem, could I not answer
it with as cordial a confidence. As long as 1 wear this badge of
honour upon my breast, the recollection of your extraordinary kind-
ness and regard shall be most lively, and shall animate my spirit to
any exertion which may give me the chance of justifying to the
292
ILLUSTRATIONS
world your opinion of me. It shall be my constant Monitor in oil
my future duties. In it I shall find a perpetual admonition to prac-
tise, with still greater activity than ever, those philanthropic and
benevolent principles of Masonry in the situation of Rule which 1
am about to hold over that vast territory whither I am destined. I
will appeal to it with a consciousness of having, at least, endea-
voured to fulfil my duties ; if ever my spirits flag, that they be roused
anew by reflecting on the testimony of those sentiments you have
been pleased to entertain of my exertions for the advancement of the
interests and welfare of this Institution. I felt a diffidence in address-
ing you upon the occasion of the first speech of our most Illustrious
Deputy Grand Master ; and if so, what must be my feelings now 1 I
feel myself totally unable to enter into any minute discussion ; I can
only say, that, when he is pleased to represent me in such a flattering
light as he has done, I think he has slidden into some confusion as to
the object of his applause. The lustre which he praises, and which
his friendship misleads him to consider as essentially mine, is only
the splendour of Masonry reflected from me. The prominent station
which I hold here, concentrates all the rays of the Craft upon my
person, as it would upon the person of any other placed in the same
elevation ; and the Illustrious Deputy Grand Master makes an effort
to persuade himself that this lunar brilliancy is the genuine irradiation
of the sun. My real relation to you may be best explained by an
Asiatic apologue. 113 In the baths of the east, perfumed clay is used
instead of soap. A poet is introduced, who breaks out into an enthu-
siastic flow of admiration at the odour of a lump of clay of this sort.
** Alas!" answers the clay, "I am only a piece of ordinary earth,
but I happened to come in contact with the rose, and I have borrowed
,fome of its fragrance." I have borrowed the character of the virtues
inherent in this Institution ; and my best hope is, that howevei
minute be the portion with which I have been thus imbued, at least,
I am not likely to lose what has been so fortuitously acquired.
Gratitude holds a 'high rank among those virtues; and if I can be
confident of any thing, it must be of this, that earnest gratitude
towards you cannot depart from my breast but with the last pulse of
life. With the sincerest attachment, and an affection truly fraternal
— with a just return of soul to all that you have beeu pleased to
express through our worthy Deputy Grand Master on my account —
in regard to all the kindness you have exhibited towards me, I beg
leave to drink Health and Happiness to every individual present."
(The most unbounded applause ensued.)
After a variety of appropriate toasts and songs, Lord
Moira, in his capacity of Chairman and Acting Grand
Master, then proposed as a toast,
" The King of Sweden , Grand Master of the Masons oj
the North:'
The Swedish Ambassador then rose, and said —
** Brethren, for the King, my master, I beg leave to return you all
my hearty thanks ior the honour you have done hi in. I shall take
118 The prophecy of .Sadi.
OP MASONRY.
293
care to embrace the first opportunity I may have, to acquaint my
master, the King of Sweden, and all the Brethren of my country,
with the hononr which this grand and noble Society has been pleased
to confer upon him, and also upon them."
The health of Lord Kinnaird, D.G.M. of Scotland, was
drunk, who returned thanks in a very handsome manner.
The officers of the Grand Lodge were afterwards
drunk.
Lord Moira then said, —
44 Brethren, I should be deemed deficient in that attachment and
regard usual upon such occasions, if I did not drink the Health of
the Provincial Grand Masters, Sir John Doyle and his colleagtfes,
who attend us upon this occasion, and whose sentiments I know are
those of reciprocal attachment and fraternal love, both upon their
own part, and on behalf of the provincial lodges which they superin-
tend. ,,
This toast being drunk with great cordiality and joy,
Sir John Doyle rose, and addressed the Brethren nearly
to the following effect : —
t; Most worshipful Acting Grand Master, and Brethren — Honoured
as I have been by the personal notice of* the Chair, and deputed by
my colleagues, the Provincial Grand Masters. I rise to return our
joint thanks for the honour which has been conferred upon us. The
value of the compliment is considerably enhanced by the kindness
with which the toa^t has been received by all the worthy Brethren
present, and the gracious approbation given to it by our Illustrious
Visitors ; it is doubly gratifying to us in coming from a body, the
basis of whose Institution is, to fear God, to honour the King, and
to love one's neighbour as one's self; an Institution whose prin-
ciples, if universally diffused, would tend to calm those angry storms
that agitate and convulse an affrighted world, and man would no
longer be the bitterest enemy of his fellow man. Upon the interest-
ing occasion which has brought us together this day, and which has
excited the best feelings of the human breast, it is impossible to be
wholly silent. I am, indeed, sensible of the difficulty, nay, the im-
possibility of engaging your attention, unless you could do, what you
never will do, forget the brilliant display of impressive eloquence
which you have heard from the Chair, and from the distinguished
person who has been the subject of its just and elegant eulogum.
But, Brethren, difficult as the task may be, that heart must be cold
and callous indeed that could remain unmoved at such a scene as this,
and not catch some sparks of that enthusiastic fire which seems to
animate the whole, — an enthusiasm which must be as honourable to
those who feel it, as gratifying to him whose virtues have called it
forth. (Much applause.) If this could be applicable- to a casual
observer, how must it affect the feelings of one, who, from earliest
youth, has been honoured with the unvaried friendship of this highly-
gifted man. I know him well^ and he who knows him best must love
him most ; I know his virtues, but I also know the refined delicacy
of his manly mind ; and I am fearful, that, in endeavouring, however
294
ILLUSTRATIONS
inadequately, to describe the one, I should insensibly inflict a wound
upon the other. Were it not for fear of this offence, what countless
instances could I state of modest merit brought .forward and sus-
tained ; of rising genius fostered and protected ; of human misery
relieved and comforted. The helpless orphan, the wretched widow,
the aged parent, the houseless stranger, the prostrate foe. all shared
the bounty of his generous hand — (here ensued loud and reiterated
applauses and joyful approbation ) : — thus embracing in the vast scope
of his comprehensive and philanthropfc mind every gradation of
human woe, from childish infancy to decrepit age. He was in heart a
true Mason. i and every child of sorrow was a brother ; self was the
only being that seemed by him forgot.' Happy Hindoo 1 how will thy
sable sons have cause to bless the power that sends them a father
and protector to diffuse happiness among countless millions ! But I
dare not trust my feelings further ; delicacy forbids me to say more,
— truth and justice would not allow me to' say less."
The Grand Lodge was soon afterwards closed in the
usual form. Lord Moira, on retiring, said, " May God
bless you all and, agreeably to a previous hint, no
person remained after his Lordship had quitted the Hall.
When, by the accession of the Prince of Wales to the
Eegeucy of the United Kingdom, etiquette seemed to
require his resignation as Grand Master, the Duke of
Sussex w r as, by the unanimous acclamation of the Grand
Lodge, elected to fill that high and important situation ;
and the Prince Regent soon after gra'ciously conde-
scended to accept the title of Grand Patron of the
Order.
It was early discovered, that the Duke of Sussex's
whole heart was bent on accomplishing that great de-
sideratum of Masons, the Union of the two Fraternities
who had been mis-termed Ancient and Modern; and his
high station in life certainly carried with it an influence
which could not have been found in an humbler indi-
vidual.
It has been already said, that his Grace the Duke of
Athol was at the head of the Ancient Fraternity — for,
to be explicit without circumlocution, we must at pre-
sent make use of these terms relatively. The fact is r
that the Ancients, after their secession, continued to
hold their meetings without acknowledging a superior,
till 1772 ; when they chose for their grand master the
Duke of Athol, who was then Grand Master Elect for
Scotland.
This venerable nobleman, we may presume, was con-
OF MASONRY. 295
vinced by the Royal Duke's arguments, strengthened by
his own good sense and benevolent mind, how desirable
must be an actual and cordial union of the two societies
under one head ; because, to pave the way for the mea-
sure, his Grace, in the handsomest manner, shortly after
resigned his seat of Grand Master, recommending his
Royal Higness the Duke of Kent (who had been made a
Mason under that constitution) as his successor; who
was accordingly elected and installed Grand Master of
that body of Masons, at Willis's Rooms, St. James's
Square, on the 1st of December, 1813: on which oc-
casion his Royal Higness most liberally professed, that
he had accepted the office with the sole view of co-
operating, more effectually, perhaps, with his illustrious
Brother of Sussex, in promoting and cementing th§ so-
much-desired Union.
Zealously did the two Royal Brethren devote them-
selves to the arduous task ; and, taking to their council
three dsitinguished Brethren belonging to each society,
they at length arranged the following (among other)
Articles of Union between the Two Grand Lodges of
England.
In the name of God, Amen. »
The Most Worshipful His Royal Highness Prince Edward, Duke of
Kent and Strathearn, Earl of Dublin. Knight Companion of the Most
Noble Order of the Garter, and of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint-
Patrick, Field Marshal of his Majesty's Forces, Governor of Gibraltar,
Colonel of tiie Fir%t or Royal Sfcots Regiment of Foot, and Grand
Master of Free and Accepted Masons of England, according to the
Old Institutions ; the Right Worshipful Thomas Harper, Deputy
Grand Master ; the Right Worshipful James Perry, Past Deputy
Grand Master ; and the Right Worshipful James Agar, Past Deputy
Grand Master ; of the same Fraternity : for themselves and on behalf
of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons of England, according to the Old
Institutions : being thereto duly constituted and empowered : — on the
one part.
The Most Worshipful His Royal Highness Prince Augustus
Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Earl of Inverness, Baron Arklow,
Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and
Grand Master of the Society of Free and Accepted Masons under
the Constitution of England ; the Right Worshipful Waller Rod-
well Wright, Provincial Grand Master of Masons in the Ionian
Isles ; the Right Worshipful Arthur Tegart, Past Grand Warden ;
and the Right Worshipful James Deans, Past Grand Warden ; of
the same Fraternity ; for themselves and. on behalf of the Grand
Lodge of the Society of Freemasons under the Constitution of Eng-
296
ILLUSTRATIONS
land: being thereunto duly constituted and empowered: — on tho
other part.
Have agreed as follows —
I. There shall be, from and after the day of the festival of Saint
John the Evangelist next ensuing, a full, perfect, and perpetual Union
of and between the two Fraternities of Free and Accepted Masons of
England above-described : so as that in all time hereafter* they shall
form and constitute but one Brotherhood ; and that the said com-
munity shall be represented in one Grand Lodge, to be solemnly
formed, constituted, and held, on the said day of the festival of Saint
John the Evangelist next ensuing, and from thenceforward for ever.
IT. It is declared and pronounced, that pure Ancient Masonry
consists of three degrees, and no more ; viz., those -of the Entered
Apprentice, the Fellow Craft, and the Master Mason (including the
Supreme Order of the Holy lloyal Arch). But this article is not
intended to prevent any Lodge or Chapter from holding a meeting in
any of* the degrees of the Order of Chivalry, according to the consti-
tutions of the said Orders.
III. There shall be the most perfect unity of obligation, of disci-
pline, of working the lodges, of making, passing, and * raising,
instructing and clothing, Brothers ; so that but one pure, unsullied
system, according to the genuine -landmarks, laws, and traditions, of
the Craft, shall be maintained, upheld, and practised, throughout the
Masonic World, from the day and date of the said Union until time
shall be no more.
IV. To prevent all controversy or dispute as to the genuine and
pure obligations, forms, rules, and ancient traditions, of Masonry, and
further to unite and bind the whole Fraternity of Masons in one
indissoluble bond, it is agreed, that the obligations and forms that
have, from time immemorial, been established, used, and practised, in
the Craft, shall be recognized, accepted, and taken, by the members
of both Fraternities, as the pure and genuine obligations and forms
ant Lodges in every part of the World, shall be btund : and for the
purpose of receiving and communicating due light, and setting this
uniformity of regulation and instruction ( and particularly i?i matters
which can neither he expressed ?wr described in writing), it is further
agreed, that brotherly application be made to the Grand Lodges of
Scotland and Ireland, to authorize, delegate, and appoint, any two or
more of their enlightened members to be present at the Grand Assem-
bly on the solemn occasion of uniting the Fraternities; and that the
respective Grand Masters, Grand Officers, Masters. Past Masters,
Wardens, and Brothers, then and there present, shall solemnly engage
to abide by the true forms and obligations (particularly in mat-
ters which can neither be described nor written), in the presence of
the said Members of the Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland ;
that it may be declared, recognized, and known, that they are all
bound by th^same solemn pledge, and work under the same law.
V. For the purpose of establishing and securing this perfect uni-
formity in all the warranted Lodges, and also to prepare for this
Grand Assembly, and to place all the members of both Fraternities
by which the incorporated
OP MASONRY.
297
tive Grand Lodges, the two Grand Masters shall appoint, each, nine
worthy and expert Master Masons, or Past Masters, of their respec-
tive Fraternities, with warrant and instructions to meet together at
some convenient central place in London ; when, each party having
opened (in a separate apartment) a just and perfect Lodge, agreeably
to their peculiar regulations, they shall give and receive mutually and
reciprocally the obligations of both Fraternities, deciding by lot which
shall take priority in giving and receiving the same ; and,' being thus
all duly and equally enlightened in both forms, they shall be em
powered and directed, either to hold a Lodge under the warrant or
dispensation to be entrusted to them, to be entitled "The Lodge
of Reconciliation or to visit the several Lodges holding undei
both the Grand Lodges for the purpose of obligating, instructing,
and perfecting the Master, Past Masters, Wardens, and Members, in
both the forms, and to make a return to the Grand Secretaries of
both the Grand Lodges of the names of those whom they shall have
thus enlightened. And the said Grand Secretaries shall be em-
powered to enrol the names of all the members thus re-made in the
register of both the Grand Lodges, without fee or reward : it being
ordered, that no person shall be thus obligated and registered whom
the Master and Wardens of his Lodge shall not certify, by writing
under their hands, that he is free on the books of his particular
Lodge. Thus, on the day of the Assembly of both Fraternities,
the Grand Officers, Masters, Past Masters, and Wardens, who are
alone to be present, shall all have taken the obligation by which each
is bound, and be prepared to make their solemn engagement, that
they will thereafter abide by that which shall be recognized and
declared to be the true and universally accepted obligation of the
Master Mason.
VI. As soon as the Grand Masters, Grand Officers, and Members,
of the two present Grand Lodges, shall, on the day of their Re-union,
have made the solemn declaration in the presence of the deputation
of grand or enlightened Masons from Scotland and Ireland, to abide
and act by the universally recognized obligation of Master Mason,
the Members shall forthwith proceed to the election of a Grand
Master for the year ensuing ; and, to prevent delay, the Brother so
elected shall forthwith be obligated, pro tempore, that the Grand
Lodge may be formed. The said Grand Master shall then nominate
and appoint his Deputy Grand Master, together with a Senior and
Junior Grand Warden, Grand Secretary, or Secretaries, Grand Trea-
surer, Grand Chaplain, Grand Sword-Bcarer, Grand Pursuivant, and
Grand Tyler, who shall all be duly obligated and placed ; and the Grand
Incorporated Lodge shall then be opened, in ample form, under the
style and title of " The United Grand Lodge of Ancient Free-
masons of England.
The Grand Officers who held the several offices before (unless such
of them as may be re-appointed) shall take their places, as Past Grand
Officers, in the respective degrees which they held before ; and in
case either or both of the present Grand Secretaries, Pursuivants,
and Tylers, should not be re-appointed to their former situations,
then annuities shall be paid to them during their respective lives out
of the Grand Fund.
VII. " The United Grand Lodge of Ancient Freemasons of
England" shall be composed, except on the days of festival, in the
298
ILLUSTRATIONS
following manner, as a just and perfect representative of the whole
Masonic Fraternity of England; that is to say, of
The Grand Master.
Past Grand Masters.
Deputy Grand Master.
Past Deputy Grand Masters.
Grand Wardens.
Provincial Grand Masters.
Past Grand Wardens.
Past Provincial Grand Masters.
Grand Chaplain.
Grand Treasurer.
Joint Grand Secretary, or Grand Secretary, if there be only one.
Grand S word-Bearer.
Twelve Grand Stewards, to be delegated by the Stewards'
Lodge, from among their Members existing at the Union ; it
being understood and agreed, that, from aod after the Union,
an annual appointment shall be made of the Stewards, if
necessary.
The actual Masters and Wardens of all Warranted Lodges.
Past Masters of Lodges, who have regularly served and passed
the chair before the day of Union, and who have continued,
without secession, regular contributing Members of a War-
ranted Lodge. It being understood, that of all Masters who,
from and after the day of the said Union, shall regularly
pass the chair of their respective Lodges, but one at a
time, to be delegated by his Lodge, shall have a right to sit
and vote in the said Grand Lodge ; so that after the decease
of all the regular Past Masters of any regular Lodge, who had
attained that distinction at the time of the Union, the repre-
sentation of such Lodge shall be by its actual Master. War-
dens, and one Past Master only.
And all Grand officers in the said respective Grand Lodges shall
retain and hold their rank and privileges in the United Grand
Lodge, as Past Grand Officers, including the present Provincial
Grand Masters, the Grand Treasurers. Grand Secretaries,
and Grand Chaplains, in their several degrees, according to the
seniority of their respective appointments ; and where such
appointments shall have been contemporaneous, the seniority
shall be determined by lot. In all other respects the above
shall be the general order of precedence in all time to come ;
with this express provision, that no Provincial Grand Master,
hereafter to be appointed, shall be entitled to a seat in the
Grand Lodge, after he shall have retired from such situation,
unless he shall have discharged the duties thereof for full five
years.
VIII. The Representatives of the several Lodges shall sit under
their respective banners according to seniority. The two first Lodges
under each Grand Lodge to draw a lot in the first place for priority ;
and to which of the two the lot No. 1 shall fall, the other to rank as
No. 2 ; and all the other Lodges shall fall in alternately ; that is,
the Lodge which is No. 2 of the Fraternity whose lot it shall be to
draw No. 1 shall rank as No. 3 in the United Grand Lodge, and the
other No. 2 shall rank as No. 4, and so on alternately, through all tke
OF MASONRY.
399
numbers respectively. And this shall for ever after be the order and
rank of the Lodges in the Grand Lodge, and in Grand Processions,
for which a plan and drawing shall be prepared previous to the Union!
On the renewal of any of the Lodges now dormant, they shall take
rank after all the Lodges existing at the Union, notwithstanding the
numbers in which they may now stand on the respective rolls.
IX. The United Grand Lodge being now constituted, the first pro-
ceeding, after solemn prayer, shall be to read and proclaim the Act of
Union, as previously executed and sealed with the great seals of the
two Grand Lodges ; after which, the same shall be solemnly accepted
by the Members present. A day shall then be appointed for the
installation of the Grand Master, and other Grand Officers, with due
solemnity; upon which occasion, the Grand Master shall, in open
Lodge, with his own hand, affix the new great seal to the said instru-
ment, which shall be deposited in the archives of the United Grand
Lodge, and to be the bond of union among the Masons of the Grand
Lodge of England, and the Lodges dependant thereon, until time
shall be no more. The said new great seal shall be made for the
occasion, and shall be composed out of both -the great seals now in
use; after which, the present two great seals shall be broken and
defaced ; and the new seal shall be alone used in all warrants, certifi-
cates, and other documents, to be issued thereafter.
X. The Regalia of the Grand Officers shall be, in addition to the
white gloves, and apron, and the respective jewels or emblems of
distinction, garter-blue and gold ; and these alone shall belong to the
Grand Officers, present and past.
XI. Four Grand Lodges, representing the Craft, shall be held for
quarterly communication in each year, on the first Wednesday in the
months of March, June, September, and December ; on each of which
occasions the Masters and Wardens of all the warranted Lodges shall
deliver into the hands of the Grand Secretary and Grand Treasurer
a faithful list of all their contributing Members ; and the warranted
Lodges in and adjacent to London, shall pay towards the grand fund
one shilling per quarter for each Member, over and above the sum
of half-a-guinea for each new made Member, for the registry of his
name ; together with the sum of one shilling to the Grand Secretary,
as his fee for the same: and that this contribution of one shilling for
each Member shall be made quarterly, and each quarter, in all time
to come.
XII. At the Grand Lodge to be held annually on the first Wed-
nesday in September, the Grand Lodge shall elect a Grand Master
for the year ensuing, (who shall nominate and appoint his own De-
puty Grand Master, Grand Wardens, and Secretary,) and they shall
also nominate three fit and proper persons for each of the offices of
Treasurer, Chaplain, and Sword-Bearer ; out of which the Grand
Master shall, on the first Wednesday in the month of December,
choose and appoint one for each of the said offices ; and, on the festi-
val of St. John the Evangelist, then next ensuing, or on such other
day as the said Grand Master shall appoint, there shall be held a
Grand Lodge for the solemn installation of all the said Grand Officers,
according to ancient custom.
XIII. After the day of the Re-union, as aforesaid, and when it
shall be ascertained what are the obligations, forms, regulations,
working, and instruction, to be universally established, speedy and
mo
ILLUSTRATIONS
effectual steps shall be taken to obligate all the Members of each
Lodge in all the degrees, according to the form taken and recognized
by tho Grand Master, Past Grand Masters, Grand Officers, and
Representatives of Lodges, on the day of Re-union ; and, for this
purpose, Jho worthy and expert Master Masons, appointed as afore-
said, shall visit and attend the several Lodges, within the Bills of
Mortality, in rotation, dividing themselves into quorums of not less
than three each, for the greater expedition : and they shall assist
the Master and Wardens to promulgate and enjoin the pure and
unsullied system, that perfect reconciliation, unity of obligation,
law, working, language, and dress, may be happily restored to the
English Craft.
XIV. When the Master and Wardens of a warranted Lodge shall
report to the Grand Master, to his satisfaction, that the Members of
such Lodge have taken the proper enjoined obligation, and have con-
formed to the uniform working, clothing, &c, then the Most Wor-
shipful Grand Master shall direct the new great seal to be affixed to
their warrant, and the Lodge shall be adjudged to be regular, and
entitled to all the privileges of the Craft ; a certain term shall bo
allowed (to be fixed by the Grand Lodge) for establishing this
uniformity; and all constitutional proceedings of any regular Lodge,
which shall take place between the date of the Union and the term
so appointed, shall be deemed valid, on condition that such Lodgo
shall conform to the regulations of the Union within the time appoint-
ed ; and means shall be taken to ascertain the regularity, and estab-
lish the uniformity, of the Provincial Grand Lodges, Military Lodges,
and Lodges holding of the two present Grand Lodges in distant
parts ; and it shall be in the power of the Grand Lodge to take the
most effectual measures for the establishment of this unity of doc-
trine throughout the whole community of Masons, and to declare the
warrants to be forfeited, if the measures proposed shall be* resisted
or neglected.
XV. The property of the said two Fraternities, whether freehold,
leasehold, funded, real, or personal, shall remain sacredly appropriate
to the purposes for which it was created; it shall constitute one
grand fund, by which the blessed object of masonic benevolence may
be more extensively obtained. It shall either continue under the
trusts in which, whether freehold, leasehold, or funded, the separate
parts thereof now stand ; or it shall be in the power of the said United
Grand Lodge, at any time hereafter, to add other names to the said
trusts ; or, in case of the death of any one Trustee, to nominate and
appoint others for perpetuating the security of the same ; and, in no
event, and for no purpose, shall the said united property be diverted
from its original purpose. It being understood and declared, that at
any time after the Union, it shah 1 be in the power of the Grand
Lodge to incorporate the whole of the said property and funds in one
and the same set of Trustees, who shall give bond to hold the same
in the name and on the behalf of the United Fraternity. And it ih
further agreed, that the Freemasons 1 Hall be the place in which the
United Lodge shall be held, with such additions made thereto as
the increased numbers of, the Fraternity, thus to be united, may
require. .
VTTT mi C 3 x a! -V" _ A_ - 1* • 1 1 ,
OF MASONRY.
301
and solely devoted to charity ; and pains shall be taken to increase
the same.
XVII. A revision shall be made of the rules and regulations now
established and in force in the two Fraternities ; and a Code of Laws
for the holding of the Grand Lodge, and of private Lodges, and,
generally, for the whole conduct of the Craft, shall be forthwith pre-
pared, and a new book of Constitutions be composed and printed,
under the superintendence of the Grand Officers, and with the sanc-
tion of the Grand Lodge.
Done at the Palace of Kensington, this 25th day of November, in
the Year of our Lord 1813, and of Masonry 5813.
Edward, G. M.
Thomas Harper, D. G. M.
James Perry, P. D. G. M.
James Agar, P. D. Gr. M.
In Grand Lodge, this first day of December, a.d. 1813. Ratified
and Confirmed, and the Seal of the Grand Lodge affixed.
EDWARD, G. M.
r
Robert Leslie, G. S.
♦ Augustus Frederick, G. M.
Waller Rodwell Wright, P. G. M. Ionian Isles.
Arthur Teg art, P. G. W.
James Deans, P. G. W.
In Grand Lodge, this first day of December, a.d. 1813. Ratified
and Confirmed, and the Seal of the Grand Lodge affixed.
AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, G. M.
William H. White, G. S.
A meeting of the two Grand Lodges, in pursuance of Article V.,
was held pn the 1st of December, 1813, at the Crown and Anchor
Tavern, in the Strand. The articles of Union were laid before these
Lodges, and received with masonic acclamation ; the Articles were
unanimously ratified and confirmed. " The Lodge of Reconcilia-
tion" was then constituted; the Royal Grand Masters, respectively,
having nominated the following Brethren to form the same :
Old Institutions.
R. F. Mestayer, of the Lodge No. 1.
Thomas Harper, Jun, - - 1.
J. H. Goldsworthy . - 2.
W. Fox - - - 4.
J. Ronalds - - - - 16.
William Oliver - 77.
302
ILLUSTRATIONS
Michael Corcoran - 194.
R. Bayley - 240.
James M'Cann - 244.
And Brother Edwards Harper, Secretary thereof.
Constitution of England.
Rev. Samuel Hemming, D.D., of the Lodge No. 384, R. W. M.
William Meyrick, P. M. - - - - 1, S. W.
William Shadbolt, G. Stewards 1 Lodge - J. W.
Stephen Jones, P. M. - - - - 1.
Laurence Thomson 54.
Joseph Jones - 66.
Jacob Henry Sarratt - - - 118.
Thomas Bell 180.
J. Joyce 453.
And Brother William Henry White, Secretary thereof.
Their Royal Highnesses the Grand Masters then signed the Arti-
cles of Union, and each affixed the Great Seal thereto in Grand
Lodge ; and the same was countersigned by the Grand Secretary of
each of the two Grand Lodges respectively.
Grand Assembly of Freemasons, for t^e Union of the Two
Grand Lodges of England.
On St. John's Day, 27th December, 1813.
The important event of the Re-union of Ancient Freemasons of
England, after a long separation, took place, with great solemnity,
this day.
The following order of proceedings, which had been previously
settled, was strictly observed :
Freemasons' Hall having been fitted up agreeably to a plan and
drawing for the occasion, and the whole house tiled from the outer
porch ; the platform on the East was reserved for the Grand Masters.
Grand Officers, and Visitors.
The Masters, Wardens, and Past Masters of the several Lodges,
who had been previously re-obligated and certified by the Lodge of
Reconciliation, and provided with tickets, signed and counter-
signed by the two Secretaries thereof, were arranged on the two
sides in the following manner ; that is to say : The Masters were
placed in the front. The Wardens on benches behind. The Past
Masters on rising benches behind them. And the Lodges were
ranked so that the two Fraternities were completely intermixed.
The Masters. Wardens, and Past Masters, all dressed in black,
(regimentals excepted.) with their respective insignia, and in white
aprons and gloves, took their places by eleven o'clock in the forenoon.
The Grand Masters, Past Grand Masters, Deputy Grand Masters,
Grand Officers, and distinguished Visitors of the two Fraternities,
assembled in two adjoining rooms, in which they opened two Grand
• Lodges, each according to its peculiar solemnities, and the Grand
Procession moved towards the Hall of Assembly, in the following
order:
Grand Usher w?th his Staff. Grand Usher with his Staff.
The Duke of Kent'rt Band of Music, 15 in number, nil Masons, three and three.
OF MASONRY.
303
Two Grand Stewards. Two Grand Stewards.
A cornucopia, borne by a Master Mason A Cornucopia borne by a Master Mason
Two Grand Stewards. Two Grand Stewards.
Two Golden Ewers, by two Master Two Golden Ewers, by two Master
Masons. Musons.
The nine worthy and expert Masons, The nine worthy and expert Masons,
forming forming
The Lodge of Reconciliation, The Lodge of Reconciliation ,
In single file, rank opposite to rank, with In single file, rank opposite to rank, with
The Emblems of Masonry. The Emblems of Masonry.
The Grand Secretary bearing the Book The Grand Secretary, bearing the Book
of Constitutions, and Great Seal. of Constitutions, and Great Seal.
The Grand Treasurer, with the Golden The Grand Treasurer with tne Golden
Key. 1 Key.
The Corinthian Light. The Corinthian Light.
The Pillar of the Junior Grand Warden The Pillar of the J uuior Grand Warden
on a Pedestal. on a Pedestal.
The Junior Grand Warden, with his The Junior Grand Warden, with his
Gavel. Gavel.
The Deputy Grand Chaplain, with the
Holy Bible.
The Grand Chaplain. The Grand Chaplain with the Holy Bible
Past Grand Wardens. Past. Grand Wardens.
Provincial Grand Masters with their
Gavels.
The Doric Light. The Doric Light.
The Pillar of the Senior Grand Warden The Pillar of the Senior Grand Warden
on a Pedestal. on a Pedestal.
The Senior Grand Warden with his The Senior Grand Warden, with his
Gavel. Gavel.
Two Past Deputy Grand Masters.
The Deputy Grand Master. The Acting Deputy Grand Master.
His Excellency the Count de Lagardje, the Swedish Ambassador, Grand Master
of the first Lodge of the North, Visitor.
The Royal Banner.
The Ionic Light The Ionic Light.
The Grand Sword Bearer. The Grand Sword Bearer.
the the
GRAND MASTER OF ENGLAND, GRAND MASTER OF ENGLAND,
His R. H. the DUKE of KENT, His R. H. the DUKE of SUSSEX,
with the Act of Union, in duplicate. with the Act of Union, in duplicate.
Two Grand Stewards. Two Grand Stewards.
Grand Tyler. Grand Ityler.
On entering the Hall, the Procession advanced to the Throne, and
opened and faced each other, the music playing a march composed for
the occasion.
The two Grand Masters then proceeded up the centre, followed by
the Grand Master Visitor, the Deputy Grand Master, &c, all in the
order reversed ; those the most advanced returning in single file, to
turn, re-advance, and take their places. The musicians ranging them-
selves in the gallery over the Throne. The Brothers bearing the Cor-
nucopias, Vases. &c, placing themselves in the seats assigned them.
The two Grand Masters seated themselves, in tw,o equal chairs, on
each side of the Throne.
The Visiting Grand Master, and other Visitors of distinction, were
seated on each side.
The other Grand Officers and Visitors all according to degree.
The Director of the Ceremonies, Sir George Nayler, having pro-
claimed silence, the Rev. Dr. Barry, Grand Chaplain to the Fraternity
under the Duke of Kent, commenced the important business of the
Assembly with holy prayer, in a most solemn manner.
304
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Act of Union was then read by the Director of the Ceremonies
The Rev. Dr. Coghlan, Grand Chaplain to the Fraternity under the
Duke of Sussex, proclaimed aloud, after sound of trumpet — " Hear
ye : This is the Act of Union, engrossed, in confirmation of Articles
solemnly concluded between the two Grand Lodges of Free and
Accepted Masons of England, signed, sealed, and ratified, by the two
Grand Lodges respectively ; by which they are to be hereafter, and
for ever known and acknowledged by the style and title of Cbe
SlitlteU ©rtairti 3LoKfle of Stncfent jfmmasons of Snglanto. How
say you. Brothers, Representatives of the two Fraternities? Do you
accept of, ratify, and confirm the same? To which the Assembly
answered, " We do accept, ratify, and confirm the same." The
Grand Chaplain then said, "And may the Great Architect of the
Universe make the Union perpetual !" To which all the Assembly
replied, " So mote it be." The two Grand Masters and six Commis-
sioners signed the Instruments, and the two Grand Masters then
affixed the Great Seals of their respective Grand Lodges to the same.
The Rev. Dr. Barry, after sound of trumpet, then. proclaimed — ''Be
it known to all men, That the Act of Union between the two Grand
Lodges of Free and Accepted Masons of England is solemnly signed,
sealed, ratified, and confirmed, and* the two Fraternities are one, to be
from henceforth known and acknowledged by the style and title of
Stic SSnfteT) (Srranto HoUflt of 0ncftnt jfreemason* of- HnfllanO; and
may the Great Architect of the Universe make their Union perpetual !"
And the Assembly said, li Amen." Brother Wesley, who was at the
organ, performed a symphony.
The two Grand Masters, with their respective Deputies and Wardens,
then advanced to the Ark of the Masonic Covenant, prepared under
the direction of the W. Brother John Soane, R. A, Grand Superin-
tendent of the Works, for the Edifice of the Union, and in all time to
come to be placed before the Throne.
The Grand Masters standing in the East, with their Deputies on the
right and left; the Grand Wardens in the West and South; the
square, the plumb, the level, and the mallet, were successively deliv-
ered to the Deputy Grand Masters, and by them presented to the
two Grand Masters, who severally applied the square to that part of
the said Ark which is square, the plumb to the sides of the same,
and the level above it in three positions ; and, lastly, they gave it
three knocks with the mallet ; saying, 4i May the Great Architect of
the Universe enable us to uphold the Grand Edifice of Union, of which
this Ark of the Covenant is the symbol, which shall contain within it
the instruments of our brotherly love, and bear upon it the Holy
Bible, square, and compass, as the light of our faith, and the rule of
our works. May He dispose our hear tsto make it perpetual !" And
the brethren said, " So mote it be."
The two Grand Masters placed the said Act of .Union in the inte-
rior of the said Ark.
The cornucopia, the wine, and oil, were in like manner presented to
the Grand Masters, who, according to ancient rite, poured forth corn,
wine, and oil, on the said Ark, saying — l, As we pour. forth corn, wine,
and oil, on this Ark of the Masonic Covenant, may the bountiful
hand of "Heaven ever supply this United Kingdom with abundance of
corn, wine, and oil, with all the necessaries and comforts of life ; and
mav He dispose our hearts to be erateful for all his gifts !" And the
OP MASONRY.
305
Assembly said, "Amen." The Grand Officers then resuired their
places.
A letter was read from the R. W. Brother Lawrie, Grand Secretary
of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, transmitting Resolutions of that
Grand Lodge, in answer to the letter of the M. W. the Grand Masters
of the two Grand Lodges, announcing to them the happy event of the
Union, and requesting them to appoint a deputation, agreeably to
Art. IV. of the Act of Union. And it was ordered that these Resolu-
tions tie inserted on the minutes of this day.
A letter was also read from the W. Brother W. F. Graham, Deputy
Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, transmitting Reso-
lutions of that Grand Lodge, in answer to a similar communication
from their Royal Highnesses the two Grand Masters of the respective
Fraternities in England. It was ordered that these resolutions bo
entered on the minutes of this day.
In consequence of its having been found impracticable, from the
shortness of the notice, for the Sister Grand Lodges to send deputa-
tions to this Assembly, according to the urgent request of the two
Fraternities, conferences had been held with all the most distinguished
Grand Officers and enlightened Masons resident in and near London,
in order to establish perfect agreement upon all the essential points of
Masonry, according to the ancient traditions and general practice of
the Craft. The Members of the Lodge of Reconciliation, accompanied
by the Most Worshipful his Excellency Count de Lagardje, Grand
Master of the First Lodge of Freemasons in the North, the Most Wor-
shipful Dr. Van Hess, of the Grand Lodge of Hamburgh, and other
distinguished Masons, withdrew to an adjoining apartment, where,
being congregated and tiled, the result of all the previous conferences
was made known.
The Members of the Lodge of Reconciliation, and the distinguished
Visitors, on their return, proceeded slowly up the centre in double
file; and as they approached the two Grand Masters they opened, and
the Grand Visitors advanced ; when his Excellency the Grand Master
of the First" Lodge of the North audibly pronounced that the forms
settled *and agreed on by the Lodge of Reconciliation were pure and
correct. This being declared, the same was recognized as the forms
to be alpne observed and practised in the United Grand Lodge, and all
the Lodges dependant thereon, until time shall be no more.
The jfyols 3&tble t spread open, with the square and compasses there-
on,, was laid on the Ark of the Covenant, and the two Grand Chap-
lains approached the same. The recognized obligation was then pro-
nounced aloud by the Rev. Dr. Hemming, one of the Masters of the
Lodge of Reconciliation ; the whole Fraternity repeating the same,
with joined hands,- and declaring, " By this solemn obligation we vow
to abide, and the Regulations of Ancient Freemasonry now recognized
strictly to observe." -
The Assembly then proceeded to constitute one Grand Lodge ; in
order to which, the Grand Masters, Deputy Grand Masters, Grand
Wardens, and other acting Grand Officers of both Fraternities,
divested themselves of their insignia, and Past Grand Officers took
the chairs; viz., the R. W. Past Deputy Grand Master Perry in the
chair, as Deputy Grand Master ; the R. W. Robert Gill, as Senior
Grand Warden; and the R. W. James Deans, as Junior Grand
Warden.
306
ILLUSTRATIONS
His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent then, in an eloquent address,
Btated that the great view with which he had taken upon 'himself the
important office of Grand Master of the Ancient Fraternity, as de-
clared at the time, was to facilitate the important object of the Union
which had been that day so happily concluded. And now it was his
intention to propose his illustrious and dear relative to be the Grand
Master of the United Grand Lodge; for which high office he was in
every respect so eminently qualified. He therefore proposed his
Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex to be Grand Master of the United
Grand Lodge of Ancient Freemasons of England for the year ensuing.
This was seconded by the R. W. the Hon. Washington Shirley ; and
being put to the vote, was unanimously carried in the affirmative, with
masonic honours.
His Royal Highness was placed on the Throne by the Duke of
Kent and the Count Lagardje, and solemnly obligated. The Gr^nd
Installation was fixed for St. George's Day.
Proclamation was then made, that the most Worshipful Prince
Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Earl of Inverness, Baron Arklow,
Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, was elected
and enthroned Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Ancient
Freemasons of England. And his Royal Highness received the homage
of the Fraternity.
1L R. H. the Grand Master then nominated the Grand Officers for
the year ensuing; and, as it will be interesting to all our masonic readers
to know who were the first officers under the Union, we shall here
insert their names :
Brother the Rev. Samuel Hemming, D.D., Senior Grand Warden.
Isaac Lindo, Esq Junior Grand Warden.
John Dent, Esq Grand Treasurer,
William Meyrick, Esq. . . . Grand Registrar.
William Henry White . . . > g ecretarieg .
Edwards Harper ^
S£K<^ D D?D. : : Chaplains.
Rev. Henry Isaac Knapp . . Deputy Grand Chaplain.
T l ci 17 $ Grand Superintendent
John Soane, Esq } of the
„. at i S Grand Director of the
Sir George Isayler } Ceremonies.
Captain Jonathan Parker . . . Grand Sword Bearer.
j Samuel Wesley, Esq Grand Organist.
Benjamin Aldhouse Grand Usher.
William V. Salmon Grand Tyler.
It was then solemnly proclaimed, that the two Grand Lodges were
incorporated and consolidated into one, and the Grand Master de-
clared it to be open in due form according to ancient usage.
The Grand Lodge was then called to refreshment; and the cup of
Brotherly Love was delivered by the Junior Grand Warden to the
Past Deputy Grand Master, who presented the same to the Grand
Master; he drank to the Brethren — "Petfce, good will, and brotherly
love, all over the world — and he passed it. During its going round
the vocal band performed a song and glee.
OP MASONRY.
307
The Grand Lodge was re-called to labour ; when, as the first act of
the United Fraternity, his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent! after
an elegant introduction, moved — "That an humble Address be pre-
sented to his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, respectfully to ac-
quaint him with the happy event of the Re-union of the two Grand
Lodges of Ancient Freemasons of England — an event which cannot
fail to afford lively satisfaction to their illustrious Patron, who
presided for so many years over one of the Fraternities, and under
whose auspices Freemasonry has risen to its present flourishing con-
dition. That the unchangeable principles of the Institution are well
known to his Royal Highness, and the great benefits and end of this
Re-union are to promote the influence and operation of these princi-
ples, by more extensively inculcating loyalty and affection to their
Sovereign — obedience to the laws and magistrates of their country —
and the practice of all the religious and moral duties of life — objects
which must ever be dear to his Royal Highness in the Government of
his Majesty's United Kingdom. That they humbly hope and pray
for the continuance of the sanction of his Royal Highness's fraternal
patronage ; and that they beg leave to express their fervent gratitude
for the many blessings which, in common with all their fellow-sub-
jects, they derive from his benignant sway. That the Great Archi-
tect of the Universe may long secure these blessings to them and to
their country, by the preservation of his Royal Highness, their illus-
trious Patron !" This motion was seconded by the Honourable
Washington Shirley, and passed unanimously, and with masonic
honours.
This was followed by a motion, — " That the grateful thanks of this
United Lodge be given to the Most Worshipful their Royal High-
nesses the Duke of Kent and Duke of Sussex, for the gracious con-
descension with which they yielded to the prayer of the united Fra-
ternities to take upon themselves the personal conduct of the negotia-
tion for a Re-union, which is this day, through their zeal, concilia-
tion, and fraternal example, so happily completed. To state to them -*
that the removal of all the slight differences which have so long kept
the brotherhood asunder, will be the means of establishing in the
Metropolis of the British Empire one splendid edifice of Ancient
Freemasonry, to which the whole masonic World may confidently
look for the maintenance and preservation of the pure principles of
the Craft, as handed down to them from time immemorial under the
protection of the illustrious branches of the Royal House of Bruns-
wick ; and may their Royal Highnesses have the heartfelt satisfaction
of long beholding the beneficent effects of their work, in the extension
and practice of the virtues of loyalty, morality, brotherly love, and
benevolence, which it has been ever the great object of Masonry to
inculcate, and of its laws to enforce." This was also unanimously
approved ; and was followed by a motion of thanks to the six Com-
missioners appointed by the two Fraternities to assist the illustrious
Princes in the said negotiation — for the zeal, conciliation, and ability,
with which they discharged their important trust therein.
The following Resolutions were also severally put, and carried in
the affirmative unanimously.
That Books be opened by the Grand Secretaries for the regular
entry and record of the proceedings of this United Grand Lodge ;
308
ILLUSTRATIONS
and that there be inserted therein, in the first instance, an account of
all the Resolutions and Proceedings of both Grand Lodges with re-
spect to the negotiation for the Union, and of the conferences of the
Commissioners thereon; together with a copy of the Articles of
Union, and the confirmation thereof ; also copies of the letters written
by their Royal Highnesses the two Grand Masters, and Grand Secre-
taries, addressed to the Most Worshipful the Grand Masters and
Grand Secretaries of Scotland and Ireland, announcing the same,
together with the Resolutions of the Grand Lodges in reply.
That the proceedings of this day be communicated to the Grand
Lodges of Scotland and Ireland, and to express to them that this
United Grand Lodge feels, with the most sensible satisfaction, the
fraternal interest which they take in the important event of this day.
To assure them that it is the anxious desire of this Grand Lodge to
maintain the most constant, cordial, and intimate communion with the
sister Grand Lodges of the United Kingdom ; to which end they are
persuaded that nothing is so essential as the preservation of one pure
and unsullied system, founded on the simple and ancient traditions of
the Craft,
Several other Resolutions were also passed relative to the internal
management of the Fraternity ; after which the United Grand Lodge
was closed in ample form, and with solemn prayer.
OF MASONRY.
309
Plan of Freemasons' Hall, on the occasion of the Grand
Assembly of Masons, for the Union of the Two Grand
Lodges of England, Dec. 27, 1813.
Vocal Band.
Vocal Band.
Past Gr. Officers.
Past Gr. Officers.
Past Gr. Officers.
Past Gr. Officers.
Grand Officers.
6
§ § §
c § § § §
OTronc.
Post Gr. Officers.
CD
a
Past Gr. Officers.
3 &\
* crl
Grand Officers.
Gr. Officers and
Illustrious Visitors.
Gr. Officers and
Illustrious Visitors.
* S -
W
o
si
■suepJ^M
puxjjf)
J0lU9g
3
310
ILLUSTRATIONS
SECT. XVII.
History of Masonry from 1813 to 1820.
Masonry is, in itself, of so retiring and unobtrusive a
nature, that, except in the case of processions, &c, it
rarely comes in contact with the public. We have,
however, to record, that in January, 181 5, it came under
the cognizance of the law, in an action tried in tiie Palace
Court, Westminster, wherein Thomas Smith was plaintiff,
and William Finch defendant.
The plaintiff was a copper-plate printer ; and the
action was brought to recover 4/. 2s., being the amount
of work done for the defendant A plea was set up by
Finch, stating, that the plaintiff was indebted to him
161. 19s. 6d. for making him a Mason, and giving him
instructions in the various degrees in his Independent
Lodge, at his own house near Westminster-bridge. It
was proved by the evidence of the Rev. Dr. Hemming,
Past Senior Grand Warden, as well as of Mr. White and
Mr. Harper, Joint Secretaries to the Grand Lodge, that
the defendant was not authorized to make Masons ; on
the contrary, that his whole system was an imposition
on the parties who were so deceived by him ; and that
no man had a right to make Masons for private emolu-
ment. The trial occupied a considerable portion of time ;
and, after an excellent charge from the judge, stating, that
from the whole evidence it appeared that Finch's conduct
was altogether unjustifiable; that he could neither make
Masons nor procure them admission to any Lodge, and
that he was totally disavowed by the Fraternity, the jury,
without hesitation, gave a verdict against Finch, to the
full amount of the printer's demand.
In the year 1816, Freemasonry was revived in Russia,
under the protection of his Imperial Majesty the Emperor;
and the Grand Lodge of Astrea, at St.* Petersburgh, for-
warded a communication to the Grand Lodge of England,
invitingthat august body to hold a regular correspondence
with it ; and also a reciprocal admission of Brethren of
the two countries who should bear proper certificates or
diplomas. The letter was ordered to be recorded in the
proceedings of the Grand Lodge, and his Royal Highness
OF MASONRY.
311
• the M. W. Grand Master was solicited to reply to the
communication, and to express the great satisfaction the
Grand Lodge felt at the revival*of Freemasonry in Eussia,
and the cheerfulness with which it embraced the proposals
of the Grand Lodge of Astrea.
On the 24th of September, 1819, a Grand Masonic
Festival took place at Bath ; being the Dedication of the
Bath Masonic Hall, with all the splendid ceremonials
which characterize the public processions of our ancient
and honourable Fraternity.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, Grand Master
of the Order, having graciously signified his intention of
honouring the ceremony with his august presence, the
meeting assumed the higher title of an Assembly of the
Supreme Grand Lodge of England, instead of that of
a Provincial Grand Lodge*
The procession moved from the Guildhall, to the number
of between 800 and 900 Brethren, decorated with their
different orders, emblems, ensigns, and ornaments, many
of them of the most elegant and costly description. The
Royal Grand Master joined the procession at York House,
and walked uncovered to the Masonic Hall, returning
most graciously the salutations of the immense throngs,
consisting of nearly the whole population of the city and
surrounding country ; who, delighted with the interesting
appearance of the sacred Craft, gave way for them to pass
unobstructed, and otherwise conducted themselves in the
most orderly and admirable manner. In the procession,
the appearance of a venerable Brother, with four of his
sons, formed a principal feature in one of the Lodges,
and was pointed out as a truly interesting sight.
The Ceremony was honoured with the presence of
His Royal Highness AUGUSTUS FREDERICK
DUKE OF SUSSEX,
K.G. and M.W.G.M. of England.
His Grace the Duke of Leinster, K.P. and M.W.G.M. of
Ireland.
The Hon. Washington Shirley, R.W.P.G.M. for
Warwickshire.
Sir Charles Warwick Bampfylde, Bart, R.W.P.G.M. for
Devonshire.
Sir Wm. C. de Crespigny, Bart., M.P. and R.W.P.G.M. for
Hampshire.
312
ILLUSTRATIONS
William Williams, Esq., M.P. and R.W.P.G.M. for
Dorsetshire.
W. H. Goldwyer, Esq., R.W.P.G.M. for Bristol.
And many of the M.W. Officers of the Grand Lodge of England,
with the Officers of the several Provincial Grand Lodges of
Gloucestershire, Devonshire, Bristol, Somerset, Dorset,
Hants, and Warwickshire.
The following were the Lodges that attended : —
Grand Lodge of England.
Somerset Provincial Grand Lodge.
Devon ditto
Gloucester ditto
Bristol ditto
Dorset ditto
Hants ditto
Warwick ditto
Bath Royal Cumberland Lodge.
Royal York Lodge of Perfect Friendship.
Lodge of Virtue.
Royal Sussex Lodge.
Bristol Moira.
Beaufort.
Jerusalem.
Royal Lodge of York Union. *
Royal Sussex Lodge of Hospitality.
Mariners.
Also tiie respective Lodges of
Newbury. Bridgewater.
Poole. Cirencester.
Weymouth. Salisbury.
Shaftesbury. Bradford.
Blandford. Hindon.
Shepton." Swindon.
The Officers and Brethren of the several Lodges assem-
bled in the Great Banqueting Koom of the Guildhall, at
an early hour in the morning, and, at eleven o'clock, the
Grand Lodge was opened in ample form. The procession
moved up High-Street, through Broad-Street, York-
Buildings, Milsom-Street, Burton-Street, Union-Street,
Stall-Street, and York -Street, to the Hall, in the following
order :
The Grand Tyler/
A BAND OF MUSIC*
Brethren, not members of any Lodge, two and two.
The above enumerated Lodges, according to their numbers, the
Juniors walking first.
A BAND OF MUSIC.
OF MASONRY.
•
313
Members of the Provincial Grand Lodge of the County of Somerset,
viz.
Provincial Grand Tyler.
Provincial Grand Organist.
Provincial Grand S word-Bearer.
Provincial Grand Superintendent of Works.
Provincial Grand Director of Ceremonies.
Provincial Grand Deacons.
Provincial Grand Secretary.
Provincial Grand Registrar, bearing the Seal of the
Provincial Grand Lodge.
Provincial Grand Treasurer.
Provincial Grand Chaplain.
Provincial Junior Grand Warden.
Provincial Senior Grand Warden.
A BAND OF MUSIC.
A Steward. \ Baimer of th J %^£™ nd L ° dgG \ A Steward.
Officers of the Grand Lodge of England.
The Grand Usher with his staff.
Two Grand Stewards.
Grand Organist.
Grand Superintendent of Works.
Grand Director of Ceremonies.
Grand Deacons.
The Grand Secretary bearing the Book of Constitutions.
The Grand Registrar, bearing the Great Seal.
The Grand Treasurer.
The Grand Chaplain.
Provincial Grand Masters, each preceded by his Banner.
Deputy Provincial 1 14 Grand Master for Somerset.
The pillar of the Junior Grand Warden.
The Junior Grand Warden.
The pillar of the Senior Grand Warden. 116
The Senior Grand Warden.
The Right Worshipful the Deputy Grand Master.
( Visitor. His Grace the Duke of )
A Steward. < LEINSTER, Grand Master of A Steward,
f Ireland, preceded by his Banner. )
A Steward. ) ™e g£ | A Steward.
Grand Sword-Bearer.
[ 1H Vice the P. G. M., absent, through indisposition.]
116 In consequence of an irregularity on the part of one of the
Lodges attending this meeting, it may be useful for the masonic world
to know, that the M. W. Grand Master has given directions, that in
all future processions, whether of the United Grand Lodge, or of a
Provincial one, the Wardens of the subordinate Lodges cannot be
permitted to carry their columns.
15
ILLUSTRATIONS
C The Most Worshipful Grand )
Two Stewards. < Master, his Royal Highness > Two Stewards.
( The DUKE OF SUSSEX. >
Two Grand Stewards.
Two Steward, \ ^ ^ ^ \ Two Stewards.
Grand Stewards.
Grand Tyler.
When the head of the procession arrived at the Hall,
the Brethren divided to the right and left, for the Most
Worshipful Grand Master, his Officers, the Provincial
Grand Masters, &c, to pass up the centre, preceded by
their banners. None but Masters, Past Masters, Wardens,
and the several Provincial Grand Lodges, were present at
the Dedication, which ceremony was performed by the
Royal Grand Master with most impressive effect ; in the
course of which were introduced occasional strains of
instrumental music, and the duet of " Here shall Soft
Charity" by Brothers Harrington and Rolle. The
members then returned in due order to the Guildhall,
where they met their other Brethren, and immediately
afterwards the Royal Grand Master entered the large
room, where the Lodge had been opened.
His Royal Highness then addressed the Brethren in an
oration replete with the most affectionate sentiments,
and, in the true spirit of Masonry, identifying himself
with those by whom he was surrounded. He expressed
the very great satisfaction he enjoyed at the kind manner
in which he had been received, and said he had journeyed
from town actuated by the same fraternal feelings. His
Royal Highness proceeded to enlarge upon several points
connected with the Sacred Order, which it would be
improper to publish. He felt the highest gratification in
observing that the spirit and principles of Masonry were
daily extending themselves.. It w 7 as an Institution, the
rules of which, if duly followed, could not fail to make
its Brethren valuable members of society. Some years
ago, when all other secret societies were looked upon
by the legislature of the country with a jealous eye,
the government had expressed itself satisfied of the
honest intentions of the members of this Institution : a
protection and approbation for which the Craft were in
a great measure indebted to the exertions of their patron,
OF MASONRY.
315
his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, and their most
Noble Brother the Marquis of Hastings, now Governor-
General of India. His Royal Highness concluded his
address amidst the most enthusiastic marks of approbation
from the assembled Brethren ; indeed, the fraternal spirit
which breathed throughout the whole of his Royal
Highness's speech excited feelings in the auditors which
it would be impossible for us adequately to describe.
The officers of the several Provincial Grand Lodges
were then individually presented to his Royal Highness,
and were delighted with the condescending and fraternal
manner in which they were received ; after which the
Lodge was closed in due form, and the Brethren
adjourned.
About six o'clock the Brethren, amounting to between
four and five hundred in number, sat down to a most
elegant dinner, at the Kingston Rooms. Plis Royal
Highness the Duke of Sussex presided, supported on his
left by his Grace the Duke of Leinster, the table at which
he sat being elevated aoove the others. The several
Provincial Grand Officers had the privilege of being
admitted to the table of the M. W. G. Master. At inter-
vals, during dinner, his Royal Highness, in the most
condescending manner, invited the Brothers at each table
separately, to take a cup of good fellowship with him.
On the removal of the cloth, his Royal Highness gave a
variety of masonic and other toasts, introducing each in
the happiest way ; the first being : — " The King, God bless
him;" after which the national anthem, God save the
King, was sung, the whole of the company standing and
joining in chorus with heart and voice. Between each
toast the party were much delighted with some most
beautiful glees sung by the professional Brethren present
with infinite taste and science.
About ten o'clock the Duke of Sussex took his leave
of the company, amid peals of applause, the heart of
each Brother present overflowing with zeal, gratitude,
and affection, elicited by the remarkable amenity of his
manners and the attention he had shown to every Mason
present. The Duke of Leinster then took the chair for
a short time, when the health of his Royal Highness was
ugain drunk with the utmost enthusiasm.
The fraternal band did not break up till a late hour.
316
ILLUSTRATIONS
The next day (his Royal Highness having first received
the Sheriffs of Bristol, deputed, we believe, to invite his
Royal Highness to that city) the Royal Duke arrived at
the Guildhall, where he was received by the Mayor, and
the greater part of the Body Corporate, in their *civic
robes. Being ushered into the Banqueting Room, G. H.
Tugwell, Esq., (the Mayor) addressed the Royal Visitor
in nearly the following words : —
44 I have the honour to present to your Royal Highness the Free-
dom op the Ancijsnt and Loyal City OF Bath, which has been
unanimously voted to your Royal Highness, by the Mayor, Aldermen,
and Common Council, in Common Hall assembled; and which we
humbly beg your Royal Highness will be graciously pleased to accept,
as a proof of our most profound respect for your Royal person, and
of our firm attachment to your illustrious house."
The Freedom was delivered to his Royal Highness in
a gold box, of exquisite workmanship, on the inside of
which the Bath Arms were admirably engraved — the
outside was beautifully chased in coloured gold ; the
border displaying the rose, thistle, and shamrock.
His Royal Highness then addressed the Corporation in
a manner at once eloquent, affable, and dignified ; the
substance of which is embodied in the following brief
sketch : —
"Mr. MAYOR, ALDERMEN, and GENTLEMEN of the
COMMON COUNCIL:—
44 Believe me, that I truly appreciate the honour you confer on me
in thus enrolling my name among the Freemen of this ancient and
loyal city. I feel it peculiarly so, as the names of several of my
family appear on the same list ; and as I have always heard of the
distinguished attention paid in this City to Members of the Royal
Family who have occasionally visited it. I regard this mark of esteem
as an additional link in that chain of affection which I am proud tc
see exists between his Majesty's subjects and our afflicted Monarch;
as every tribute of regard to any individual Branch of the Royal
Family must be considered as a loyal testimony of veneration to the
best of men, now labouring under afflictions which we all poignantly
deplore. I have lately visited several parts of this kingdom, and am
highly gratified in observing increasing attachment to the existing
fovernraent. It will be recollected that our gracious Monarch, in his
rst speech after he ascended the throne, said : — 4 Born and educated
in this country, I glory in the name of Briton — and with the like
proud feelings, I boast of belonging to a people so firmly devoted to
the enviable Constitution of this United Kingdom."
The Mayor then presented the Members of the Corpo-
ration individually to his Royal Highness; to each of
OF MASONRY*
317
whom he spoke with the utmost politeness, attention,
and affability.
His Royal Highness accepted the invitation of the
Corporation to dinner at the Hall on the following day.
The next masonic ceremony, of any particular distinc-
tion, took place in Scotland. It was the laying of the
foundation-stone of a monument to the memory of Burns,
the Ayrshire poet, at Alloway Kirk, in Ayrshire, on the
25th of January, 1820 ; being the anniversary of his natal
day.
The several neighbouring Lodges assembled, agreeably
to intimation, on the Race-ground, about 11 o'clock, in
separate detachments, bearing their various insignia, and
accompanied with bands of music. After having been
arranged in due order, viz. : —
Mother Kilwinning 116 - No.—
Maybole 10
Kilmarnock St. John's ----- 24
Newmills - - - • 46
Glasgow Patrick Kilwinning - 64
Monkton Navigation ------ 41
Ayr Kilwinning ------ 123
Newton Ayr St. James's 124
Kilmarnock St. Andrew's ----- 125
Stewarton Thistle ------ 126
Tarbolton St. David's 131
Tarbolton St. James's 133
Irvine St. Andrew's ------ 147
Ayr Royal Arch 163
Stevenston Thistle and'Rose - - - - 167
Maybole Royal Arch ----- 197
Muirkirk St. Thomas's - - - - 200
Riccarton St. Clement's ----- 201
Ayr and Renfrew St. Paul's - - - - 203
Ayr Newton St. Andrew's 209
Fenwick Moira - - - - - 221
Old Cumnock St. Barnabas' - - - - 230
Mauchline St. Mungo's 240
Kilmarnock St. James's 270
116 A communication from my friend James Dobie, Esq., of Bcith,
in Scotland 1 contains the following remarks on the origin and progress
of Freemasonry in that part of the island. " It is generally admitted
that Masonry was first established at Kilwinning, where a stately
monastery was founded A. d. 1140. I find in the notes to a poem
published at Paris in 1820, entitled, 'La Maconnerie,' that * Jacques,
318
ILLUSTRAl IONS
they walked in procession to the site of the Monument;
and there, having formed themselves into an extensive
circle, the most Worshipful Depute Grand Master, Alex-
ander Boswell, of Auchinleck, Esq., proceeded to lay the
foundation-stone, and also deposited a plate, bearing the
following inscription : —
BY THE FAVOR OP ALMIGHTY GOD,
On the Twenty-fifth day of January, A.D. M.DCCCXX.
Of the Mm of Masonry 5820,
And in the Sixtieth Year of the Reign of our beloved
Sovereign George the Third,
His Royal Highness George Prince of Wales being
Regent of the United Kingdom,
And a munificent Subscriber to the Edifice,
The Foundation Stone of this Monument,
Erected by public Subscription in honour of the Genius of
ROBERT BURNS.
THE AYRSHIRE POET,
was laid
By Alexander Boswell, Esq., of Auchinleck, M.P.'
Worshipful Depute Grand Master of the Most Ancient
Mother Lodge Kilwinning,
(Attended by all the Mason Lodges in Ayrshire)
According to the ancient usages of Masonry,
Thomas Hamilton, junior. Edinburgh, Architect,
John Connel, junior, Builder and Contractor.
Lord Stewart, recut dans sa loge a Kilwin en Ecosse, en 1286, les
comtes de Glocester et Ulster, Tun Anglois, Pautre Irlandois.' This
was the year in which Alexander III. died ; and, if the authority be
correct, it shows that the Stewart family were distinguished in Scot-
land before they came to the Crown. James I. patronized Kilwin-
ning Lodge, and presided as Grand Master until he got one chosen
by the brethren, and approved of by him. To this officer an annual
salary was paid by all the Lodges in the kingdom, and he had depu-
ties in the different counties. In the reign of James II. the office
was made hereditary in the noble family of St. Clair of Rosslyn, where
it continued until 1736, when William St. Clair of Rosslyn, Esq.,
resigned in favour of the Brethren, and with the view of instituting
the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The Mother Lodge of Kilwinning,
long after the institution of the Grand Lodge, continued to act inde-
pendently, and to grant charters to other Lodges as formerly. This
gave rise to disputes, which it was desirable for the credit of the
Fraternity to avoid ; aiid at length, in 1807, Mother Kilwinning agreed
to hold of the Grand Lodge, thereby renouncing all right to grant
. charters in future. Kilwinning was placed at the head of the Roll of
the Grand Lodge under the denomination of * Mother Kilwinning,*
and its Master for the time being was declared the Provincial Grand
Master over the Ayrshire district. Other minor regulations were
adopted, and these put an end to all disputes about masonic prece-
dency.' ' — Editor.
OF MASONRY.
319
After which, the most Worshipful Depute Grand Mas-
ter exhibited the corn and the wine, &c, in true masonic
style, and delivered the following address : —
Brethren : — May corn, wine, and oil abound ; may all that is
useful and ornamental be cultivated amongst us ; and may all that
can invigorate the body or elevate the soul shed their blest influence
on our native land.
We have at length assembled to pay a grateful, although a tardy,
tribute to the genius of Robert Burns, our Ayrshire Poet, and the
Bard of Coila. There surely lives not the man so dull, so flinty, or
phlegmatic, who could witness this event without emotion. But to
those whose heart- strings have thrilled responsive to the chords of
the Poet's lyre — whose bosoms have swelled, like his, with love and
friendship, with tenderness and sympathy, have glowed with patriot-
ism, or panted for glory — this* hour must be an hour of exultation.
Whether we consider the time, the place, or the circumstances, there
is enough to interest in each ; but these combined, and at once in
operation on our feelings and our fancies — his muse, alas ! is mute,
who could alone have dared to paint the proud breathings of such an
assembly at such a moment.
When we consider the time, we cannot forget that this day is the
anniversary of that which gave our Poet to the light of Heaven.
Bleak is the prospect around us ; the wood, the hawthorn, and " the
birken-shaw," are leafless ; not a thrush has yet essayed to clear the
furrowed brow of winter ; but this we know shall pass away, give place,
and be succeeded by the buds of spring and the blossoms of summer.
Chill and cheerless was ^nr Poet's natal day ; but soon the wild flow-
ers of poesy sprung as it were beneath his boyish tread ; they opened
as he advanced, expanded as he matured, until he revelled in all the
richness of luxuriance. Poverty and disappointment hung frowning
around him, and haunted his path ; but, soothed and charmed by the
fitful visits of his native muse, and crowned, as in a vision, with the
holy wreath, he wantoned in a fairy land, the bright creation of his
own vivid and enwrapt imagination. His musings have been our
delight. Men of the loftiest talents, and of taste the most refined,
have praised them ; — men of strong and sterling, but untutored
intellect, have admired them : — the poet of the heart is the poet of
mankind.
When we consider the place, let us remember that these very scenes
which we now look upon awakened in his youthful breast that anima-
ting spark which burst upon the world in a blaze of inspiration. In
yonder cottage he first drew breath : in that depository of the lowly
dead sleeps the once humble, now immortal, model of the cottage
life — there rests his pious father — and there it was his fond and
anxious wish that his dust should have been mingled with the beloved
and kindred ashes. Below us flows the Doon, the classic Doon, but
made classic by his harmony ; there, gliding through the woods, and
laving his banks and braes, he rolls his clear and " far-fetch'd waters "
to the ocean. Before us stand the ruins of Kirk Alloway, shrouded
in all the mystic imagery with which it is enveloped by his magic
spells — Kirk Alloway ! to name it is enough.
If then, the time and place are so congenial with our fond impres-
320
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sions. the circumstances which have enabled us to carry into effect
this commemoration of our Bard, must give delight to every enthusi-
astic mind. In every region where our language k heard, the song
of Burns gives rapture — and from every region, and from climes the
most remote, the votive offerings, if poured in to aid our undertaking,
and the edifice which we have now begun, shall stand a proud and
lasting testimony of the world's admiration. Not on the banks of
Doon alone, or hermit Ayr, or the romantic Lugar, echo repeats the
songs of Burns ; but amid the wild forests of Columbia, and scorch-
ing plains of Indostan — on the banks of the Mississippi, the St. Law-
rence, and the Ganges, his heart-touching melody floats upon the
breeze.
This monument rises like the piled cairn over our warriors of old —
each man casts a stone ; and in honour of him, the son of a cotter,
and himself a ploughman, our Prince, with the true feelings of true
greatness, and more illustrious by this act of generosity, pays here
his tribute at the shrine of genius. May the work prosper ; and when
happily completed, then may it tell to future generations that the ago
which could produce a Burns, was rich also in those who could appre-
ciate his talents, and who, while they felt and owned the power of his
muse, have honoured his name.
This speech, which was delivered with much energy
and feeling, was received with enthusiastic applause.
The Rev. H. Paul, of Broughton, then concluded the
ceremony with a suitable Prayer; when the whole
masonic body, joined by an immense crowd of spectators,
gave three hearty cheers, and the procession returned in
order to the town of Ayr.
After lodging the Most Worshipful Grand Master in
due form, the several Lodges proceeded to their respect-
ive Lodge Rooms, where they spent the evening in the
greatest harmony. The decorations of some of the
Lodges were very splendid; and the bands of music
which accompanied them had a very imposing effect,
and, notwithstanding the unfavourableness of the day,
brought forth an immense crowd of spectators.
About seven o'clock, deputations arrived at the Grand
Lodge ; when many patriotic toasts were given, together
with many songs and speeches, highly appropriate to the
occasion.
Mr. Boswell, in drinking as a toast, " The Admirers of
Burns," took occasion to notice some particulars relative
to the subscriptions which had been obtained for the
monument; and, among those . gentlemen who had par
ticularly interested themselves in the business, he men-
f i nnorl in form «s Ysi nrVi voar\£»/»+ Totn ft Vi o vrr Porf
OF MASONRY.
321
and William Fairlie, Esq., of London. He said, that
through the exertions of these gentlemen large sums had
been remitted, in furtherance of the undertaking, from
the East Indies, from America, and from the Metropolis,
where a higher enthusiasm in favour of Burns and his
writings seemed to prevail than in his native country.
This, however, was not to be wondered at ; because the
glowing descriptions which he gives of scenes and feel-
ings so congenial to Scotchmen, must have an effect
proportionate to the distance to which they are removed
from their native land.
SECT. XVIII.
History of Masonry from 1820 to 1823.
A new era of Masonry now opens to our view. By
the accession of his Most Gracious Majesty King George
IV. to the throne of his ancestors, we are furnished with
a decisive weapon to counteract the foul imputations of
Barruel, Robison, and others, that our Society is the cra-
dle where insubordination and treason are nurtured and
brought to maturity. Nor did the Grand Lodge omit
this opportunity of declaring their attachment to the
person, and adherence to the laws and institutions, of
their revered monarch. At a quarterly Communication,
holden the 8th of March, 1820, the Grand Master, in the
chair, called the attention of the Grand Lodge to the
heavy and melancholy loss which the nation had sustained
by the death of the late venerable sovereign King George
III., and also of his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent,
and submitted, that, before any other business was trans-
acted, it would be proper to move addresses of condolence
to be presented to his present Majesty on these melan-
choly events ; which was unanimously agreed to, and the
following addresses were presented in the name and on
the behalf of the Fraternity, by his Royal Highness the
Duke of Sussex, G.M., on the 10th of May: —
ADDRESS TO HIS MAJESTY KING GEORGE JV., ON
HIS ACCESSION.
To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
Most Gracious Sovereign :
We, your Majesty's most dutiful and faithful subjects, the Grand
Master, Deputy Grand Master, Officers, and Brethren of the United
$22
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Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of England, with all
humility and respect, approach your royal presence.
We request, Sire, your gracious permission to condole with your
Majesty on the death of our late most excellent Sovereign, your
revered and venerable father.
We beg leave also, at the same time, to offer our most cordial con-
gratulations on your Majesty's accession to the Throne of this United
Kingdom.
While the signal events which have characterized, and the splen-
did triumphs which have accompanied, a reign of unexampled
length, extended by the wisdom and energies of your Majesty when
holding the reins of Government, during a Regency of many years,
will be commemorated by the pen of the historian, it is our more
pleasing duty to contemplate and dwell on the peaceful virtues and
the moral qualities which adorned his late Majestyr, and endeared
him to his people.
As Masons, interested in the progress of useful knowledge, and the
dissemination of intellectual truth, we beheld with delight the encour-
agement which his late Majesty afforded to science, the patronage
which he bestowed on the liberal arts, and the facility he gave to the
diffusion of learning, by supporting the causfe of early and general
education.
To your Majesty we do not look in vain for the exercise of similar
virtues, for the continuance of such blessings to the whole community.
In the native benevolence of your Majesty's mind we place our fullest
confidence, whilst we indulge the fondest hopes.
The sceptre of this kingdom is now wielded by the hand of a
Freemason : the honour, Sire, which is thus conferred on the Craft,
must be duly felt and appreciated by every individual brother. For-
tunately for the best interests of Masonry t the supreme authority
over our Order was vested in your Majesty at an early period ; and,
from a thorough knowledge of the principles of our fraternity, your
Majesty was graciously pleased, in presenting the dutiful Address of
our community to your Royal Father in the year 1793, to declare
that '* the Freemasons of England yielded to no subjects of the realm,
in the love of their country, and in loyal attachment to the sacred
person of the Sovereign of these Realms."
These sentiments are now further confirmed by the exertion of
your Royal influence in procuring for the brethren that facility and
tranquillity of assembling, of which they otherwise would have been
deprived by Acts of Parliament, prohibiting, in general, all secret
meetings.
In the confidence of entertaining the same sentiments of duty and
affection for your Majesty's sacred person, we humbly entreat your
Majesty will continue to us your fostering care and protection as
Patron of our community; which title, Sire, you were graciously
pleased to accept from the fraternity at large, whilst presiding as
Regent over the destinies of this country.
It remains for us now to invoke, with fervent prayer, the Great
Architect and Ruler of the Universe, that the blessings of Heaven
may descend upon your Royal person ; that your Majesty's gracious
intentions to promote the welfare of your subjects, and to support
the honour of your Crown, may be brought to a successful issue;
and that your Majesty's throne may be i>ermanentlv fixed unou the
OF MASONRY.
323
same sure and solid foundation upon which it now stands — the united
affections of a free and loyal people.
Given in Grand Lodge, at Freemasons' Hall, this 8th day of March,
William H. White, \ r „
Edw. Harper, $ br * 15 -
His Majesty was most graciously pleased to receive
this and the following address with the utmost compla-
cency, and to confirm to the Society the continuance of
his royal patronage, which must for ever silence the
voice of calumny, and satisfy the world that the opinions
of those who would impute treasonable designs to our
Institution-, are nothing but the crude offspring of jealous
doubt and dark conjecture. The royal arms, and title of
his Majesty, as Patron, were then engraven at the head
of the Grand Lodge certificate, as a public testimony of
the exalted sanction under which Masonry had now the
honour of being placed.
ADDEESS TO HIS MAJESTY ON THE DEATH OF HIS
ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF KENT.
To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
Most Gracious Sovereign,
We, the Grand Master, Deputy Grand Master, Officers, and
Brethren of the United Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons
of England in Grand Lodge assembled, most sensibly participating
in every subject of grief to your Majesty and your august family,
thus most dutifully crave leave to offer our heartfelt condolence on
the demise of your Majesty's illustrious brother, his Royal Highness
the Duke of Kent, a Past Grand Master of our ancient and venerablo
Order.
Our devoted attachment to your Majesty's august person did not
permit us tQ blend our sorrows, on this melancholy event, with the
declaration of our affliction occasioned by the death of our late Sove-
reign of blessed memory ; but, although ceremonial forms may have
separated these expressions, our augmented feelings of grief on this
twofold calamity were united.
In all humility, therefore, we fervently pray the Great Architect
of the Universe to take your Majesty, and every member of the
Illustrious House of Brunswick, under his most especial favour and
protection ; that he will deign to bless them with uninterrupted
health and long life, to their own felicity and comfort, and to the
never-ceasing prosperity of this United Kingdom.
Given in Grand Lodge, at Freemasons' Hall, this 8th day of
1820.
Augustus Frederick, G.M.
Dundas, D.G.M.
March, 1820.
Augustus Frederick, G.M.
Dundas, D.G.M.
William H. White,
Edw. Harper,
324
ILLUSTRATIONS
To commemorate the auspicious circumstances which
placed the patronage of Masonry under the superintend-
ence of the sovereign of these realms, his Royal Highness
the Grand Master was pleased to present to the Grand
Lodge a superb carved and gilt chair, the back and seat
of which are covered with very rich blue velvet, to be
used as a chair for the Deputy Grand Master ; and also
four smaller chairs to correspond, as seats for Brethren of
gratitude, and it was unanimously "Resolved, that the
Grand Lodge, highly honoured at all times by the zeal
and attention which his Royal Highness the Duke of
Sussex, the M. W. Grand Master, manifests for the best
interests and comfort of the Craft, cannot refrain, on this
particular occasion, from expressing to his Royal High-
ness its grateful acknowledgments for this additional
mark of his liberality and paternal kindness."
About this time, some incipient symptoms of an inclina-
tion to disturb the harmony and tranquillity which had
characterized the proceedings of Masonry since the union,
appeared in the proceedings of certain lodges in the north
of England. The lodge No. 31, holden at Liverpool,
having violated an essential regulation of Masonry, 117 and
being found contumacious by the Provincial Grand Mas-
ter, was regularly suspended. The dispute had com-
menced so early as 1818; and in December of that year,
a communication was made to the Grand Lodge, by the
Provincial Grand Secretary for Lancashire, suggesting
that some regulation was necessary relative to the num-
ber of Brethren requisite to constitute a legal Lodge,
with competent powers to perform the rite of initiation,
and transact other general business. To this application -
the Board for General Purposes replied, that "The sub-
ject is one which has undergone a great deal of discussion
and consideration, especially on the late revision of the
laws. But it is a matter of so much delicacy and diffi-
culty, that it was thought advisable not to depart from
117 This rule is as follows : "No brother shall presume to print or
publish, or cause to be printed or published, the proceedings of any
Lodge, nor any part thereof, or the names of the persons present at
such Lodge, without the direction of the Grand Master, or the Pro-
vincial Grand Master, under pain of being expelled from the Order."
(Const. " Of Members." Art. fi.)
distinction.
received with
OF MASONRY*.
that silence on the subject, which had been observed in
a-11 the Books of Constitution/'
In the latter end of 1819, a memorial was addressed
to the M. W. Grand Master, from the Provincial Grand
Lodge of Lancashire, on a subject which, at a subsequent
meeting of that body, was considered improper, and the
Grand Master was requested to allow it to be withdrawn.
His Royal Highness, therefore, did not deem it necessary
to intimate to the Grand Lodge, or to the Board of
General Purposes, that such a document had been trans-
mitted to him. Although this withdrawal was perfectly
voluntary on the part of the Provincial Grand Lodge, yet
the Brethren of No. 31, having taken an erroneous view
of the circumstances, elevated it into an occasion of dis-
satisfaction and complaint, and instituted an accusation
against the Board of General Purposes, in which they
cited this as a "case where the Board had detained a
communication from the Provincial Grand Lodge for the
county of Lancaster, which consists of sixty-two Lodges
on record; consequently, if the Board for General Pur-
poses acted thus, without the authority of the Grand
Lodge, we consider their conduct highly reprehensible,
and if, on the other hand, the Grand Lodge gave them
power to act in this manner, then we consider it a
dangerous innovation upon the landmarks of our Order,"
&c, &c, &c. Thus they argued upon false grounds, for
the Board had no knowledge of the document which had
been restored to the P. G. Lodge at its own request.
From this time until the beginning of the year 1821,
it should appear that the breach was widened, for in the
month of March the P. G. Master dispatched a parcel to
the Board, containing charges preferred by Brother H.
Lucas against Brothers Thomas Page and M. A. Gage,
of the Lodge No. 31 ; and a copy of the order for the
suspension of that Lodge. As that officer had not inves-
tigated the charges himself, the papers were returned,
and the Board declined interfering with them in their
present shape.
It might be rationally conceived that the members
of Lodge No. 31, on receiving the order of suspension,
would have endeavoured to reduce the points in dispute
into as narrow a compass as existing circumstances would
allow, for the purpose of eliciting an amicable and satis-
326
ILLUSTRATIONS
factory termination, that the science of Masonry mi^ht
not be brought into disrepute by the effects of division
and disunion amongst its professors. This they unfortu-
nately failed to do. They omitted to seize the critical
moment; and having passed the Rubicon, all hope of
future arrangement was at an end. They did not even
appeal to the Grand Lodge against the order of suspen-
sion, although it was denounced as arbitrary and unjust;
but held their accustomed meetings, and transacted
masonic business as usual: they materially aggravated
their case by the circulation amongst the lodges of
intemperate manifestos, full of harsh and indecorous
language ; and, in their zeal for the -production of
authorities in justification of their own conduct, and the
crimination of the constituted authorities, they entirely
overlooked that one grand charge, which, like a crown
of pure gold, decorates and adorns the glorious super-
structure of Freemasonry, "The rulers and governors,
supreme and subordinate, are to be obeyed in their
respective stations, by all the Brethren, according to the
old charges and regulations, with all humility, reverence,
love, and alacrity."
To terminate these unhappy disputes successfully, the
P. G. Master summoned the erring Brethren before him,
without effect ; and his precept was met by the following
Resolution, which was agreed to by the members of
Lodge No. 31, on the 9th of July, 1821: —
"Resolved unanimously, that we will not enter into
any negotiation, nor appear before any committee or
masonic tribunal whatever, until the P. G. Master has
furnished us with a copy of the charge exhibited against
our Lodge, and with the names of our accusers, nor until
he has commanded Richard James Greesham to restore
the property which he removed from our Lodge, under
the pretence of committing it to the care of the P. G.
Master for safety."
The P. G. Master, under a suspicion that some latent
prejudice might exist in the minds of these Brethren
against himself, deputed his authority to the Master of
another Lodge in Liverpool (No. 33), directing him to
convene a meeting of all the Masters, Past Masters, and
Wardens, of every Lodge in that place, to investigate
the conduct of the accused Brethren: for the defection
OP MASONRY.
327
had extended to other Lodges, whose members appeared
determined to advocate the cause of No. 31. In the
month of August this committee mei, and the charges
were regularly brought forward ; but after two or three
days of fruitless discussion, the meeting dissolved without
having accomplished any satisfactory result ; and the
Brethren of No. 31 published a detailed account of these
proceedings, under date of September 19, 1821, highly
impregnated with the angry feelings w T hich then prevailed
in their minds; and this document was pronounced by
the Grand Lodge, at the succeeding quarterly Communi-
cation, to be "a direct violation of the laws of the Craft, p.
84, Art. 6, Book of Constitutions, and forming a sufficient
ground to continue the suspension of the Lodge No. 31."
In November, 1821, another attempt was made for the
adjustment of this unhappy dispute. The Deputy P. G.
Master went over to Liverpool, and, having formed a
meeting composed of the chairman of the late committee,
and six other brothers, issued an especial summons to the
Master of No. 31, to appear personally before him with
the warrant papers and evidences of the Lodge. No
attention was paid to this summons, except by referring
the D. P. G. Master once more to the Resolution of the
9th of July; thus violating a fundamental law of Ma-
sonry ; 118 and the former suspension was again confirmed.
The Lodge now, with the advice and concurrence of its
abettors, published that fatal manifesto which wis decisive
of its fate. 119
us I* The Master and Wardens of every Lodge shall attend the
Grand Master or his deputy, or the Provincial Grand Master or his
deputy, or any board or committee authorized by the Grand Lodge ;
and produce the warrant, minutes, and books of the Lodge, when
summoned to do so, under pain of suspension, and being reported to
the next Grand Lodge." (Const. Art. 11, Of Masters and Wardens
of Lodges.)
119 This paper attracted the attention of the Grand Master, in his
private capacity as Master of the Lodge of Antiquity, and he addressed
the following letter to the P. G. Master : —
Freemasons' Hall, London, 15th Dec, 1821.
R. W. Brother,
We have received the commands of the M.W. Grand Master, the
Duke of Sussex, to acquaint you, that his Royal Highness has received,
as Master of the Lodge of Antiquity, No. 2, the Copy of a printed
circular, dated " Masonic Committee Room, Castle Inn, North Liver-
ILLUSTRATIONS
The primitive intention of these Brethren might spring
from a right principle ; for their motive, as they themselves
profess, was a jealous concern for the maintenance of the ancient
laws and usages of the Order; but how proper soever this
feeling might be, they failed altogether in the details;
and their subsequent conduct violated almost every law
that was applicable to their case. Their disobedience
could not be palliated by the plea of necessity or expe-
diency: and the language which they made use of in
their communications to the Brethren and the Grand
Lodge, was neither masonic nor respectful. Instead of a
calm and temperate recapitulation of the points they
desired to illustrate, they dealt largely in amplification ;
pool, 26th November, 1821," and which paper purports to come from
Brothers Thomas Page, W. M. of No. 31, M. A. Gage, P. M. of same,
and thirty-two other Brethren, Officers or Past Officers of various
Lodges in your Province ; and to give the proceedings or sentiments
of a meeting held on the said 2(lth November. Annexed to the said
letter is the copy of an Address transmitted to the M. W. Grand
Master by the Provincial Grand Lodge, on 27th September, 1819 ;
and, also, copy of a letter sent by the Lodge, No. 31, to the R. W.
Provincial Grand Master, under date of 30th August last. The Grana*
Master views the publication of theso matters as a most offensive
proceeding, and in direct violation of the Laws of the Craft. He,
therefore, directs that you will ascertain whether the individuals whose
names appear to that paper did actually subscribe the original from
which it is copied, and also gave their sanction to its publication
And, further, that you will suspend from their privileges as Masons,
such Brethren as shall be proved to have so acted, and make a report
to his Royal Highness what you may do, that he may take the mea-
sures requisite in the said affair.
In making this communication, the M. W. Grand Master commands
us further to remark upon the contents of the paper, dated 2Gth
November last, that, as to the observations made by the Provincial
Grand Lodge upon the number of Members necessary to remain
together, to enable them to continue their Lodge in existence, an
answer was sent to the Provincial Grand Secretary, on 5th January,
1819, by order of the Board of General Purposes, stating, that the
subject was one of great delicacy ; and, therefore, it had been felt
advisable, in the new Book of Constitution, to preserve the same
silence in regard thereto as had been observed in all the former
editions ; and such opinion has ever been held by the Grand Lodge.
That the Address of the 27th September, 1819, was received by the
M. W. Grand Master sealed, having been transmitted direct to him,
and not sent through the Board ; that, upon perusal, his Royal High-
ness found it to contain questions relative to the Order of the Royal
Arch, which could not, under any circumstances, be discussed in the
Grand Lodge ; and he, therefore, never communicated the receipt
of it, nor any part of its contents, either to the Grand Lodge or to
OF MASONi^ j ^^^^ 329
made use of irritating and exaggerated statements of
facts; and even bordered upon menaces, with the inten-
tion of intimidating the Grand Lodge by the dread of
another schism. They laboured under the grievous error
of supposing that Boards and superior officers, although
lawfully constituted, possessed no authority ; and that as
all Masters, Past Masters, and Wardens, are ex-ojficio
members of the Grand Lodge, so the acts of a competent
number of such members, wheresoever assembled, are
equally valid and binding; forgetting, that as no private
Lodge can be legally held without its Master, or his
legitimate substitute, so no Grand Lodge can possibly
the Board of General Purposes ; consequently the Board was wholly
ignorant of such address having been sent ; and, as it was subsequently
withdrawn as improper, the Grand Master had hoped the matter had
been set at rest.
That the Board of General Purposes possesses no powers but such
as have been delegated to it by the United Grand Lodge, and to which
body an appeal is reserved in all cases.
That the Board is not the only channel of communication with the
Grand Lodge ; on the contrary, all petitions, appeals, &c, for that
Body, addressed to the Grand Secretary, and transmitted at least seven
days prior to any Quarterly Communication, so that the same may be
read at' the General Committee, which meets on the Wednesday pre-
vious to the Grand Lodge, must, as a matter of course, go to the
Grand Lodge, provided the language be proper; and every member
of the Grand Lodge is at liberty to bring any subject under discus-
sion there, provided he give notice at the said General Committee oi
his intention so to do.
If the meeting of the Provincial Grand Lodge, held at Preston, in
1820, or any of the proceedings there adopted, were irregular, the
Members who held such an opinion might have preferred their com-
plaint in the proper quarter; but which they have never done.
His Royal Highness directs, that this letter may be communicated
to the Provincial Grand Lodge on Monday next, for the information
of the Brethren who may be then assembled, not as an answer to the
printed paper alluded to, because the printing of such paper, and the
meeting on the 26th November last, are both so illegal, that no answer
could be given to them ; but because the Grand Master is desirous that
the Brethren who have seen the paper may, at least, be informed oj
the fallacious grounds on which it is framed, although such paper,
being illegal, could form no part of the proceedings of a Lodge, or
be recognized by them.
We have the honour to be,
Right Worshipful Brother,
Your most obedient servants and faithful Brothers,
William H. White
Edw. Harper,
330
ILLUSTRATIONS
be constituted, how numerous soever its members may
be, except the Grand Master, or a Deputy regularly
appointed by himself, were actually present. They even
pursued this principle so far as to convene a general
meeting of Masons in the county palatine of Lancaster,
without the concurrence of the P. G. Master, or his
Deputy; and, in their eagerness to confirm their own
acts by the countenance of such an authority, they
totally lost sight of the plain construction of that simple
law, by virtue of which the decree of suspension had
been issued and confirmed, that "if any Brother be sum-
moned to attend the Grand Master or his Deputy, or the
P. G. Master or his Deputy, or any board or committee
authorized by the Grand Master, and do not comply, or
give sufficient reason for his non-attendance, the summons
is to be repeated, and if he still persists in his contumacy,
he shall be suspended from all masonic rights, and the
proceeding notified to the Grand Lodge. 120
The P. G. Master, finding all attempts to settle the
question ineffectual, transmitted the documents to the
Board of General Purposes ; and that body, now that the
subject was brought regularly before them, proceeded
without delay to the performance of their duty; and, in
the examination of the charges, they appear to have been
actuated by a desire to discharge that duty faithfully and
impartially. On the 5th of December, 1821, they made
their Report to the Grand Lodge, which was read and
approved; and it was then ordered, that "the Lodge
No. 31 be further suspended from the exercise of its
masonic privileges until the next Quarterly Communica-
tion, reserving to the Grand Master the power to restore
it previously, if he should see sufficient cause so to do."
The Lodge took no notice of this order, but continued
occasionally to meet ; and it was therefore resolved by
the Grand Lodge, on the 6th March, 1822, " that the
Master and Wardens of No. 31 be summoned to show
cause, at the next Quarterly Communication, why the
Lodge should not be erased from the list of Lodges, and
its warrant be withdrawn, for disobedience of the order
of the Grand Lodge; and that, in the mean time, it be
suspended from its functions, allowing the members only
m Const. 41 Of Members, and their Dutv. M Art. 14.
OF MASONRY.
831
to assemble in Lodge for the purpose of considering their
defence." It was also resolved unanimously, that " the
thirty-four Brethren, whose names appeared to a printed
Eaper, dated Masonic Committee Room, Castle Inn, North
.iverpool, Nov. 26, 1821, circulated to many Lodges, be
suspended from their masonic privileges until the next
Quarterly Communication, reserving to the Grand Master
the power previously to reinstate the whole, or such of
them as he may see cause to restore." Copies of these
resolutions were sent to the Lodge, and to the thirty-
four Brethren respectively.
The Lodge No. 31 now transmitted a paper, bearing
date the 1st of April, in which the members denied to
the Grand Lodge the right and power of passing the
above resolutions, and remonstrated, in very unbecoming
and offensive language, against its proceedings on their
case. This was followed up by another paper of similar
tendency in June, wherein it was avowed "that the
Lodge No. 31, notwithstanding the prohibition of the
5th of December last, had continued to hold its masonic
meetings in the usual manner ; that, in consequence of a
resolution passed in the Lodge, it was impossible for the
members to pay any attention to the commands of the
Grand Lodge ; and that, under existing circumstances, it
was their determination not to do so." Such a flagrant
instance of contumacy, and violation of discipline, could
not be overlooked; and, therefore, on motions duly made
at the Quarterly Communication in June, 1822, it was
resolved unanimously, " That the Lodge No. 31, at Liver-
pool, be erased from the list of Lodges, and its warrant
forfeited ; that notice of such erasure be transmitted to
every Lodge upon the registry of the Grand Lodge ; and
that no Brother, being at present a member of the said
Lodge No. 31, be received, even as a visitor, in any other
Lodge ; that these resolutions be communicated to the
Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland, and to all Lodges
in communion with the Grand Lodge of England; that
the several Brothers who signed the papers published
under the date of the 26th of Nov., 1821, and the 1st of
April, 1822, be summoned to show cause, at the next
Quarterly Communication, why they should not be
expelled the Fraternity; and that, in the mean time,
they be suspended from their masonic privileges; and
ILLUSTRATIONS
that notice of such suspension, with the names of the
individuals so suspended, be transmitted to all the
Lodges, in order that those Brethren may not be re-
ceived, even as visitors, in any Lodge, under the penalty
attached to the Lodges admitting irregular Masons. 121
It is to be regretted that expelled and suspended
Brothers, at this extreme period of the business, should
have still indulged in the spirit of bitterness, which was
calculated to exclude the sympathy and commiseration
of Brethren uninterested in the dispute. They issued
another appeal to the Lodges, in which they condemn
the Brethren who had been reinstated on petition, in no
measured language ; and declare that " they wish it to
be perfectly understood that they shall not petition to be
reinstated; nor shall they be satisfied with reinstatement,
unless a full and impartial inquiry be made into the
abuses and innovations of which they have complained."
Petitions for readmission continued still to be received
and attended to by the Grand Lodge, for the door of for-
giveness was not finally closed until the month of March,
1823, when, at the Quarterly Communication, held on
the 5th of that month, the Grand Lodge declared " that
every possible opportunity had been afforded for the
offending Brethren to reconsider and make atonement
for their past misconduct ; but, instead of profiting by
the indulgence thus granted, they this day transmitted a
statement replete with additional insult to the Grand
Lodge and other masonic authorities; whereupon, on a
motion duly made and seconded, it was resolved unani-
mously, that the said Brethren be for ever expelled from
Masonry and thus twenty-six individuals, who remain-
ed refractory, were finally and for ever excluded from
any participation in the business of the Craft.
The agitation which these events produced did not
18 - The expelled and suspended Brethren were sixty-eight in num-
ber, and were members of the following Lodges : — Twelve belonged to
No. 31, three of whom had been reinstated by petition to the Grand
Master ; four belonged to No. 59. who had all been restored by peti-
tion ; nine to 74 ; seven to No. 140, two of whom had been restored :
one to No. 182; five to No. 348, four of whom had been readmitted;
one to No. 378 ; one to number 380, and he had been restored ; five
to No. 442, four of whom had been reinstated ; seven to No. 466, four
of whom were restored ; twelve to No. 486, three of whom had beeD
restored ; and four to No. 655, who had all been restored.
OF MASONRY.
333
easily subside. The leaven continued to work; and
those who refused to submit to the authoritative man-
date of the Grand Lodge, or to conciliate by a respectful
submission, resolved once more to have recourse to. the
old system of menace; and, in September, 1823, the Sea
Captains' Lodge at Liverpool, No. 140, having trans-
mitted to the Grand Lodge, at its last meeting, a paper
dated 29th May, 1823, and signed by John Thompson,
W. M., Peter Bainbridge, S. W., Thomas Read, J. W.,
and Thomas Berry, Sec, in which paper it was declared
to be the fixed resolution of the said Lodge to separate
itself from the Grand Lodge, unless the warrant of the
late Lodge No. 31, at Liverpool, should be reinstated,
and the privileges of the twenty-six individuals, who had
been expelled from the Craft, were restored ; and it
appearing that three of the individuals who had signed
the said paper were amongst those who had been so
expelled, and the fourth was not registered as a member
of the Lodge, it had been ordered, that the Lodge, No.
L40, should be summoned to show cause, at this meeting,
why its warrant should not be declared forfeited, and the
Lodge erased, for continuing or admitting as members,
individuals who had been expelled from Masonry, and
for transmitting or sanctioning the said paper. And,
as no communication could be held with the expelled
members, it was intimated to the Lodge that its only
admissible representatives would be the regular Past
Masters and Past Wardens. And it was ordered, that
Thomas Read, who signed the above paper as Junior
Warden, without being registered as a member of the
Lodge, should be summoned to show cause why he
should not be expelled from Masonry, for having affixed
his signature to the paper in question. The parties thus
summoned not having appeared to answer to the com-
plaint, it was ordered . 44 that the warrant of the Sea
Captains' Lodge at Liverpool, No. 140, be, and the same
is, hereby. declared forfeited, for violating the laws of the
Craft, and for contumacy, and that the Lodge be accord-
ingly erased from the list of Lodges: and that the said
Thomas Read, so signing himself as J. W. of the Lodge,
No. 140, although not registered as a member thereof,
be henceforth disqualified from acting as a Mason, or
from being recognized or received as such in any Lodge
334
ILLUSTRATIONS
whatever." This prompt example was completely effi-
cacious, and from hence we hear no more of opposition
or -intemperate resistance to the decrees of the Grand
Lodge.
History of Freemasonry from 1823 to 1829.
In the year 1823, the installation of his Royal High-
ness the Duke of York, as Master of the Prince of Wales's
Lodge, was performed ; and was attended by some cir-
cumstances which may be interesting to the Craft. The
warrant of constitution had been granted to this Lodge
in the year 1787, by his Royal Higness the late Duke of
Cumberland, at the instance of his present Majesty, then
Prince of Wales. In this warrant, Sir Samuel Hulse, the
Honourable Colonel Stanhope, and the late Lord Lake,
were nominated as the Master and Wardens; but in the
year 1792, their Royal Highnesses the Dukes of York
and Clarence were appointed to the latter offices, which
they continued to hold till his Majesty's accession in
sented to his Majesty, who was graciously pleased to
accede to the prayer of it, in terms as flattering to the
Lodge as they were characteristic of that accomplished
urbanity so peculiarly possessed by the revered sovereign
of these realms : —
We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Acting
Master, Wardens, and Brethren of the Prince of Wales's Lodge,
humbly entreat permission to approach your Majesty with the expres-
sion of our affectionate attachment to your Majesty's person. Un-
willing to break in upon your Majesty's privacy during the first period
of your happy accession to the throne of these realms, we have
hitherto refrained from presenting this our humble Petition. For
many } T ears past it has been the highest honour of which our Lodge
can boast, and, at the same time, its greatest pride, to recognize your
Majesty as its patron and protector, in the character of Master of the
Lodge.
In making this our earnest solicitation, that the same high patron-
age may be continued to us, we trust we are not acting incompatibly
with our respectful duty to a beloved Sovereign, or presuming too
much upon that condescending benignity which has hitherto been so
graciously manifested towards us.
We fiuther humbly petition, that theXodge may be permitted to
SECT. XIX.
1820.
The following Memorial was
OF MASONRY.
335
retain the jewel so long worn by its members, as their most honour-
able and distinctive badge, and be empowered to present it to all
future members of the Lodge ; or if your Majesty should be pleased
to make any alteration herein, we shall bow with dutiful submission
to the royal will; and, under every circumstance, feel the deepest
sense of gratitude,-veneration, and affection, for past acts of kindness
and beneficence. As your Majesty has long possessed the love and
confidence of the Society of Freemasons, so may you, Sire, continue
to live in the hearts of all men ; from no class, however, can this
prayer be offered up to the Great Architect of the Universe with more
fervour and sincerity, than from those individuals who have the high
honour to be members of the Prince of Wales's Lodge.
(Signed, &c.)
The "first duty of the Lodge being thus performed,
and happily sanctioned by the gracious reception which
this Memorial had the good fortune to meet with; the
attention of the Brethren was next directed to the Royal
Senior Warden, the Duke of York, whose support, under
existing circumstances, would so effectually preserve and
perpetuate the proud connexion which had so long
existed between the Lodge and its Royal Founder. The
following letter was therefore transmitted to his Royal
Highness by Lord Dundas, the Master : —
May it please your Royal Highness,
We, the undersigned, the Acting Master, Wardens, and Brethren
of the Prince of Wales's Lodge, having, for many years, been honoured
with the name of your Royal Highness as Senior Warden, together
with that of his Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, as Junior
Warden of the Lodge, by the especial appointment of his present
Majesty when Prince of Wales, most respectfully beg leave to repre
sent, that the Lodge has, upon a recent Memorial presented to the
King, received the proud distinction of his Majesty's gracious per-
mission to act under the royal patronage ; it being, however, incom-
patible with the dignity of the throne, that the Lodge should continue
to recognize his Majesty as its Master, with great humility we crave
permission to tender this office to your Royal Highness's acceptance.
Should we be fortunate enough to obtain your Royal Highness's
assent to this our respectful solicitation, we shall, indeed, feel ourselves
most highly honoured ; and we can only add. that it will be an addi-
tional stimulus to our exertions, in promoting the welfare, respecta-
bility, and prosperity of a Lodge, which is already deeply sensible of
the lustre it has acquired by having their beloved Sovereign for its
immediate patron.
With every sentiment of respect and dutiful attachment, we have
the honour to subscribe ourselves,
Your Royal Highness's
Most devoted and obedient humble Servants,
(Signed, &c.)
336
ILLUSTRATIONS
His Royal Highness, with the greatest kindness and
condescension, acceded to the request of the Brethren ;
and, the preliminary measures being completed, the
installation of the Master Elect took place on Saturday,
March 22, 1823, at the Thatched House Tavern, St.
James's Street. His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex
performed the ceremony, and conducted the whole pro-
ceedings with the greatest masonic dignity. When the
new Master had been installed, and had received the
customary salutations, he appointed and invested his
Deputy Master, Wardens, and other officers ; after which
the warrant, the book of constitutions, the Bible, square,
and compasses, the bye-laws, and the working tools, were
Presented by different Brethren, accompanied by appro-
priate addresses. The former were presented by Sir
Frederick Fowke, P. S. G. W. the Deputy Master, with
the following address: —
I have peculiar pleasure in presenting to }'our Royal Highness a
document of equal interest to you, Sir, and to ourselves. It is the
Warrant of Constitution of the Prince of Wales's Lodge, which was
granted by your Royal Highness's uncle, the late Duke of Cumber-
land, as Grand Master, at the instance of his present Majesty, then
Prince of Wales.
The instrument. Sir, is now rendered doubly valuable to us, from
the proud accession we have this day acquired in the person of your
Royal Highness as Master of the Lodge, who received your appoint-
ment as Senior Warden soon after the first formation of the Lodge.
May we, Sir, long continue to act under the sanction of this warrant,
which so closely connects the Lodge with your Ro}*al Highness's
•family; and which, while it elicits our affectionate attachment to its
illustrious members, will ever be a gratifying memento of that duty and
allegiance which, as men and Masons, we owe to our Sovereign and
immediate patron. I have also to present to your Royal Highness
the Book of Constitutions, which contains the general Laws of
Masonry, and the Orders and -Regulations established by the United
Grand Lodge of England, for the guidance and orderly government
of the Society. To these Orders and Regulations it is our duty, as
good and faithful Masons, to submit, in the perfect confidence, that, as
they have been framed with great deliberation and wisdom, so we may
be satisfied that the interests of the Fraternity will be best consulted
by a strict aud willing adherence to the salutary provisions which they
contain.
All the necessary forms in the Lodge being now con-
cluded, the newly installed Master, accompanied by his
Eoyal Brother, retired into a private room, and the rest
of the Brethren adjourned to the drawing-room. When
dinner was announced, they were marshalled by the
OF MASONRY-
337
Director of Ceremonies, and went in procession to the
Banqueting-room, where they took their seats according
to a previous arrangement, that they might receive their
Eoyal Highnesses in due form.
The two Princes entered the room at seven o'clock,
amidst the cheers and congratulations of the assembly ;
and the newly installed Master took the chair, supported
•on the right by the Duke of Sussex and Sir John Doyle,
and on the left by Lord Dundas and Sir F. Fowke, Bart.
About ninety distinguished Brethren, including upwards
of forty Grand Officers, sat down to this animating
banquet, exhibiting a magnificent display of masonic
talent, character, and respectability. Several addresses
were delivered after dinner by his Royal Highness the
^ Duke of Sussex, Sir John Doyle, and other individuals;
and nothing could exceed the perfect satisfaction and
pleasure which were visible on every countenance ;
heightened by beholding the Royal Brothers <; in the
badge of innocence, and bqnd of friendship," seated by
each other's side, and contributing largely to the soci-
ality of all around them. Thpy retired soon after eleven
o'clock, which was the signal for the meeting to break
up, as the Brethren were unwilling, from a respectful
feeling towards the Illustrious Brothers, to protract their
conviviality beyond the hour at which the Royal Chair-
man had quitted his post.
The author of the little pamphlet 122 from which the
above particulars have been extracted, concludes his
account of this festival with the following observation :
— " Men, ignorant of the real objects of Masonry, and
accustomed to speak slightingly of it, may, from oc-
currences like these, be induced to entertain a more
favourable opinion of an institution which folly may
misrepresent, or malevolence calumniate ; but while,
in conformity with its precepts, we continue to be
peaceable subjects, and while kings and princes are
enrolled under its banners, we may defy the darts of
slander, and claim the respect and confidence of the
community; for the principles of Freemasonry invari-
ably lead its members to fear God, love their neigh-
bour, AND HONOUR THEIR KING.
■
122 Printed and published by Brother Thiselton, Goodge-street,
338
ILLUSTRATIONS
The enterprising traveller, Belzoni, to whose researches
science is so much indebted, prosecuted his antiquarian
inquiries with such independent perseverance, that, neg-
lecting his own emolument, he consigned the results of
his labours and discoveries to the sole benefit of this
country. 123 In stature he was gigantic; and to this
accidental perfection he himself modestly attributes some
portion of his success amongst a people little better
than savages. It is well known that he lost his life in
133 He gives the following summary of his labours in the year 1820:
— u My native place is the city of Padua ; I am of a Roman family,
which had resided there for many years. The state and troubles or
Italy in 1800, which are too well known to require any comment from
me, compelled me to leave it, and since that tune I have visited differ-
ent parts of Europe, and sulFered many vicissitudes. The greater
part of my younger days I passed in Rome, the former abode of my
ancestors, where I was preparing myself to become a monk ; but the
sudden entry of the French army into that city altered the course
of my education, and, being destined to travel, I have been a wanderer
ever since. My family occasionally supplied me with remittances ;
but, as they were not rich, I did not choose to be a burthen to them,
and contrived to live on my own industry, and the little knowledge I
had acquired in various branches. I turned my chief attention to
hydraulics, a science that I had learned at Rome, which I found much
to my advantage, and which was ultimately- tho very cause of my
going to Egypt. For I had good information that an hydraulic machine
would be of great service in that country, to irrigate the fields, which
want water only to make them produce at any time of the year. But
I am anticipating. In 1803 I arived in England; soon after which I
married ; and after residing in it nine years, I formed a resolution of
going to the south of Europe. Taking Mrs. Belzoni with me, I visited
Portugal, Spain, and Malta, from which latter place we embarked for
Egypt, where we remained from 1815 to 1819. Here I had the good
fortune to be the discoverer of many remains of antiquity of that
primitive nation. I succeeded in opening one of the two famous
pyramids of Ghizeh, as well as several of the tombs of the kings of
Thebes. Among the latter, that which has been pronounced by one
of the most distinguished scholars of the age to be the tomb
Psammuthis, is at this moment the principal, the most perfect an.
splendid monument in that country. «The celebrated bust of young
Memnon, which I brought from Thebes, is now in the British
Museum; and the alabaster sarcophagus, found in the tomb of the
kings, is on its way to England.
"Near the second cataract of the Nile, I opened the temple of
Ybsambul ; then made a journey to the coast of the Red Sea. to the
city of Berenice, and afterwards an excursion in the western Elloah,
or Oasis. I now embarked for Europe ; and, after an absence of x
twenty years, returned to my native country, and to the. bosom of
my family, from whence I proceeded to England." — Discoveries in
Egypt. Pi eface.
OF MASONRY*
339
Africa, in the year 1825, in which quarter of the globe
he was initiated into Masonry, 124 and which was the scene
of all his active achievements: and so little was he
blessed with the benefits of fortune, that, on receiving
the unhappy tidings of his loss, his widow found herself
wholly destitute of support. She had heard of Masonic
benevolence, and made her appeal to the Grand Lodge,
where the simple tale of real distress is never preferred
in vain. The M. W. Grand Master brought to the notice
of that august body the distresses of the widow. He
stated that Brother Belzoni, who had recently lost his
life during his travels in Africa, was initiated at Cairo,
in the Lodge of the Pyramids, and during his residence
at Cambridge had become a member of the Lodge of the
School of Plato, No. 549, in that place; and, as notice
had been given in the General Committee of an intention
to submit the matter to the Grand Lodge, bis Royal
Highness moved, and it was resolved unanimously,
" That the United Grand Lodge of Freemasons of En-
gland, deeply sympathizing with Mrs. Belzoni, on the
irreparable loss which she, as well as the lovers of
science and literature, has sustained by the premature
death of the late Brother Belzoni, do contribute the sum
of 50/. out of the Fund of Benevolence, in aid of the
public subscription in her behalf."
124 The Mason, however, is a citizen of the world ; and, in whatever
clime misfortune may overtake him, should he meet with Brothers,
his relief is certain. In this particular Masonry is respected even by
pirates, who are a terror to every other order of men ; and I rejoice
that it is in my power to record a triumphant and well-authenticated
illustration of the fact. At a meeting of the Leith and Canongate
Lodge on Thursday evening, March 5th, 1829, a visitor, who was the
captain of a ship, stated, that, when sailing in the South American
seas, he was boarded by pirates, whose numbers were so overpowering
as to render all resistance unavailing. The captain and several of the
crew were treated with rudeness, and were about to be placed in
irons while the plunder of the ship went on. In this situation, when
supplication and entreaty were disregarded, the captain, as a dernier
resort, made the mystic sign, "which none but Craftsmen ever knew.' 1
The commander of the piratical crew immediately returned the sign,
and gave orders to stop proceedings. He grasped his newly-discovered
Brother by the hand with all the familiarity of an old acquaintance,
and swore he should sustain no injury. Mutual acts of kindness then
passed between them ; every article that had been seized was restored
to its place, and the, two "ships parted company with three hearty
cheers. — Stirling Journal.
340
ILLUSTRATIONS
The flourishing state of Masonry, in a provincial town,
is a subject not unworthy of notice in a general history
of the Craft. In the year 1827, the members of the
Humber Lodge, No, 73, in Kingston-upon-Hull, finding
that the room occupied by them, at the Turk's Head,
was much too small and incommodious to accommodate
their increasing numbers, entered into a subscription for
the purpose of erecting a masonic Hall, in addition to
the two already existing in that opulent sea-port. The
requisite sum being speedily raised, a deputation of the
officers and brethren waited on K. Mackenzie Beverley,
Esq., G. S. and D. P. G. M. for the North and East
Ridings of the county of York, to request his assistance
in laying the foundation-stone of the intended building ;
to which he immediately assented, and named the 7th of
May for the performance of that solemnity. On the day
proposed, a large body of the members of the Humber
Lodge, attended by a numerous company of visitors from
other Lodges in the town and neighbourhood, assembled
at the appointed hour. The Lodge was opened in due
form at the Neptune Inn, by the D.P.G.M., and the pre-
paratory ceremonies were performed. 125 The D.P.G.M.
inquired of the building Master, if his Lodge was lawful,
and being answered in the affirmative, he proceeded to a
more accurate investigation.
D.P.G.M. "I hereby, in the presence of all these
worshipful Masters, Wardens', and Deacons, and in the
presence of all these Master Masons, worthy and diligent
workmen of our secret Craft, do ask of you and of your
company, if you know yourself, at this time, to have
done any thing contrary to the laws of Masonry,
which has not been told to the Provincial Authorities,
and whereby you should be suspended from your
work?"
W.M. " We are good Masons at this very time."
D.P.G.M. 44 Have you, amongst your company, any
brother guilty of brawlings, strife, and disobedience in
open lodge?"
W.M. 44 We have none, Right Worshipful Master."
D.P.G.M. 44 Have you any brother who, in open lodge,
136 Having had the honour to assist at this imposing ceremony, 1
am able to describe it minutely. — Editor.
OF MASONRY.
341
is guilty of drunkenness, common swearing, or piofane
words?"
W.M; " We have none, Right Worshipful Master."
D.P.G.M. " Have you authority to do this day's
work?"
W.M. " We have, Right Worshipful, and, with your
permission, will here read it."
The authority was then read, after which the D.P.G.M.
resumed, " Masters, Wardens, Deacons, and all working
Masons, all is right and as it should be ; and I give you
all joy of this day's work. It has begun in zeal — let it
end in charity ; and let us give due praise to the Master
and Brothers of the Humber Lodge, for wishing to raise
a temple to Masonry. May the blessing of Heaven be
with us all ; and may the new Lodge increase in virtue,
harbour the poor Brethren, and console the rich ! Amen
and Amen."
The Ark of the covenant was now introduced and
furnished, and the veil was consecrated with the usual
ceremonies; after which the procession was formed to
the site of the intended building, in Osborne-street, ip
the following order : —
Two Tylers with drawn Swords.
Band of Music.
Masons not being members -of any Lodge, two and two.
Visiting members of neighbouring Lodges, two and two.
The Foundation-stone, carried by four Masons.
Deacons J Banner of the Humber Lodge. ) Deacons
with Staves. ( Members of the Humber Lodge. J with Staves.
Two Stewards with Wands. "
A Banner.
Koyal Arch Masons, in sashes and aprons, two and two.
The Corn, Wine, Oil, and Salt, borne by Master Masons.
Chaplain of the Humber Lodge.
Past Masters.
The Bible, Square, and Compasses, on a crimson velvet cushion,
borne by a Master Mason.
The Ark, with its covering, borne by four Master Masons.
Secretary and Treasurer with their Jewels.
Senior and Junior Wardens with their Pillars.
Steward J Master of the Humber Lodge. ) Steward
with a wand. ( Marshal with a Baton. $ with a wand,
The Globes, borne by two Master Masons.
Banner of the D.P.G.M.
Acting Provincial Grand Sword Bearer,
Provincial Grand Secretary.
Provincial Grand Architect, with a plan of the building.
342
ILLUSTRATIONS
Two Marshals with Batons.
Two C Brother R. M. Beverley, Esq., D.P.G.M., C Two
Sword 1 in his robes, under a canopy of silk, borne < Sword
Bearers. ( by six Master Masons. ( Bearers.
Brother Rev. G. Oliver, P.G.C. for Lincolnshire, in his robes,
attended by four Master Masons with wands.
Banner of the Apollo Lodge, Grimsby.
Two Tylers with Swords.
On arriving at the ground, the Brethren formed them-
selves into a square about the foundation, although they
were somewhat incommoded by the immense concourse
of people who had assembled to witness the ceremony.
The canopy of the D.P.G.M. was placed to the east of
the foundation-stone, and before the ceremonies com-
menced, he addressed the spectators as follows . —
"Men, women, and children, here assembled to-day, to behold this
ceremony, know all of you that wo are lawful Masons, true to the
laws of our country, and professing to fear God, who is the Great
Architect of all things, to confer benefits on our Brethren, and to
practise universal benevolence to all mankind. We have amongst
us, concealed from the eyes of all men, secrets which may not be
revealed, aud which no man has discovered. But these secrets are
lawful and honourable, and are placed in the custody of Masons, who
alone have the keeping of them to the end of time. Unless our
Craft were good and our calling honourable, we should not have
existed for so many centuries ; nor should we have had so many illus-
trious Brothers in our Order, ever ready to sanction our proceedings,
and contribute to our prosperity. To-day we are assembled in the
face of you all to build a house for Masonry, which we pray God may
prosper, if it seem good unto Him ; that it may become a house for
great and worthy men to practise beneficent actions, and to promote
birmony and brotherly love till the world itself shall end."
The plan was then produced by the architect, which
was handed round to the Brethren, after being inspected
by the D.P.G.M., who anointed the tools of Masonry
with oil, and delivered them to the Master of the build-
ing Lodge, who transferred them to the architect.
When the foundation-stone was lowered into its bed, the
D.P.G.M. struck it three times with the gavel, and the
following Prayer of Benediction was recited by the
Provincial Grand Chaplain for the county of Lincoln : —
44 May the Almighty Architect of the Universe, who has disposed
all things in order according to the excellency of his will, who made
the heavens for his majesty, the sun and stars for his glory and oui
comfort, and the earth as a place for the exercise of our obedience to
his laws, look down unon us Master Masons* now endeavouring: to
OF MASONRY.
343
build a house according to the rules of charity, in the bond of love.
May this house, of which we have placed the first stone in the earth,
be a habitation for worthy men to meet together to do good ; may
their secret assemblies be convened in law, proceed in honour, and
end in charity ; may all Masons that enter under the shadow of its
roof, remember that the secret of the Lord is with them that fear him.
May the work done here prosper : may the workmen be comforted ;
may no strife, brawling, or unseemly words be heard within its walls ;
may the master love the Brethren, and the Brethren honour and obey
the master ; may our going out and our coming in be blessed for
evermore ; may our baskets be filled with plenteousness, and the
Voice of joy and thanksgiving abound ; may there be no mourning
uor sorrow of heart, and may the wayfaring Mason find comfort in
his journey to his home when he passeth by the gates of this house.
Lord, prosper thou our work, yea, prosper thou our handy work,
and teach us at all times, and in all places, to build up in the beauty
of holiness that temple of our souls which thou hast given us to adorn
with all good works, till we arrive at that glorious mansion in the
skies, where all things are perfect, and there is no more labour, but
peace and happiness for ever and ever. Amen."
The D.P.G.M. then anointed the foundation-stone with
oil, and strewed upon it some grains of wheat and salt,
and drops of wine, repeating the one hundred and thirty-
third Psalm; after which the procession returned in the
same order to the Neptune Inn, where about one hun-
dred Brethren sat down to an excellent dinner, and the
evening was spent with the greatest harmony and bro-
therly love.
The building was completed in the ensuing Septem-
ber, when Brother R. Mackenzie Beverley, the Grand
Superintendent of the Province, issued his summonses
for a Grand Provincial Arch-Chapter, to be held at the
new masonic Hall, at which time the Lodge was dedi-
cated with the usual ceremonies.
After the death of H. R. H. £he Duke of York, the
Prince of Wales's Lodge continued to receive a more
than ordinary meed of honour and distinction. H. R. H.
the Duke of Sussex, G.M., convened an especial Grand
Lodge on Friday, the 22d of February, 1828, for the
purpose of securing to that Lodge a continuance of the
royal patronage, which it had hitherto enjoyed. The
Grand Lodge, numerously attended, was opened in ample
form at the Thatched House Tavern. The following
distinguished Brethren were present : —
H. R. H. Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex,
M. W. Grand Master, on the Throne.
344 ILLUSTRATIONS
His Grace the Duke of Leinster, Grand Master of Ireland.
The Right Honourable Lord Dundas, D.G.M.
Gen. Sir John Doyle, Bart., G.C.B., D.P.G.M.
Hichard Percival, Esq., S.G.W.
William VV. Prescott, Esq., P.S.G.W. as J.G.W.
The Right Hon. Lord Yarborough, P.G.M. Isle of Wight.
Charles Tennyson, Esq., M.P., P.G.M. Lincolnshire.
C. K. K. Tynte, Esq., M.P., P.G.M. Somersetshire.
Rev. S. S. Colman, Past P.G.M. Norfolk, and G.C.
Sir William Rawlins, P.S.G.W.
Sir Frederick Fowke, Bart., P.S.G.W.
Rev. Barnard H anbury, G. Chaplain.
Rev. Lucius Coghlan, D.D., Past G. Chaplain.
William Meyrick, Esq., G. Registrar.
William H. White, ) n Q
Edwards Harper, $
With the rest of the Grand Officers, the Grand Stewards for the year,
and the Masters, Past Masters, and Wardens of the Grand Stewards*
and many other Lodges.
* The Grand Master observed, that feeling it to be of the
first importance to obtain the sanction and protection of
the members of the Royal Family to the proceedings of
the Craft, and being anxious that the Prince of Wales's
Lodge, No. 493, which had for so many years past been
honoured by the presidency of the Royal Family — first,
in the person of his present Majesty when Prince of
Wales, and afterwards by his late Royal Highness the
Duke of York — should still continue to have a royal per-
sonage at its head, — for this purpose, he had solicited
his illustrious relative, the Duke of Clarence, the Lord
High Admiral, a Past Deputy Grand Master of the Craft,
to take the command of that Lodge, and he had now the
satisfaction to announce to the Grand Lodge that his
solicitation had met the desired result, his Royal High-
ness having been graciously pleased to accede to the
request. Feeling that this important .occurrence and
manifestation of regard towards the fraternity by H. R. H.
the Duke of Clarence should be met by the Craft with
every demonstration of respect, gratitude, and duty ; and
considering also, that the Master's jewel of the Prince of
Wales's Lodge had, under very peculiar circumstances,
been received by him, the M. W. Grand Master, in Grand
Lodge, his Royal Highness deemed it expedient that he
should deliver it to the care of his royal brother in the
Of MASONRY.
fore, convened this meeting, that the ceremony of inves-
titure might be performed in a Grand Lodge.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence having
arrived, was conducted into the Lodge, and according to
ancient custom, was installed by the M. W. Grand Mas-
ter as Master of the Prince of Wales's Lodge, and was
proclaimed and saluted with the usual honours.
In conducting the affairs of such an unwieldy body as
Masonry has now become, it is evident that considerable
expenses must be periodically incurred, besides the vast
sums annually voted from the Fund of Benevolence for
the relief of distressed Brethren, or their widows and
orphan children ; and these expenses can be provided for
by no other means so equitably as the periodical contri-
butions of the members. It has accordingly been agreed,
with the general consent of the Craft, that the fee for
" registering a Mason within the London district, be one
guinea ; for a Mason made in a country, foreign, or mili-
tary lodge, ten shillings and sixpence ; for a Brother
joining a Lodge in the London district, he having been
initiated in another Lodge, five shillings ; and for a
Brother so joining a country, foreign, or military Lodge,
two shillings and sixpence. Every member of each lodge
in the London district, to pay towards the fund for ma-
sonic benevolence, one shilling per quarter, or four shil-
lings per annum ; and every member of each country,
foreign, or military Lodge, sixpence per quarter, or two
shillings per annum." J26
These payments, so trifling to each individual Lodge,
are expected to be punctually and regularly discharged,
and a non-compliance with the ordinance subjects the
offending Lodge, very justly, to censure, and, in extreme
cases, to erasure. The Grand Lodge,, however, is generally
indulgent in this particular ; but if, after repeated admo-
nitions, its clemency be abused, it will not fail to put its
powers into execution, and rigorously enforce the pen-
alty. These observations have been elicited by a very
extensive example, which was made at a Quarterly Com-
munication of the 5th March, 1828 ; by which fifty-nine
Lodges, having neglected, for a considerable space of
time, to make any returns or communications to the
12ti Const. " Of Contributions."
ILLUSTRATIONS
Grand Lodge, although repeatedly called on for that
purpose, were erased from the books, and their warrants
declared forfeited.
Having thus brought down the History of Masonry to
the year 1828, the Editor takes leave of his Brethren by.
recommending to them, as the most efficient means of
ensuring the permanency and extending the influence of
the Craft, the cultivation of that beautiful code of morals
which runs like a rich vein through the entire system of
Freemasonry; assured that nothing can tend so effec-
tually to crown the science with the verdant wreath of
Sublic approbation, as the virtuous life and guileless
emeanour of its assiduous professors.
MASONIC POETRY:
A COLLECTION
o,
ODES, ANTHEMS, AND SONGS
ODE I.
BY MR. CUNNINGHAM.
HAIL to the Craft ! at whose serene command
The gentle Arts in glad obedience stand :
Hail, sacred Masonry ! of source divino,
Unerring sov'reign of th' unerring line :
Whose plumb of truth, with never-failing sway.
Makes the join'd parts of symmetry obey :
Whose magic stroke bids fell confusion cease,
And to the finish'd Orders gives a place :
Who calls vast structures from the womb of earth,
And gives imperial cities glorious birth.
To works of Art her merit not confhVd,
She regulates the morals, squares the mind ;
Corrects with care the sallies of the soul,
And points the tide of passions where to roll :
On virtue's tablet marks her moral rule,
And forms her Lodge an universal school ;
Where Nature's Mystic laws unfolded stand,
And Sense and Science join'd, go hand in hand.
may her social rules instructive spread,
Till Truth erect her long-neglected head !
Till through deceitful night she dart her ray,
And beam full glorious in the blaze of day !
Till men by virtuous maxims learn to move,
Till all the peopled world her laws approve,
And Adam's race are bound in Brothers' love.
848
ILLUSTRATIONS
ode n.
Written by a Member of the Alfred Lodge at Oxford, set to Music by
Dr. Fisher, and performed at the dedication of Freemasons' Hall,
STROPHE.
AIR.
What solemn sounds on holy Sinai rang,
When heavenly lyres, by angel fingers Strang,
Accorded to th* immortal lay
That hymn'd creation's natal day !
recitative, accompanied.
'Twas then the shouting sons of morn
Bless'd the great Omnific word ;
Abash'd, hoarse jarring atoms heard,
Forgot their pealing strife,
And softly crowded into life,
When order, law, and harmony were born.
The mighty Master's pencil warm
Trac'd out the shadowy form,
And bade each fair proportion grace
Smiling Nature's modest face.
AIR*
Heaven's rarest gifts were seen to join
To deck a finish'd form divine,
And fill the Sovereign Artist's plan ;
Th' Almighty's image stampt the glowing frame,
And seal'd him with the noblest name,
Archetype of beauty, Man.
ANTISTROPHE.
SEMI-CHORUS AND CHORUS.
Ye spirits pure, that rous'd the tuneful throng,
And loos'd to rapture each triumphant tongue,
Again with quick instinctive fire
Each harmonious lip inspire :
Again bid every vocal throat
Dissolve in tender votive strain.
AIR.
Now, while yonder white-rob'd train m
Before the mystic shrine
In lowly adoration join,
Now sweep the living lyre, and swell the melting note.
RECITATIVE.
V Yet, ere the holy rites begin
CHORUS.
Bid your magic song impart.
*9f The Brethren in their white anrona.
AIR.
How, within the wasted heart,
Shook by passion's ruthless power,
Virtue trimm'd her faded flower
To op'ning buds of fairest fruit:
How from majestic Nature's glowing face
She caught each animating grace,
And planted there th' immortal root.
*
EPODE.
recitative, accompanied.
Daughter of gods, fair Virtue, if to thee,
And thy bright sister, Universal Love,
Soul of all good, e'er flowed the soothing harmony
Of pious gratulation ; — from above.
To us, thy duteous votaries, impart
Presence divine. —
AIR.
The sons of antique art.
In high, mysterious jubilee,
With Paean loud, and solemn rite, *~
Thy holy step invite,
And court thy listening ear,
To drink the cadence clear
That swells the choral symphony.
CHORUS.
To thee, by foot profane untrod,
Their votive hands have rear'd the high abode.
RECITATIVE.
Here shall your impulse kind
Inspire the tranced mind :
AIR.
And lips of truth shall sweetly tell
What heavenly deeds befit
The soul, by wisdom's lesson smit,
What praise he claims who nobly spurns
Gay vanities of life, and tinsel joys,
For which unpurged fancy burns.
CHORUS.
What pain he shuns, who dares be wise,
What erlorv wins, who dares excel.
ILLUSTRATIONS
ode in.
Performed at every Meeting of the Grand Chapter of Habodim.
Written by Brother Noorthouck. -
Set to Music by Companion Webbe.
Sung by Companions Webbe, Gore, and Page,
opening.
" Order is Heaven's first law through boundless space
Unnumber'd orbs roll round their destm'd race ;
On earth, as strict arrangements still appear.
Suiting the various seasons of the year,
Beneficence divine presents to view
Its plenteous gifts to man, in order true ;
But chief a mind, these blessings to improve,
By arts, by science, by fraternal love.
* * DIVISION.
When men exalt their views to Heaven's high will,
With steady aim their duty to fulfil.
The mind expands, its strength appears,
Growing with their growing years,
Mounting the apex of Masonic skill,
Be this the earnest purpose of our lives ;
Success must crown the man who nobly strives !
CONCLUSION.
Loud let us raise our swelling strains,
And Harodim proclaim,
Of excellence the name ;
Good-will to all, love to each other,
The due of every skilful Brother
Who worthily our ancient lore maintains.
Indulgence in pleasure
By prudence we measure ;
And cheerfully parting, exchange an adieu,
Till we meet with fresh ardour our tasks to renew.
ODE IV.
Performed at Coach-makers 1 Hall. Written by Mr BttOWN.
Set to Music by Mr. Remy.
RECITATIVE. .
When first the golden morn aloft,
With maiden breezes whisp'ring soft,
Sprung from the east with rosy wing,
To kiss the heav'nly first-bora spring ;
Jehovah then, from hallow'd earth,
Gave Masonry immortal birth.
'Twas then, the new creation rung
OF MASONRY.
AIR.
Hail, hail, OTiail, thou source of love,
Great Artist of this goodly frame!
The earth and sea, the sky above,
Thou form 1 st to thy immortal fame.
SEMI-CHORUS.
To thee, our sire,
The cherub choir
The air move with seraphic sound ;
Ye breezes sweet
The cadence meet, ■* *
And waft it o'er the hallow'd ground. ^
AIR-
f Ten thousand orbial beauties bright,
Which long confus'd in chaos lay,
Thou brought'st them forth to give delight,
And make the face of Heaven gay.
SEMI-CHORUS.
To thee, our sire, &c.
RECITATIVE.
'Twas thus the Heavens in concert rung,
While Nature kind from chaos sprung,
Brought forth her tender infant green,
And flowery sweets, to deck the scene :
To finish then the artist's plan,
Of purest mould he form'd the man,
Then gave him an immortal soul,
And bid him live and rule the whole ;
While angels, from their golden shrine,
Sung with angelic strains divine :
AIR.
Happy, happy mortals, rise,
Taste with us immortal joys,
Blooming on yon sacred tree,
Planted by the Deity;
The hallow' d fruit is Masonry.
Far beyond the pregnant sky,
There the hopes of Masons He ;
Masons' happy choice above,
Masons every blessing prove,
Friendship, harmony, and love.
RECITATIVE.
As perfect love and power divine
First gave our science birth,
So Friendship shall our hearts entwine,
And harmonize the earth :
Behold the virgin hither flies,
To crown us with her blissful loys.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Blooming as fair Eden's bower.
Friendship, goddess heavenly bright,
Dropping in a balmy shower,
Breathing concord and delight;
Each Mason feels the sacred nre
Glow with ardour in his heart;
The flame inspires him with desire,
To relieve each other's smart.
FULL CHORUS
From Heaven since such blessings flow,
Let every Mason while below
Our noble science here improve :
'Twill raise his soul to realms above,
And make his lodge— a lodge of love.
ODE V.
BY MR. THOMAS DERMODY.
Thou fairest type of Excellence divine.
Whose social links the race of man combine,
Whose awful mandates coward Vice control,
And breathe through Nature one enlighten'd soul;
From thy mild sway benignant virtues rise,
Pour on the heart, and emulate the skies ;
From thy sage voice sublime Instruction springs,
While Knowledge waves her many-colourM wings,
And star-ey'd Truth, and Conscience, holy zest,
Enthron'd true feeling in the glowing breast,
Then deign the labour of thy Sons to guide,
O'er each full line in nervous sense preside,
Adorn each verse, each manly thought inflame,
And what we gain from Genius give to Fame !
ODE VI.
BY MR. WILLIAM WALKER.
Strike to melodious notes the golden lyre !
Spread wide, to all around, the ardent flame,
Till each rapt bosom catch the sacred fire,
And join the glorious theme !
T Tis Masonry,
The Art sublimely free,
Where Majesty has bow'd, and own'd a Brother's name
Through ample domes wide let the chorus roll,
Responsive to the ardour of the soul,
Hail ! inspiring Masonry !
To thy shrine do myriads bend ;
Yet more glorious shalt thou be,
Till o'er the world thy power extend,
Still to the sons of Earth thy fight dispense,
An/7 nil c-Violl Awn ♦Titr ea/>i>asl inflinmna
OF MASONRY.
Though Genius fires, yet faint his rays appear,
Till thy mysterious lore the soul refine ;
'Tis thou to noblest heights his thoughts must rear,
And make them doubly shine.
0, Masonry!
Thou Art sublimely free.
•Tis thou exalt'st the man, and mak'st him half divine.
Ye Masons, favour'd men, your voices raise !
You speak your glory while you sing its praise.
Hail ! inspiring Masonry, &c.
Blest be the man, and blest he is, who bears
With virtuous pride a Mason's sacred name ;
And may each Brother, who the blessing shares,
Enrich the list of Fame.
Blest Masonry!
Thou Art sublimely free !
Heav'n bids thy happy sons, and they thy worth proclaim
With loud assent ! their cheerful voices raise,
Their great, immortal Masonry to praise,
Hail ! inspiring Masonry, &c.
The tower sky-pointing, and the dome sublime,
Rais'd by the mystic rules and forming power,
Shall long withstand the iron tooth of time,
Yet still their fall is sure:
But Masonry,
The Art sublimely free,
Founded by God himself, thro' time shall firm endure.
Still shall its sons their grateful voices raise,
And joyful sound their Great Grand Master's praise.
At thy shrine, Masonry !
Shall admiring nations bend ;
In future times, thy sons shall see
Thy fame from pole to pole extend.
To worlds unknown thy heav'n-born light dispense
And systems own thy sacred influence.
ODE VII.
Wake the lute and qujy'ring strings,
Mystic truths Urania brings ;
Friendly visitant, to thee
We owe the depths of Masonry;
Fairest of the virgin choir,
Warbling to the golden lyre,
Welcome ; here thy art prevail !
Hail ! divine Urania, hail !
Here in Friendship's sacred bower.
The downy- wing' d and smiling hour,
Mirth invites, and social song,
Nameless mysteries among :
364
ILLUSTRATIONS
Crown the bowl and fill the glass.
To every virtue, every grace,
To the Brotherhood resound
Health, and let it thrice go round.
We restore the times of old,
The blooming glorious age of gold;
As .the new creation free,
Blest with gay Euphrosyne ;
We with godlike Science talk,
And with fair Astraea walk ;
Innocence adorns the day
Brighter than the smiles of May.
Pour the rosy wine again,
Rapid Zephyrs, as ye fly,
Waft our voices to the sky ;
While we celebrate the Nine,
And the wonders of the Trine,
While the angels sing above,
As we below, of peace and love.
For an Exaltation of Royal Arch Masons. By Brother
DUNCKERLEY.
[Tune, Rule, Britannia.]
Almighty Sire ! our heavenly King,
Before whose sacred name we bend,
Accept the praises which we sing,
And to our humble prayer attend !
All hail, great Architect divine!
This universal frame is thine.
Thou, who didst Persia* s king command
A proclamation to extend,
That Israel's sons might quit his land,
Their holy temple to attend ;
That sacred place, where three in one
Comprised thy comprehensive name ;
And where the bright meridian sun
Was soon thy glory to proclaim.
Thy watchful eye, a length of time,
The wond'rous circle did attend ;
The glory and the power be thine,
Which shall from age to age descend.
On thy omnipotence we rest,
Secure of thy protection here ;
And hope hereafter to be blest,
ODE VIII.
OF MASONRY.
Grant us, great God ! thy powerful aid
To guide us through this vale of tears
For where thy goodness is display'd,
Peace soothes the mind, and Pleasure cheers.
Inspire us with thy grace divine,
Thy sacred law our guide shall be :
To every good our hearts incline,
From every evil keep us free.
All hail! &c.
ODE IX. s „
By the Same. For solemn Ceremvrdci.
[Tune, God save the King.]
Hail ! universal Lord !
By heaven and earth ador'd :
All hail ! great God ! „
Before thy name we bend,
To us thy grace extend,
And to our prayers attend,
All hail! great God!
ODE X.
Set to Music b)j Dr. Arnold.
[Tune, My fond Shepherd.]
Assist me, ye fair tuneful Nine,
Euphrosyne, grant me thy aid ;
While the honours I sing of the Trine,
Preside o'er my numbers, blithe maid
Cease, Clamour and Faction, oh cease!
Fly hence, all ye cynical train :
Disturb not the Lodge's sweet peace,
Where silence and secrecy reign.
Religion untainted here dwells ;
Here the morals of Athens are taught ;
Great Hiram* s tradition here tells
How the world out of chaos was brought.
With fervency, freedom, and zeal,
Our Master's commands we obey;
No Cowan our secrets can steal,
No babbler our myst'ries betray.
Here Wisdom her standard displays,
Here nobly the sciences shine ;
Here the temple's vast column we raise,
And finish a work that's divine.
Ilium 'd from the East with pure light,
Here arts do thoir blessings bestow;
And, all perfect, unfold to the sierht.
ILLUSTRATIONS
If on earth any praise can be found,
Any virtue unnam'd in my song,
Any grace in the universe round,
May these to a Mason belong !
May each Brother his passions subdue,
Proclaim Charity, Concord, and Love ;
And be haiPd by the thrice happy few
Who preside in the Grand Lodge above.
ODE XI.
Written for (and performed at) the Union of the two Grand
by Waller Rodwell Wright, Esq. ; and recited by
Pope, of the Theatre Royal, Drury-lane.
Strophe I.
Ih for a hand, whose magio power,
Might wake the lyre of other days
?o lofty and immortal lays,
uch as, in bold majestic swell,
Burst from the Theban's classio shell.
Where through Olympia's consecrated shade,
Alpheus rolls his turbid course,
That linger'd oft those shades among
And listen'd to the mighty song ;
Or those melodious strains,
Whose gentle but resistless force
Boeotia's very rocks obey'd
What time amidst her wild and desert plains,
The sacred dome and high embattled tow'r
In self-compacted order rose^
And taught the wond'ring Sons of Greece,
Unfelt before, the happiness that flows
From social union, harmony, and peace.
Antistrophe I.
Or rather, for that holy ecstasy,
Which bade the Royal Bard of Jesse's line
Attune his harp's inspir'd minstrelsy
To songs of seraphim and themes divine ;
For while, in this auspicious hour,
Our hands and hearts we thus unite,
And seek in closer folds to bind
The compact of fraternal love,
The vow which Angels might approve,
Of peace and charity to all mankind ;
While taught by Faith, before the throne
Of heaven's High Architect we bend,
With hope that rests on Him alone,
While stars like these their radiance blend
Their genial influence deign to pour
On this our high and solemn rite ;
OF MASONRY*
Epode I.
Vain is the hope — no Master's hand
To-day explores the breathing lyre ;
No gifted bard, whose Heaven-imparted fire
Subdues the yielding soul to his command ;
But simple are the votive lays,
That breathe our gratitude and praise
To that creative Pow'r,
Whose wisdom sketched the vast design
Of Nature's universal plan :
Whose mighty fiat o'er the realms of night,
Shed the first glories of eternal light ;
Whose spirit, hov'ring on the vast profound,
Laid the foundation sure, and wide,
By Truth's unerring geometric line,
Above, below, on every side,
Life, harmony, and beauty breath'd around ;
The orbs of Heav'n their circling course began ;
And angels hail'd Creation's natal hour.
Strophe II.
One last and greatest work remain'd.
Hush'd was the strain ; in silent awe
The host of Heaven with wonder saw
The cold and senseless mass that lay,
Unform'd, amidst its native clay,
Now kindling with a spark divine,
True to the laws of that mysterious spell,
Which binds in one concordant chain
The earth, the air, the ambient main,
Its latent powers unfold —
Each limb in due proportion swell,
In beauteous symmetry combine
To frame a structure of immortal mould.
But when in this fair form its Maker deign'd
To breathe an intellectual soul ;
Then first the angelic hymn began,
Which the bright spheres still echo as they roll,
Glory to God in Heav'n, and peace to man.
Antistrophe II,
And shall the heir of immortality,
Alone regardless of this high behest,
Quench the celestial glow of charity
Which heav'nly love hath kindled in his breast ?
Perverting reason's holy light,
Deny the Power by which 'twas given ?
Or arrogantly deem it just,
To close with wild fanatic hate
Fnir Mercy's everlasting gate,
Against his erring brother of the dust ?
ILLUSTRATIONS
Par, far from such unhallow'd strife,
In man a kindred soul we view ;
To all who share the ills of life
Our pity and relief are due :
Nor ask we what religious rite
Conveys his orisons to Heaven,
Enough for us if comfort we impart,
Or soothe the anguish of a breaking heart
Epode II.
Lo, where our silent emblems breathe
Their sacred influence o'er the soul.
In mystic order rang'd : while round the whole
A starry zone the sister virtues wreathe.
Ye, who by compass, square, and line,
Those hidden trnths can well divine,
To all besides unknown.
In each symbolic form pourtray'd —
Ye, who with firm undaunted mind,
Have pierc'd the vaulted cavern's awful gloom
And mark'd the holy secrets of the tomb ;
Still let our actions to the world proclaim,
The secret lessons of our art,
By whatsoever mystic rite convey'd,
The rules of moral life impart; —
Nourish bright charity's sethereal flame ;
And breathing love and peace to all mankind,
Like incense rise at Heaven's eternal throne.
/
Strophe III. — Irregular.
Pair Queen of science, nurse of ev'rjr art
That crowns the happiness of social life,
Whose dictates from the desolating strife
Of warring passions, purify the heart —
In ev'ry clime, through ev'ry age,
The Prince, the Poet, and the Sage
Have knelt before thy hallow'd shrine ;
And nations ownM thy origin divine. —
Great Hermes, founder of the Memphic rite
And Mithras erst through Persia's realm rever'd
And he, who to Eleusis bore
The treasures of thy mystic lore,
But chiefly those by holy truths inspired;
The chosen servant of the living God
Who Sinai's holy precinct trod,
And he with love of sacred wisdom fir'd,
° The Mighty Priuce, whose pious hand,
To the eternal fount of truth and light
That holy temple rear'd,
The pride and wonder of Judea's land—
OF MASONRY.
His great and comprehensive mind
A nobler edifice design'd,
That time and envy should defy —
Founded on truth's eternal base,
Vast as the ample bounds of space,
And sacred to fraternal unity.
Antistrophe III. — Irregular.
Long were the task, and arduous, to recount
What streams deriving from the sacred source ■
Of Sion's pure and unpolluted fount,
Through ev'ry clime have roll'd their devious course —
From where Phoenicia greets the eastern tide,
To fair Cro ton a' s western tow'rs;
Or where, amidst Athenian bow'rs,
Ilissus bids his waters glide
In gentle course to meet th' iEgean main ;
Or how, in later times, 'midst dire alarms,
When fierce contending nations rush'd to arms,
And delug'd Palestine's ensanguin'd plain,
The vanquish'd victor* cast aside his sword,
Yielding his stubborn pride to thy command,
With humble soul the God of Peace ador'd,
And turn'd repentant to his native land.
Yes ; from that memorable hour,
The Western World has own'd thy pow'r, .
And though Ambition's frantic strife
Will sometimes blast the joys of life,
Thy influence bade her feudal discords cease,
And taught her sons the nobler arts of Peace.
Before the brightness of thine orient ray,
The Shades of Prejudice and Error fled,
And languid Science raised her drooping head,
To greet the fervid blaze of thy advancing day.
Epobe III.— Irregular.
Alas! that e'er a cloud should rise,
To dim the glories of thy name —
Or little jealousies divide
The souls by kindred vows allied ;
But see ! while thus our rites we blend,
The mingled sacrifice ascend,
And, borne to heaven in one united flame,
Chase every ling'ring shadow from the skies.
And as the sea- worn mariner,
When darkness shrouds each guiding star,
With transport greets the polar orb of light,
Piercing the murky veil of night;
Or those Ivvin stars, whose milder beams assuage
The tempest in its wildest rnge,
And pours his tributary strain
To the propitious rulers of the main ;
Such joy is ours : be such the lay
'860
ILLUSTRATIONS
Join then, ye sons of Art, in triumph join !
To hail the ruling star of Brunswick's royal line.
And ye fraternal stars whose gentle sway
Our sever'd powers have gloried to obey,
Edward! Augustus! Hail! illustrious names !
Whose princely souls confess a nearer tie
Than birth and kindred blood alone supply,
Accept the tribute each so justly claims :
While thus our former pledges we renew
Of grateful homage and affection true.
And though to one alone be given
To bear the ensign of supremo command,
And rule our free united band ;
In all our orisons to Heav'n,
Your blended names shall still be found,
To both the votive goblet shall be crown'd ;
And both, while life and memory remain,
Hold in our grateful hearts your undivided reign.
ANNIVERSARY ODE.
Composed for the Annual Meeting of the Glasgow Ayrshire Friendly
Society, 25th Jan., 1820.
Thy sorrows, Ayr, are like the dews of night,
In pearly drops, o'er Nature's cheek descending,
To bid her rernal beauty beam more bright,
The tear and smile in lovely union blending;
For like the hymn of gratitude ascending
With incense ever pleasing to the skies,
Thine and thy darling poet's fame extending,
Thou hear'st the voice of gratulation rise.
And lo ! on this auspicious holiday,
The Sn*is of Light in bright array.
With many a mystic streamer jlying.
To minstrelsy with measur'd steps advance,
And seem, at times, to weave the festive dance,
At times to shake the spear or couch the lance,
To feet unhallow'd all access denying ;
The while they place, by plummet, rule, and square,
The corner stone pre-destined to bear
The precious monumental pile,
Of Ayr the glory, and the boast of Kyle.
Though fjail the fabric which you raise
The poet's memory to prolong,
Compared with that which speaks his praise,
The energy divine of song:
Yet still our gratitude is due,
Thrice-lov'd, thrice honour'd friends, to you
Wbo bid the beauteous structure rise;
And as our fond regrets were one
When Coila wept her favourite son,
So in your joys we sympathize.
OF MASONRY.
361
ANTHEM I.
" Let there be light!"— the Almighty spoke,
Refulgent streams from chaos broke
To illume the rising earth !
Well pleas' d the Great Jehovah stood —
The Power Supreme pronounced it good,
And gave the planets birth !
In choral numbers Masons join,
To bless and praise this light divine.
Parent of light ! accept our praise !
Who shedd'st on us thy brightest rays,
The light that fills his mind.
By choice selected, lo ! we stand,
By friendship join'd, a social band !
That love — that aid mankind ■
In choral numbers, &c.
The widow's tear — the orphan's cry,
All wants — our ready hands supply,
As far as power is given !
The naked clothe — the prisoner free !
These are thy works, sweet Charity !
Keveal'd to us from heaven!
In choral numbers, dec.
ANTHEM II.
By Henry Dagge, Esq., sung at the Founding of Freemasons'
Hall.
[Tune, Rule, Britannia.]
To Heaven's high Architect, all praise,
All praise, all gratitude be given ;
Who deign'd the human soul to raise
By mystic secrets sprung from heaven.
CHORUS.
Sound aloud the great Jehovah's praise ;
To him the dome, the temple raise.
362
ILLUSTRATIONS
The following Anthems, Glees, were informed at the
Union.
ANTHEM,
Composed by Brother Wesley-
(The rocal parts in this, and the following Pieces, written by the
R. W. Brother Perry, were sustained by Brothers Kelly, Bellamy,
Taylor, Phillips, Pyne, Dignum, Leete, Evans, Clark, &c, 6cc.)
Behold ! how good a thing it is,
And how becoming well,
For Brethren such as Masons are,
In unity to dwell.
Oh ! 'tis like ointment on the head,
Or dew on Sion hill !
For then the Lord of Hosts hath said.
Peace shall he with you still.
SONG,
Composed by Brother Kelly.
Mountains may fall, and rocks decay,
And isle on isle be swept away —
But Masonry's primeval truth,
Unbroke by force, unchanged by time,
Shall bloom in renovated youth,
And energy sublime.
GLEE,
Composed by Brother Kelly.
Lo ! see from Heaven the peaceful dove,
With olive-branch descend !
Augustus shall with Edward join.
All rivalry to end ;
And taught by their fraternal love,
Our arms, our hearts shall intertwine,
The union to approve.
CHORUS,
Composed by Brother Kelly.
Royal Augustus Frederick, hail!
For now, beneath the Brunswick line,
Our system shall prevail :
O'er all the earth, with truths divine,
Shall Masonry extend its sway,
Till time itself shall pass away.
OF MASONRY.
368
GLEE,
Composed by Brother KELLY.
The well-known sign we mark, and fly
The wound to heal — to still the sigb —
And wipe the tear from sorrow's eye.
For our's the aim is, our's the art
To meliorate the human heart •
Of wild desires to stem the flood,
And act as if of kindred blood.
SONG,
Composed by Brother Kelly.
Hark ! I hear the Warden call —
"Masons, to your sports away;
" Join the banquet in the hall;
44 Give your hearts a holiday J"
When around the festive bowl,
We delight in song and glee ;
Gay and open is the soul
When it feels secure and free.
Joyous as the jest goes round,
Taunt nor gibe can Masons fear ;
None, by sacred pledges bound,
Prate again of what they hear.
When we toast the fair we prize,
Not a tongue shall slander tell ;
Masons' hearts, by honour's ties,
Guard the sex they love so well.
And though we fill our glasses high,
Feeling still shall warm the breast ;
We have not left the poor man dry —
So the cheerful cup is blest.
GLEE,
Composed by Brother Attwood, for three Voices
In Masons' hearts let joy abound !
Let the fraternal health go round !
Fill up the bowl, then !— fill it high !
Fill all the goblets there ! — for why
When Masons meet should they be dry ?
Why, sons of candour, tell me why ?
Our work is done. We've fed the poor;
We've chased the wolf from sorrow's door,
Fill up the bowl, then !— fill it high !
Fill all the goblets there ! — for why
Should ev'ry mortal drink but I ?
Why, sons of mortals, tell me why?
364
ILLUSTRATIONS
SONG I.
[Tune, Attic Fire.]
Arise, and blow thy trumpet, Fame!
Freemasonry aloud proclaim
To realms and worlds unknown :
Tell them, 'twas this great David's son
The wise, the matchless Solomon,
Priz'd far above his throne.
The solemn temples ! cloud-capt towers,
Th' aspiring domes, are works of ours ;
By us those piles were rais'd :
Then bid mankind with songs advance,
And through tb' ethereal vast expanse
Let Masonry be prais'd !
We help the poor in time of need,
The naked clothe, the hungry feed,
*Tis our foundation-stone ;
We build upon the noblest plan,
For friendship rivets man to man,
And makes us all as one.
Still louder, Fame ! thv trumpet blow I
Let all the distant regions know
Freemasonry is this •
Almighty wisdom gave it birth,
And Heaven has fix'd it here on earth,
A type of future bliss !
SONG IL
[Tune, Rule Britannia. t
Ere God the universe began.
In one rude chaos matter lay,
And wild disorder overran,
Nor knew of light one glimmering ray
While in darkness o'er the whole
Confusion reign'd without control.
Then God arose, his thunders hurl'd,
And bade the elements arise ;
In air he hung the pendent world,
And o'er it spread the azure skies ;
Stars in circles caus'd to run,
And in the centre fix'd the sun.
Then man he call'd forth out of dust,
And form'd him with a living soul
All things committed to his trust,
And made him ruler of the whole :
But, ungrateful unto Heaven,
The rebel was from Eden driven.
' Chorus
[ 3 timet
OF MASONRY,
366
From thence proceeded all our woes.
Nor could mankind one comfort cheer;
Until Freemasonry arose,
And form'd another Eden here :
'Tis only on Masonic ground
Pleasure with innocence is found.
'Tis here the purest fountains flow,
Here nought corrupt can enter in :
Here trees of knowledge stately grow,
Whose fruit we taste, exempt from sin;
In friendship sweet we still abound,
While guardian angels hover round.
SONG III.
By J. F. Stanfield, Sunderland*
A Master-Mason's Song. [Tune, To Anacreon in Heaven.}
Not the fictions of Greece, nor the dreams of old Rome,
Shall with visions mislead, or with meteors consume ;
No Pegasus' wings my short soarings misguide,
Nor raptures detain me on Helicon's side,
All clouds now dissolve ; from the east beams the day —
Truth rises in glory, and wakens the lay.
The eagle-ey'd muse — sees the light — fills the grove
With the song of Freemasons, of friendship and love I
Inspired with the theme, the divinity flies,
And, thron'd on a rainbow, before her arise
Past, present, and future, with splendid array,
In Masonic succession, their treasures display;
She views murder'd merit by ruffian-hand fall,
And the grave give its dead up, at fellowship's call !
While the Craft, by their badges, their innocence prove ;
And the song of Freemasons is — friendship and love !
From those ages remote see the muse speeds her way,
To join in the glories the present display.
In freedom and friendship she sees the true band
With their splendour and virtues illumine the land.
Religion's pure beams break the vapours of night,
And from darkness mysterious the word gives the light !
While the Lodge here below, as the choirs from above,
Join the song of Freemasons, in friendship and love !
That the future might keep what the present bestows,
In rapture prophetic the goddess arose ;
As she sung through the skies, angels echo'd the sound,
And the winds bore the notes to the regions around ;
The kind proclamation our song shall retain ;
'Twas — "that Masonry long may its lustre maintain :
44 And till Time be no more, our fraternity prove,
44 That the objects we aim at, are friendship and love !"
360
ILLUSTRATIONS
SONG IV.
Written and composed for the Masonic Meeting, by a Lady of Bath .
and sung by Brother A. Loader, at the Banquet at Kingston
Rooms.
All hail! ye dear lov'd social band.
The boast, the glory of our land !
Whose mystic meetings ever prove
The feast of Charity and Love.
Though far apart, where'er ye tread,
Alike by one great motive led,
Iu heavenly union still ye move,
The friends of Charity and Love.
What though without the tempest raves,
The loyal heart each danger braves;
Within these walls no murmurs sound,
Here, Love and Peace are ever found ;
Here, brother's hand to brother's joined,
Bespeaks the union of the mind :
Then fill the sparkling goblet high ;
For Church and King, we live or die ;
To thee, illustrious Prince, wo raise
A lasting monument of praise
In hearts from which thy honoured name
The warmest gratitude may claim;
Hearts which, in brother's love close bound,
To thee will e'er be faithful found;
And still, as now, united sing
Long live our Prince !— God save our King !
SONG V.
Composed by Mr. Boswell.
Vain thought ! but had Burns ever witness'd a meeting
Of souls so congenial, and warmM with such fire,
The wild flow of fancy in ecstacy greeting,
Ah ! what might have been the bold notes of his lyre ?
As rays by reflection are doubled, and doubled,
His bosom had swell' d to your cheering reply ;
Soft sympathy soothing the heart that was troubled —
A smile for his mirth — for his sorrow a sigh.
Admir'd, but unaided, how dark was his story ;
His struggles we know, and his efforts we prize ;
From murky neglect, as the flame bursts to glory,
He rose, self-embalm'd, and detraction defies.
A ploughman he was : — would that smiles of false favour
Had never decoyed him from home and his team;
And taught all his hope and his wishes to waver,
And, snatching reality, left him — a dream.
OV MASONRY.
367
To rank and to title, due deference owing,
We bow, as befitting society's plan ;
But judgment awaken'd, and sympathy glowing,
Wo pass all distinctions, and rest upon — Man.
And from the poor hind, who, his day's task completed
With industry's pride to his hovel returns,
To him, who in royalty's splendour is seated,
If soul independent be found, 'twas in Burns.
His birth-right, his muse I like the lark in the morning,
How blithely he caroll'd in praise of the fair ;
With nature enraptur'd, and artifice scorning,
How sweet were his notes on the banks of the Ayr !
And near to that spot where his kindred dust slumbers,
And mark'd by the bard on the tablets of fame,
And near the thatch'd shed where he first lisp'cl in numbers,
We'll raise a proud tribute to honour his name.
SONG VI.
[Tune, Rural Felicity.]
Ye dull stupid mortals, give o'er your conjectures,
Since Freemasons' secrets ye ne'er can obtain ;
The Bible and compasses are our directors,
And shall be as long as the world doth remain.
Here Friendship inviting, here Freedom delighting,
Our moments in innocent mirth we employ.
CHORUS.
Come, see. Masons' felicity,
Working and singing with hearts full of joy.
No other society that you can mention,
Which has been, is now, or hereafter shall be,
However commendable be its intention,
Can ever compare with divine Masonry.
No envy, no quarrels, can here blast our laurels,
No passion our pleasure can ever annoy.
Cho. Come, see, &c.
To aid one another we always are ready ;
Our rites and our secrets we carefully guard ;
The Lodge to support, we like pillars are steady ;
No Babel confusion our work can retard.
Ye mortals, come hither, assemble together,
And taste of those pleasures which never can cloy
Cho. Come, see, &c.
We are to the Master for ever obedient,
Whenever he calls, to the Lodge wo repair;
Experience has taught us that 'tis most expedient
To live within compass and act on the square.
Let mutual agreement be Freemasons' cement,
Until the whole universe time shall destroy.
Cho. Come, see. Sec.
MS
ILLUSTRATIONS
SONG VII.
[Tune, Ye Lads of true spirit, pay Courtship to Claret,]
In times of old date, when (as stories relate)
Good men to the gods had admission,
When those who were griev'd might with ease be reliev*d
By offering an humble petition ;
Some few who remain'd in their morals unstain'd,
Submissively made application
To build a retreat, if the gods should think meet,
To shield them from wicked invasion.
Delighted to find there were yet in mankind
Some laudable sentiments planted,
Without hesitation they gave approbation,
And instant their wishes were granted.
Then for artists they sought, and fam'd architects brought,
Who the various employments were skill'd in ;
Each handled his tools, and by science and rules
They straightway proceeded to building.
Fair Wisdom began first to sketch out the plan
By which they were all to bo guided ;
When the portion of work she divided.
The great corner-stone was by Charity done,
But Strength was the principal builder;
When for mortar they cried, 'twas by Friendship supply'd.
And Beauty was carver and gilder.
Having long persever'd, a grand temple they rear'd.
A refuge from folly and scandal,
Where all who reside are in Virtue employ'd,
Nor fear the attacks of a Vandal.
But if in their rage they should ever engage
In the attempt, 'twould be always prevented ;
The door is so high, 'twould be madness to try,
And the walls are all strongly cemented.
The gods all agreed 'twas an excellent deed,
And, to show the affection they bore 'em,
A treasure they gave, which the tenants still have,
Secured in the sanctum sanctorum.
Thus blessed from above with a token of love,
Each brother with joy should receive it:
Safe lock'd in his heart, it should never depart,
Till call'd for by Heaven that gave it.
OF MASONRY.
369
SONG VIII.
Written hy the Editor, and intended to have been sung at the Grand
FeasU May 11, 1796.
[Tune, Hearts of Oak.]
A system more pure ne'er was modell'd by man,
Than that which we boast as the Freemasons* plan ;
It unites all the world by the strongest of ties,
And adds to men's bliss, while it makes them more wise.
From the prince to the boor,
Be he rich, be he poor,
A Mason is a brother,
And each will help the other;
So grateful the tie is of Freemasonry.
That hence flow the purest enjoyments of life,
That banish'd from hence are dissension and strife,
That the lessons are good which we practise and teach,
Are truths that our foes vainly strive to impeach.
From the prince, &c.
The greatest of monarchs, the wisest, and best,
Have Masons become, and been true to the test;
And still with royal sanction our rites are pursu'd,
Approv'd by the wise, and admir'd by the good.
From the prince, &c.
To George our good king much affection we owe ;
To his health let libations with due honours flow;
With zeal let " Our Eoyal Grand Master" be giv'n,
And the blessings of Masons be sanctioned by Heav'n.
From the prince, &c.
As the task were too tedious the deeds to record
Of the great and the good that our annals afford ;
In a word, let us vouch for this truth to mankind,
There's no temple more pure than the true Mason's mind.
From the prince, &c.
SONG IX.
[Tune, Goddess of Ease.]
Genius of Masonry, descend,
And with thee bring thy spotless train :
Constant our sacred rites attend,
While we adore thy peaceful reign ;
Bring with thee Virtue, brightest maid,
Bring Love, bring Truth, bring Friendship here ;
While social Mirth shall lend her aid,
To smooth the wrinkled brow of Care.
Come, Charity, with goodness crown'd,
Encircled in thy heavenly robe,
Diffuse thy blessings all around,
To every corner of the globe.
17*
ILLUSTRATIONS
See where she comes, with power to bless
With open hand and tender heart,
Which wounded feels at man's distress.
And bleeds at every human smart.
Envy may every ill devise,
And falsehood be thy deadliest foe,
Thou, Friendship, still shalt towering rise.
And sink thine adversaries low :
Thy well-built pile shall long endure,
Through rolling years preserve its prime,
Upon a rock it stands secure,
And braves the rude assaults of time.
Ye happy few, who here extend,
In perfect lines from east to west,
With fervent zeal the Lodge defend,
And lock its secrets in each breast :
Since ye are met upon the square,
Bid love and friendship jointly reign ;
Be peace and harmony your care,
Nor break the adamantine chain.
Behold the planets, how they move,
Yet keep due order as they run ;
Then imitate the stars above,
And shine resplendent as the sun :
That future Masons, when they meet,
May all our glorious deeds rehearse.
And say, their fathers were so great,
That they adorned the universe.
SONG X.
[Tune, Arno's Pale.]
When my divine Althaea's charms
No more shall kindle soft alarms,
And the keen lightning of her eye
Passes unfelt, unheeded by ;
When Moral Beauty's heavenly form
Shall cease the frozen snow to warm ;
When manners thus corrupt we see,
Farewell the sweets of Masonry •
When Science shall withdraw her light,
And Error spread a Gothic night ;
When Pity's sacred source is dry.
No pearly drop to melt the eye ;
When Truth shall hide her blushing head.
And famish'd Virtue beg her bread ;
When maimers thus corrupt we see,
Furewell the sweets of Masonry !
OF MASON JtY.
371
But while the fair transport our sight,
And Moral Beauty's charms delight;
While Science lifts her torch on high,
And Pity shows the melting eye ;
While Truth maintains despotic power,
And Virtue charms without a dower ;
While manners thus unstain'd we see,
All hail, the sweets of Masonry !
SONG XI.
THE DEPUTY GRAND MASTER'S SONG.
On, on, my dear Brethren, pursue your great lecture.
Refine on the precepts of old architecture ;
High honour to Masons the Craft daily brings,
Who are brothers of Princes, and fellows of Kings.
We drove the rude Vandals and Goths off the stage,
Reviving the art of Augustus' fam'd age ;
And Vespasian destroy'd the vast temple in vain.
Since so many now rise where our principles reign.
The noble five orders, compos'd with such art,
Will amaze the fix'd eye, and engage the whole heart ;
Proportion's sweet harmony gracing the whole,
Gives our work, like the glorious creation, a soul.
Then Master and Brethren, preserve your great name.
This Lodge so majestic will purchase you fame ;
Rever'd it shall stand till all nature expire,
And its glories ne'r fade till the world is on fire.
See, see, behold here, what rewards all our toil,
Invigorates genius, and bids nature smile :
To our noble Grand Master let bumpers.be crown f d.
To all Masons a bumper, so let it go round.
Again my lov'd Brethren, again let it pass,
Our ancient firm union cements with the glass :
And all the contention 'mong Masons shall be,
Who better can work, or who better agree.
SONG XII.
A Fellow-Craft's Song. [Tune, Rule, Britannia]
Hail, Masonry, thou Craft divine !
Glory of earth, from heav'n reveal'd ;
Which doth with jewels precious shine,
From all but Masons' eyes conceal' d :
Thy praises due, who can rehearse,
Tn nervous prose, or flowing vt.^rse ?
372
ILLUSTRATIONS
All craftsmen true distinguish 'd are ,
Our code all other laws excels :
And what's in knowledge choice and rare,
Within our breasts securely dwells.
The silent breast, the faithful heart,
Preserve the secrets of the art.
From scorching heat and piercing cold,
From beasts, whose roar the forest rends ;
From the assaults of warrior's bold,
The Mason's art mankind defends.
Be to this art due honour paid,
From which mankind receives such aid
Ensigns of state that feed our pride,
Distinctions troublesome and vain,
By Masons true are laid aside —
Art's free-born sons such toys disdain ;
Ennobled by the name they bear,
Distinguished by the badge they wear
Sweet fellowship, from envy free,
Friendly converse of brotherhood ;
The Lodge's lasting cement be,
Which has for ages firmly stood.
A Lodge thus built, for ages past
Has lasted, and shall ever last.
Then let us celebrate the praise
Of all who have enrictrd the art ;
Let gratitude our voices raise,
And each true brother bear a part.
Let cheerful strains their fame resound.
And living Masons' healths go round.
SONG XIII.
[Tune, In Infancy, &c.]
Let Masonry from pole to pole
Her sacred laws expand,
Far as the mighty waters roll,
To wash remotest laud ;
That Virtue has not left mankind,
Her social Maxims prove !
For stamp'd upon the Mason's mind
Are unity and love.
Ascending to her native sky,
Let Masonry increase ;
A glorious pillar rais'd on high.
Integrity its base.
Peace adds to olive boughs, entwin'd,
An emblematic dove,
As stamp'd upon the Mason's mind
Are unity and love.
or rw i '
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